Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources Water Resources and and
Africa’s DevelopmentAfrica’s Development
Mike MullerMike MullerDirector GeneralDirector General
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Department of Water Affairs and Forestry South AfricaSouth Africa
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources and Africa’s DevelopmentWater Resources and Africa’s Development
Outline:Outline:
• IntroductionIntroduction• Water and development – Water and development – NEPADNEPAD
• The “three ages of rivers”The “three ages of rivers”
• The infrastructure gaps The infrastructure gaps
• Some infrastructure planning principlesSome infrastructure planning principles
• ConclusionConclusion
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources and Africa’s DevelopmentWater Resources and Africa’s Development
Introduction: Water provides-Introduction: Water provides-• The base for great civilisationsThe base for great civilisations
• Yangtse, Indus, Mesopotamia – the land between the riversYangtse, Indus, Mesopotamia – the land between the rivers• Africa’s great NileAfrica’s great Nile
• Arteries for communicationArteries for communication• Amazon, Rhine, the Great Lakes of North America Amazon, Rhine, the Great Lakes of North America • The magnificent CongoThe magnificent Congo
• Power for the world’s industryPower for the world’s industry• 19% of world’s electricity production19% of world’s electricity production• Largest renewable resourceLargest renewable resource
How can we, How can we, – promoters of development, promoters of development, – managers of water, managers of water,
Ensure that water contributes to African development ?Ensure that water contributes to African development ?
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources and Africa’s Development Water Resources and Africa’s Development
Water & development & NEPADWater & development & NEPAD
NEPAD needs water for:NEPAD needs water for:
• Economic and social servicesEconomic and social services
• Agriculture and food securityAgriculture and food security
• Energy, renewableEnergy, renewable
• TransportTransport
• Key economic sectors:Key economic sectors:– mining, manufacturing and tourismmining, manufacturing and tourism
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Africa’s natural legacy: extreme variabilityAfrica’s natural legacy: extreme variability
Kenya: Annual Rainfall Variation about the Average
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
Africa’sAfrica’s
water position:water position:
BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
Africa’sAfrica’s
water position:water position:
Stressed !!Stressed !!
- 2- 21 of 50 of world’s most 1 of 50 of world’s most arid countries (in terms arid countries (in terms
of water per person) are of water per person) are in Africa in Africa
(UN World Water Assessment)(UN World Water Assessment)
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources and Africa’s DevelopmentWater Resources and Africa’s Development
The Three Ages of RiversThe Three Ages of Rivers
– More than enough More than enough (Congo)(Congo)
– Nature needs help to meet our water needsNature needs help to meet our water needs(Orange-Senqu)(Orange-Senqu)
– Basin “closed” - no more water available Basin “closed” - no more water available better management of what we have is only optionbetter management of what we have is only option( ? ! ? )( ? ! ? )
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Returns on investment as intensity of use growsinfrastructure vs management
Many African
countries
All industrial countries
More than enoughMore than enough ““closed basins”closed basins”
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources and Africa’s Development Water Resources and Africa’s Development
The Infrastructure GapsThe Infrastructure Gaps
• Where we have more than enoughWhere we have more than enough
• Where we need more than natureWhere we need more than nature
• Where the basin is “closed”Where the basin is “closed”
• Infrastructure to manage and measureInfrastructure to manage and measure
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources and Africa’s Development Water Resources and Africa’s Development
The Infrastructure GapsThe Infrastructure Gaps
• Where we have more than enough:Where we have more than enough:– Infrastructure to take water where neededInfrastructure to take water where needed
• abstraction works, pump stations, canals, ….abstraction works, pump stations, canals, ….
– Infrastructure to remove water and protectInfrastructure to remove water and protect• dykes and other flood protectiondykes and other flood protection
• drainage ….drainage ….
