IALE 2011 2011 20 August Session Benchmarking biodiversity towards a sustainable city
Development of indicators in urban contexts: DPSIR and ecosystem services
Dr. Ryo Kohsaka Associate Prof.
Nagoya City Univ.
Visiting Researcher at United Nations University IAS
Table of Contents
1. DPSIR
2. Role of indicators
3. Case Studies: A Tale of Two Cities CBIs
What is "DPSIR“ ? Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response
[Original Model]
Pressure-State-Response
Land-use change → Species loss →Protected areas
OECD instantiated in the 1990s
EEA adopt the framework
Response
State
Pressure Pressure Impacts
State
Response Drivers
Example) Coral Reefs and DPSIR model
Response
Impact State
Pressure
Driver
○ Rules regulations
○ Restoration
○ Protection area
○Degradation resources
(tourism/education)
○Loss of resilience
○Loss of Habitat
○Breaching
○ Loss of species
○Overuse
○Development
○Rising Temperature
○Economic/Recreation
○Climate Change
(Source)http://www.biodic.go.jp/biodiversity/jbo/20-1/mat2.pdf (Min. Environment
)
EEA The UN Convention on Biological Diversity - Follow-up in
EEA Member Countries 1996
State Pressure Response
出典:
Butchart
etal 2010
Example) MA Framework
Direct
Drivers
Indirect
Drivers
Ecosystem
Services
Human
Well-being
Direct Drivers of Change Changes in land use Species introduction or removal Technology adaptation and use External inputs (e.g., irrigation) Resource consumption Climate change Natural physical and biological drivers
(e.g., volcanoes)
Indirect Drivers of
Change (governance and
institutionaDemographic Economic (globalization, trade,
market and policy framework) Sociopolitical l framework) Science and Technology Cultural and Religious
Human Well-being and
Poverty Reduction Basic material for a good life Health Good Social Relations Security Freedom of choice and action
Strength of DPSIR paradigm
• Causal Chains
Logical structure from drivers to policies
• Linking assessment/science
with policy
Justifiable for policy-makers
Out put for scientists for their data
Table of Contents
DPSIR
Role of indicators
Case Studies
Role of indicators
• Indicator show changes in D, P, S, I (P) * A tool to interpret reality (but not reality itself)
• Communication Tool * Visualization for policy makers & public
* Biodiversity Dependent on Scale of Space and Time
Development of Indicators in Urban Contexts
Classic scheme
(1970 - 80s)
Modern scheme
(1990s - )
City as... Site of economic
activities
Conceptualized
system
Geographic scales
and time frames
Transposed from
national/regional level
Special considerations
for urban settings
Indicator Economic/Social/Envir
onment
Sustainability
Focus Development of
indicators
Policy institutions
Characters of
formation of
indicators
Point-to-point
Benchmarks
Causal-Chains
(Pressure, Driving
force, State, Impact,
Response) Extrapolated from OECD (1997)
Benchmark
“Is the city sustainable or not?”
Challenges for policy makers
• Bias in choice of Indicators - availability of data
- category of existing administrative units
• Resistance to changes
- Development of Indicators itself become goals
- Less focus on institutional changes
• Competing goals
- Recreational vs Conservation
Challenges for science
• Capturing Ecosystem services
• Identifying scales
city/urban contexts / up- down grading
• Communication with stakeholders
“Backward Looking” vs “Forward Looking”
• Complexity
“casual network” instead of casual chains
Table of Contents
DPSIR
Role of indicators
3. Case Studies:
A Tale of Two Cities CBIs
Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity
CBI
【Structure】
(i) Profile
(ii) Ecosystem Service Biodiversity (10 index)
Ecosystem Services (4 index)
Governance (9 index)
Singapore Index
(iii) Engagement
Case : Kawasaki
• Kawasaki Index (Modified CBI) ・ Consists of (i) Biodiversity (ii) Ecosystem Service
(iii) Engagement of City
【Structure】
(i) Biodiversity
(ii) Ecosystem Service Provisional Service (2 index)
Regulating Service (2 index)
Cultural Service (6 index)
Kawasaki Index
(iii) Engagement
Kawasaki Index (cont.)
