DEVELOPMENT OF POLARIZATION AND DEPOLARIZATION CURRENT
MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM USING LAB VIEW
RUBIATUL ADDAWIYAH BINTI ZAINIR
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JULY 2015
With lots o f love,
Dedicated to my beloved:
Husband (En. Kharulazuan Abdullah)
My lovely son (Muhammad Harith Danial bin Kharulazuan) and baby
Mom (Pn. Saerah Mohd Mokhtar),
Dad (En .Zainir Habib),
MIL (Pn. Fatimah Musa)
Late FIL (En. Abdullah Salleh)
Siblings (Aishatul Humaira Zainir, Mahfuzatul Izyan Zainir, Farizatul HaziraZainir),
For the prayers, supports and encouragement.
I was blessed because I was loved by all o f you.
Thank you very much.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Compassionate. Praise be to
Allah. With His Kindness, here I am presenting my thesis.
Firstly, I would like to express my thankfulness to my supervisor, Dr. Nor
Asiah Muhamad for all the ideas, guidance, enthusiasms, encouragement and
advices in order to finish my project. It has been such a great memories for me.
Without her, I’ve lost.
My gratitude goes to my beloved, lovely, supportive husband and son, my
parents; my mother in law, my siblings; and my in laws for supporting me to finish
my study. Thank you very much for your prayers. For all my lab mate friends,
thank you very much for your encouragement and ideas.
Not forget to En. Aizam from TNBR for the equipment. Last but not least,
for those who contributed to my journey of education either directly or indirectly,
thank you very much.
May Allah bless all of you. Insha’Allah. Thank you once again.
v
ABSTRACT
Polarization and depolarization current (PDC) measurement is a new
dielectric testing method that has been used to monitor the condition of an insulating
material. ThIs non-destructive dielectric testing method helps to determine the
conductivity and dielectric response functions (f(t)) of insulation material. The
dielectric response, f(t) obtained gives further information on ageing as well as the
condition of insulator. Development in measurement technologies and data analysis
techniques using computational methods yields advantages such as time saving and
safety enhancement. Currently, a commercial PDC measurement system known as
PDC Analyser 1MOD only carries out PDC measurement and does not analyse the
PDC data for material conductivity and f(t) which are used to evaluate the condition
of insulation material. In this research, a user-friendly PDC system is developed
using LabVIEW. This system will enable users to analyse insulation condition of a
material through the material’s conductivity and f(t) using the PDC measurement
data. Hence, the main objective of this project is to develop a user-friendly and
comprehensive method that enables users to activate, control, record and analyse
PDC measurement within one system. The system has been tested by running the
PDC tests and analysis on two types of insulation materials: solid based and liquid
based. The results of these tests were compared with tests conducted using
MATLAB as well through manual calculations. The developed system has been
found to produce faster results compared to MATLAB and manual calculation
methods. This developed system contributes by saving time in performing PDC data
analysis and helping user to assess conditions of insulating material in a single
comprehensive system with cheaper equipment compared to the cost of commercial
equipment. In addition, the system also increases users’ confidence in carrying out
high voltage equipment monitoring and diagnosis.
vi
ABSTRAK
Pengukuran arus polarisasi dan depolarisasi (PDC) merupakan kaedah
pengukuran dielektrik terbaru yang digunakan untuk memantau keadaan bahan
penebat. Ia merupakan metod pengukuran dielektrik yang tidak memusnahkan untuk
menentukan kekonduksian dan fungsi respons dielektrik bagi sesuatu bahan. Fungsi
respons dielektrik, f(t) diperoleh memberikan maklumat lanjut berkenaan penuaan
dan keadaan penebat. Pembangunan dalam teknologi pengukuran dan teknik
penganalisian data menggunakan komputer memberikan kelebihan seperti
menjimatkan masa selain daripada peningkatan tahap keselamatan. Namun alat
pengukuran PDC yang wujud di pasaran kini yang dikenali sebagai PDC Analyser
1MOD tidak mengandungi fungsi penganalisan data untuk kekonduksian bahan dan
fungsi respons dielektrik, f(t) yang digunakan untuk menilai keadaan sesuatu bahan.