– Infrastructure to generate powerInfrastructure to generate power• run of river hydropowerrun of river hydropower
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources and Africa’s Development Water Resources and Africa’s Development
The Infrastructure GapsThe Infrastructure Gaps
• Where we need more than nature:Where we need more than nature:– Infrastructure to store, secure and conserveInfrastructure to store, secure and conserve
• DamsDams
• Related hydropower developmentsRelated hydropower developments
– Infrastructure to transport to where neededInfrastructure to transport to where needed• Canals, pipelines, pump stationsCanals, pipelines, pump stations
– Infrastructure to maintain water qualityInfrastructure to maintain water quality• Waste-water treatmentWaste-water treatment
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Africa's infrastructure: Water Storage Per Person (m3)
43746
1,287 1,406
2,4863,255
4,729
6,150
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
Eth
iopi
a
Sou
thA
fric
a
Tha
iland
Laos
Chi
na
Bra
zil
Aus
tral
ia
Nor
thA
mer
ica
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources and Africa’s Development Water Resources and Africa’s Development
Not just storage:Not just storage:
The world’s largest reservoirsThe world’s largest reservoirs
Reservoir Reservoir Basin Basin volume (km3)volume (km3)
Owen Falls Owen Falls Victoria-NileVictoria-Nile 204204Bratskoye Bratskoye AngaraAngara 169169Nasser Nasser NileNile 169169Kariba Kariba ZambeziZambezi 160160Volta Volta Volta Volta 148148
But not the world’s best accessBut not the world’s best access
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Africa
EuropeN America
S AmericaAsia (incl.
China)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Regions - Hydropower Potential Tapped
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E. Africa - Europe: Electricity/HP comparisonE. Africa - Europe: Electricity/HP comparisonPop Pop
millionmillionGNP/cap GNP/cap
$$HP pot. HP pot.
MWMWHP dev. HP dev.
MWMWElec/cap Elec/cap kWh/yrkWh/yr
CO2 CO2 ton/c/yrton/c/yr
EthiopiaEthiopia 6161 105105 45,00045,000 700700 2222 0.000.00
KenyaKenya 2929 361361 1,6001,600 700700 106106 0.050.05
RwandaRwanda 88 241241 100100 2727 2626 0.000.00
TanzaniaTanzania 3333 267267 3,2003,200 557557 5656 0.010.01
UgandaUganda 2222 298298 2,8002,800 278278 3838 0.000.00
AustriaAustria 88 23,33323,333 18,30018,300 11,70011,700 6,4576,457 1.511.51
FranceFrance 5959 22,12822,128 26,00026,000 25,20025,200 6,5396,539 4.324.32
GermanyGermany 8282 22,43022,430 8,0008,000 5,6005,600 5,9635,963 4.504.50
ItalyItaly 5858 18,80818,808 22,80022,800 15,26715,267 4,7324,732 2.982.98
NorwayNorway 55 36,88936,889 47,20047,200 27,87327,873 24,42224,422 3.233.23
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources and Africa’s Development Water Resources and Africa’s Development
The Infrastructure GapsThe Infrastructure Gaps• Where all the water is used:Where all the water is used:
– Infrastructure to improve water useInfrastructure to improve water use• Canal lining, irrigation intensificationCanal lining, irrigation intensification
• Household and industrial retrofittingHousehold and industrial retrofitting
– Infrastructure to import waterInfrastructure to import water• Dams, canals and pipelinesDams, canals and pipelines
– Infrastructure to “make” waterInfrastructure to “make” water• Waste water reuseWaste water reuse
• DesalinationDesalination
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources and Africa’s Development Water Resources and Africa’s Development
The Infrastructure GapsThe Infrastructure Gaps• In all cases:In all cases:
– Need information for planning and control Need information for planning and control
– Infrastructure to manage and measureInfrastructure to manage and measure• Flow measurementFlow measurement• Flow controlFlow control• Communication and early warningCommunication and early warning
– investment in management infrastructure investment in management infrastructure = investment and operational savings= investment and operational savings
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources and Africa’s Development Water Resources and Africa’s Development
Some Planning PrinciplesSome Planning Principles– Plan for users Plan for users
• large reservoirs are not enoughlarge reservoirs are not enough• Test users desire – do they contribute ?Test users desire – do they contribute ?
– Plan with all partiesPlan with all parties• Cooperate on shared riversCooperate on shared rivers• Affected parties must also be better offAffected parties must also be better off
– Plan for the environment Plan for the environment • but people come firstbut people come first
– Plan and fund for the futurePlan and fund for the future• Public investment for next generation returnsPublic investment for next generation returns
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Water Resources and Africa’s DevelopmentWater Resources and Africa’s Development
ConclusionConclusion : :
With water, through cooperation, With water, through cooperation,
• between countriesbetween countries• between sectors between sectors • between peoplebetween people
we can we can contribute to Africa’s developmentcontribute to Africa’s development
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EndEnd