▼ Ecosystem Service
Category Item Criteria
Provisional (Food)
Food shops with locally produced shops
Yes/No (existence in area)
Open farms for citizens Yes/No (existence in area)
Regulation Water Permeable area / Terrestrial area
Climate Tree canopy cover/ Terrestrial area
Cultural Urban parks green Number
Preserved trees, hedges tree of the city
Number
Schools with biodiversity activities
Number
Learning Number
Activities by civil society Yes/No
Activities by private sector Yes/No
Case 2 Nagoya
• Exploring to capture Ecosystem Services
・Quantifying measures
・Model areas familiar to citizens
▼ Model areas
Area Nanyo Fujimae Hisaya Atsuta Hachiryu
Higashiyama
Land Use Paddy field Tide Park Shrine Secondary nature
Regulation Service
Flood ○
Water Regulating ○
Water Quality ○
Climate ○ ○ ○
Cultural Service
Recreation Landscape ○ ○ ○
Tradition・Religion ○
Education ○ ○ ○ ○
Supporting
Spatial Habitat/ Species ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Discussions (science)
• Scale / Communication
Not upgradable/ more “examples” “show case”
• Capturing Ecosystem Services [Kawasaki] Cultural services > Provisional/Regulating
[Nagoya] Regulating services > Provisional/Cultural
• Scale of Provisional Service
Timber production / Watershed Managemnet
Discussions (policy makers)
• Trade-offs Competing goals
Flowers → Sign of care?
• Usefulness in Communication Mitigating heat-island
Simplicity , clarity for citizens
Table of Contents
DPSIR
Role of indicators
Case Studies
4.Further Development
Projections by scientists
73.9
62.5
45.6
66.6
66.2
32.1
62.6
51.0
53.9
46.4
55.8
13.7
23.0
34.4
12.9
14.3
54.7
3.2
31.7
38.6
30.2
25.5
4.6
3.3
3.6
8.6
9.2
2.1
29.1
6.4
1.6
19.2
9.1
7.8
11.2
16.4
11.9
10.3
11.0
5.2
11.0
5.9
4.2
9.7
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
環境リスク評価/リスク管理/リスクコミュニケーション
環境経済政策/評価/指標/経営手法
ライフスタイルと環境(環境倫理を含む)
環境評価・環境予測・環境シミュレーション技術
環境モニタリング(地上観測を含む)
都市・農村環境(地域環境保全)
温暖化の評価と対策技術
生態系・ランドスケープ・生物種・ハビタット・遺伝子多様性保全、復元・
関連政策
都市廃棄物極少化技術/物質循環技術/省資源・省エネルギー製品
大気・水・土壌環境の汚染防止/循環型水資源利用技術
総計
世界・日本双方にとり重要 特に日本にとり重要
特に世界にとり重要 重要度・優先度は低い
Biodiversity/Habitat
Env. Risks
Policy
Life Style Ethics
Urban-Rural Envi.
Evaluation Simulation
Monitoring
Global warming
Waste Recycling
Atmosphere
Total
Global & Japan
Global
Japan
Low Priority Source: MEXT Science Technology 2040
5.7
5.0
5.7
5.7
6.0
6.8
6.6
6.6
7.7
7.0
6.3
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
環境リスク評価/リスク管理/リスクコミュニケーション
環境経済政策/環境経済評価/環境経済指標/環境経
営手法
ライフスタイルと環境(環境倫理を含む)
環境評価・環境予測・環境シミュレーション技術
環境モニタリング(地上観測を含む)
都市・農村環境(地域環境保全)
温暖化の評価と対策技術
生態系・ランドスケープ・生物種・ハビタット・遺伝子の多様
性保全、復元及び関連する政策
都市廃棄物極少化技術/環境保全型物質循環技術/省
資源・省エネルギー製品
大気・水・土壌環境の汚染防止/循環型水資源利用技術
総計
Time Lag: Technical achievement to social realization
Env. Risks
Policy
Life Style Ethics
Evaluation Simulation
Monitoring
Urban-Rural Envi.
Global warming
Biodiversity/Habitat
Waste Recycling
Atmosphere
Total
Examples in Urban-Rural Settings
Figure : Growth of Megacities, 1950-2015: Source ABD (2008) computation based on figures from World Urbanization Persepcts, 2003 Revision, United Nations Secrtariat, 2004.
2007 marks that more than half of
the world's population lives in cities
State of the World's Cities 2006/7 by UN-
HABITAT
What is science-policy interface ?
‘‘as social processes which encompass relations
between scientists and other actors in the policy process,
and which allow for exchanges, co-evolution, and joint
construction of knowledge with the aim of enriching
decision-making”
Koetz, T., Bridgewater, P., van den Hove, S., Siebenhüner, B.
(2008) The role of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical
and Technological Advice to the Convention on Biological
Diversity as science-policy interface. Environmental Science
and Policy 2: 505-516
Structure of the Convention
MOP
SBSTTA
Compl.
AHTEG
Conference of the Parties (COP)
ABS
Secretariat
L & R 8 (j) PAs Impl.
Financial
Mechanism
(GEF)