Dalam kajian ini, satu sistem antaramuka yang mesra-pengguna telah dibangunkan
menggunakan LabVIEW. Sistem ini membolehkan pengguna menganalisis keadaan
penebat berdasarkan kekonduksian bahan dan fungsi respons dielektrik, f(t)
menggunakan data pengukuran PDC. Maka, objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk
membangunkan satu sistem antaramuka yang mesra-pengguna dan komprehensif
bagi pengguna mengaktifkan, mengawal, merekod dan menganalisis pengukuran
PDC di dalam satu sistem. Sistem ini telah disahkan dengan menjalankan ujian PDC
dan dianalisis menggunakan dua jenis bahan penebat: pepejal dan cecair. Keputusan
yang diperoleh kemudian dibandingkan dengan ujian yang dijalankan menggunakan
MATLAB serta pengiraan manual. Sistem yang dibangunkan didapati mampu
menghasilkan keputusan lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan MATLAB dan pengiraan
manual. Sistem ini menyumbang kepada penjimatan masa dalam menganalisis data
PDC dan membantu pengguna mengakses keadaan penebat dalam satu sistem
komprehensif dengan peralatan lebih murah jika dibandingkan dengan kos peralatan
komersial. Tambahan lagi, sistem ini juga menambahkan keyakinan pengguna untuk
menjalankan diagnosis dan memantau peralatan bervoltan tinggi.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
LIST OF APPENDIX xv
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem statement 2
1.3 Objectives 3
1.4 Scope of Study 3
1.5 Methodology 4
1.6 Thesis Outline 6
1.7 Contributions 7
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Insulation System 8
viii
2.2 Dielectric Properties 9
2.2.1 Polarization Effects 9
2.2.2 DC Conductivity (o) 9
2.2.3 Dielectric Permittivity (£) 10
2.2.4 Dielectric Strength 10
2.3 Condition Monitoring of HV Insulations 11
2.3.1 Polarization and Depolarization Current 12
(PDC)
2.3.1.1 Principle of PDC Measurement 13
2.3.1.2 Estimation of Conductivity 15
2.3.1.3 Dielectric Response Function in Time 16
Domain
2.4 Previous studies on PDC Measurement Methods 17
2.5 RVM 23
2.6 LabVIEW 24
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Software Development 25
3.2 Software Testing 30
3.2.1 Measurement panel 30
3.2.2 Analysis panel 32
3.3 Software Evaluation 34
3.3.1 Pattern display 35
3.3.2 Time taken for measurement and analysis 36
3.3.3 S ensitivity and accuracy 3 6
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Software Development 37
4.1.1 Measurement GUI panel 37
4.1.2 Analysis GUI panel 39
4.1.3 Overall measurement and analysis system 43
4.2 Testing the System 44
ix
4.3 Pattern of solid-based and liquid-based insulation 45
material
4.4 Result Pattern and Analysis 45
4.4.1 Software Testing Results 48
4.4.1.1 Result of liquid-based insulation 48
material in LabVIEW and
MATLAB
4.4.1.2 Result of solid-based insulation 54
material in LabVIEW and
MATLAB
4.4.1 Manual calculation 58
5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
5.1 Contributions 63
5.2 Recommendations 64
5.2.1 Friendly to all types of insulation 64
material based
5.2.2 Online monitoring 64
5.2.3 More features in user-friendly panel 64
REFERENCES 65
Appendices A-E 69 - 76
x
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Implementation Plan 6
2.1 Diagnostic Method for Assessing Insulation Condition 11
2.2 Interfacial Polarisation Spectra (IPS) Features 19
2.3 PDC Analyser 1MOD Features 22
3.1 Model Specifications for Keithley 6517B Electrometer/ 30
High Resistance Meter
4.1 Features of measurement and analysis system in the 44
proposing product
4.2 Solid-Based and Liquid-Based Insulating Material 46
4.3 Capacitance and relative permittivity values for 46
insulation-based material
4.4 Time consumption for KP1 in MATLAB and LabVIEW 51
4.5 Time consumption for KP1-CN in MATLAB and 53
LabVIEW
4.6 Time consumption for A0 in MATLAB and LabVIEW 56
4.7 Average time for calculating f(t) and o 60
5.1 Approximate price for commercialized and proposed 63
product
LIST O F TA BLES
5
13
14
18
19
22
23
26
27
28
29
29
31
34
35
38
39
40
41
LIST OF FIG U R ES
TITLE
Methodology of research project
Basic PDC measuring circuit
Waveform of polarization and depolarization current
Expert system activities
Interfacial Polarisation Spectra
PDC Analyser 1MOD
RVM circuit and waveform
Flowchart of PDC measurement using LabVIEW for
measurement and analysis
Flowchart of research project
Block diagram of initial PDC measurement in
LabVIEW
Overview for PDC measurement setup
Keithley 6517B Electrometer/ High Resistance Meter
Flowchart for measurement part
Flowchart for analysis part
Parameters that influence PDC curve graph
GUI of measurement panel
‘Highlight execution’ button in block diagram
GUI of analysis panel
Pop-out windows for choosing file
xii
4.5 Pop-out windows for saving data 42
4.6 Overall system for measurement and analysis system 43
4.7 Test setup for PDC measurement 47
4.8 Close-up of custom made cage and test cell for liquid- 47
based insulation material
4.9 Test cell (3-terminals electrode/ guard ring capacitor) 47
by TETTEX for solid-based insulation material
4.10 Graph for ipol of KP1 in LabVIEW 49
4.11 Graph for ipol of KP1 in MATLAB 49
4.12 ipol graph of KP1 for the 2nd test in MATLAB 50
4.13 ipol graph of KP1 for the 2nd test in LabVIEW 50
4.14 ipol graph of KP1 for the 3rd test in MATLAB 51
4.15 ipol graph of KP1 for the 3rd test in LabVIEW 51
4.16 Graph for idepol of KP 1 -CN in LabVIEW 52
4.17 Graph for idepol of KP 1 -CN in MATLAB 52
4.18 idepol graph of KP 1 -CN in MATLAB for third test 53
4.19 idepol graph of KP 1 -CN in LabVIEW for third test 54
4.20 ipol graph of A0 in LabVIEW for first test 55
4.21 ipol graph of A0 in MATLAB for first test 55
4.22 idepol graph of A0 in MATLAB for first test 56
4.23 idepol graph of A0 in LabVIEW for 2nd test 57
4.24 idepol graph of A0 in MATLAB for 2nd test 57
4.25 idepol graph of A0 in LabVIEW for 3rd test 58
4.26 idepol graph of A0 in MATLAB for 3 rd test 58
4.27 Conductivity graph of KP1-CN 60
4.28 Dielectric response function graph of KP1-CN 61
xiii
PDC - Polarization and Depolarization Current
LabVIEW - Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench
IPS - Interfacial Polarisation Spectra
HV - High Voltage
GPIB - General Purpose Interface Bus
DC - Direct Current
DGA - Dissolved Gas Analysis
RV - Return Voltage
DP - Degree of Polymerization
HPLC - High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
RVM - Return Voltage Measurement
XLPE - Cross-Linked Polyethylene
HV - High Voltage
VI - Virtual Instruments
DAQ - Data Acquisition
GUI - Graphical User Interface
AC - Alternating Current
TNBR - Tenaga Nasional Berhad Research
SCPI - Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments
NI - National Instruments
NPLC - Number of Power Line Cycles
MATLAB - Matrix Laboratory
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
AC - Alternating Current
NR - Natural Rubber
LCR - Inductance, Capacitance and Resistance
USD - United States Dollar
LIST O F A B B R E V IA T IO N S
xiv
LIST OF SY M B O L S
kV - kilovolts
g - Conductivity
J - Current Density
E - Electric Stress
V/m - Volts/meter
A/m2 - Ampere/meter square
T - Temperature
Sr - Dielectric constant/ Dielectric permittivity/ relative
permittivity
C - Capacitance
Co - Geometric Capacitance value of insulation
pC - picoCoulumb
|im - micrometer
F/m - Farad/meter
°C - Celcius
% - percent
MHz - MegaHertz
Q.m - Ohm meter
mm - millimeter
f(t) - Response function
Uo - Charging voltage
£0 . Vacuum permittivity
s - second
tc - Charging time/ Polarization time
ip(t) - Polarization current varies with time
id(t) - Depolarization current varies with time
E(t) - Electric field
xv
D(t) - Electric displacement
P(t) - Dielectric polarization
Vmax - maximum recovery voltage
dV/ dt - initial slope of RVM
tpeak - central time constant
Ipol - polarization current
Idepol - depolarization current
A - Ampere
nA - nanoAmpere
fA - femtoAmpere
d - diameter
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A List of Publications 69
B List of Intellectual Properties 73
C Results from TNBR 74
D Block diagram of VI panel for calculating er 75
E Block diagram for calculating o and f(t) 76
65
REFERENCES
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Temple Press Books Ltd, 1964.
[2] T. K. Saha, "Review of modern diagnostic techniques for assessing insulation
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[4] T. K. Saha, et al., "How Confident are we with Polarisation Based
Diagnostics for Transformer Condition Assessment?," in Australasian
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1134, 2004.
[6] M. Farahani, et al., "Calculation and measurement of dielectric response
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[7] T. K. Saha and P. Purkait, "Investigation of polarization and depolarization
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[8] N. A. Muhamad, et al., "Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) tests
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[9] T. Fountain, "Software advances in measurement and instrumentation," in
Software Instrumentation - Software Components, IEE Colloquium on, 1993,
pp. 4/1-445.
[10] N. A. Muhamad, "Condition Monitoring of Biodegradable Oil-Filled
Transformer using DGA, PD and PDC Measurement Techniques," Ph.D,
University of New South Wales (UNSW), Australia, 2009.
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Conference, Singapore, 2003.
[13] W. S. Zaengl, "Dielectric spectroscopy in time and frequency domain for HV
power equipment. I. Theoretical considerations," Electrical Insulation
Magazine, IEEE, vol. 19, pp. 5-19, 2003.
67
[14] N. A. M. Jamail, et al., "Comparative study on conductivity using
Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) test for HV insulation," in
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[16] T. K. Saha, et al., "Understanding frequency & time domain
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[17] S. A. Bhumiwat, "Insulation condition assessment of transformer bushings by
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[19] B. Oyegoke, et al., "Condition assessment of XLPE cable insulation using
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68
[21] M. A. Talib, et al., "Diagnosis of transformer insulation condition using
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class," in Frontiers in Education, 2002. FIE 2002. 32nd Annual, 2002, pp.
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[25] R. A. Zainir and N. A. Muhamad, "Review on Software Development for
Time-Domain High Voltage Equipment Condition Monitoring," presented at
the IEEE International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis
(CMD 2012), Bali,Indonesia 2012.
69
A PPE N D IX A
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
JOURNAL
1. N. A. M. Jamail, M. A. M. Piah, N. A. Muhamad , Z. Salam, N. F Kasri, R.
A. Z ain ir and Q. E. Kamarudin. “Effect of Nanofillers on the Polarization
and Depolarization Current Characteristics of New LLDPE-NR Compound
for High Voltage Application.” Advanced in Materials Science and
Engineering. Accepted on August 2014, Impact Factor: 0.897.
2. N.A.M. Jamail, M.A.M. Piah, N.A. Muhamad, R.A. Zainir, N.F. Kasri, Q.E.
Kamarudin. “Polarization and Depolarization Current Measurement of
Polymer Added with Nano-particles of Silicon Oxide For HV Insulation”.
Jurnal Teknologi Vol.64 Issue 4, pp. 141-144, October 2013 (Scopus Index).
3. R. A. Zainir, N. A. Muhamad, Z. Adzis, M. A. M. Piah, N. F. Kasri, N. A.
M. Jamail. “RVM versus PDC Methods for Insulations’ Conductivity and
Moisture Content Monitoring”. Jurnal Teknologi Vol.64 No. 4, pp. 49-53,
October 2013 (Scopus Index).
4. N. A. M. Jamail, M. A. M. Piah, N. A. Muhamad, R. A. Zainir, N. F. Kasri
“DC Conductivity of Polymer Nanocomposites for Different Types and
Amount of Nano-Filler” International Journal on Electrical Engineering and
Informatics 5 (2) , pp. 217-225, June 2013 (Scopus indexed).
70
5. Abubakar A. Suleiman, R abiah A. Zainir, Nor Asiah B. Muhamad,
Nouruddeen Bashir “Comparative Study on Effect of Temperature &
Moisture on Transformer Insulation Conductivity.” Applied Mechanics and
Materials, Vol. 284-287, pp: 1126-1130, 2013. (Scopus indexed).
6. Zainir-R ubiatul Addawiyah, Muhamad-Nor Asiah, Ishak-Iqbal Rafei and
Mohd Jamail-Nor Akmal, Simulation Panel on Conductivity for Polarization
and Depolarization Current (PDC) Measurement of Offline Monitoring Using
LabVIEW.’’ Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 284-287, pp: 1104
1108, 2013. (Scopus indexed).
CONFERENCE
1. N. F. Kasri, R. A. Zainir, N. A. Muhamad, N. A. M. Jamail, and B. T.
Phung. “Monitoring of Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC)
Measurement and Analysis by User-Friendly Panel” . The 60th international
instrumentation symposium (IIS2014), Cavendish Square, London, UK, 24
26 June 2014.
2. R.A. Zainir, N.A. Muhamad, N.A.M. Jamail, M.A.M. Piah, Abubakar A.
Suleiman and N.F. Kasri. "Development of User Panel for Polarization and
Depolarization Current (PDC) Measurement Analysis of High Voltage (HV)
Machine Insulation System". 4th International Conference on Power
Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives (POWERENG 2013), 13-17 May
2013, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 1297-1300.
3. N. A. M. Jamail, M. A. M. Piah, N. A. Muhamad, R. A. Zainir, N. F. Kasri
“Polarization and Depolarization Current Measurement of Polymer Added
with Nanoparticles o f Silicon Oxide for HV Insulation” Proceeding of 16th
71
Asian Conference on Electrical Discharge (ACED 2012), The Zone Johor
Bharu Johor Malaysia, 10-12 December 2012.
4. N. A. M. Jamail, M. A. M. Piah, N. A. Muhamad, R. A. Zainir, N. F. Kasri
“DC Conductivity of Polymer Nanocomposites for Different Types and
Amount of Nano-Filler” Proceeding of 16th Asian Conference on Electrical
Discharge (ACED 2012), The Zone Johor Bharu Johor Malaysia, 10-12
December 2012.
5. R. A. Z ain ir , N. A. Muhamad , Z. Adzis , N. A. M. Jamail, M. A. M. Piah,
N. F. Kasri “RVM versus PDC Methods for Insulations Conductivity and
Moisture Content Monitoring” Proceeding of 16th Asian Conference on
Electrical Discharge (ACED 2012), The Zone Johor Bharu Johor Malaysia,
10-12 December 2012.
6. Abubakar A. Suleiman, R abiah A. Zainir, Nor Asiah B. Muhamad,
Nouruddeen Bashir “Comparative Study on Effect of Temperature &
Moisture on Transformer Insulation Conductivity,” Proceeding of the 2nd
International Conference on Engineering and Technology Innovation 2012
(ICETI2012), 02-06 November 2011, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, pp 08.
7. Zainir-R ubiatul Addawiyah, Muhamad-Nor Asiah, Ishak-Iqbal Rafei and
Mohd Jamail-Nor Akmal “Simulation Panel on Conductivity for Polarization
and Depolarization Current (PDC) Measurement of Offline Monitoring Using
LabVIEW”, Proceeding of The 2nd International Conference on Engineering
and Technology Innovation, 2012 (2nd- 6th November), Kaohsiung, Taiwan
pp 50.
72
8. R. A. Zainir, N. A. Muhamad, Review on Software Development for Time-
Domain High Voltage Equipment Condition Monitoring, IEEE International
Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD 2012), 2012
(September 23th- 27th), Bali, Indonesia.
9. Rubiatul Addawiyah Zainir, Nor Asiah Muhamad, “Temperature Pattern
during Void Discharge in XLPE Cable “ International Conference on
Advanced Electromaterials 2011, Jeju Korea November 7-10, 2011.
73
A PPE N D IX B
LIST OF INTELECTUAL PRO PERTIES
COPYRIGHT
2013 UTM Copyright for ‘’Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC)
Measurement Analyzer Software (OFFLINE)’’, Start from 26 December 2013.
PATEN
Invention: Online Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) Measurement
Analyzer, Status: Submitted to ICC UTM.
74
A PPEN D IX C
RESULT FROM TNBR FO R Ipol AND Idepol IN MATLAB
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