Demonstrating, Regulating and Celebrating Community Forestry REDD in Cambodia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea

Dr. D. Andrew Wardell

Taking stock of smallholder and community forestry Where do we go from here?CIFOR/CIRAD/IRD, Montpellier 24-26 March 2010

Norad grant GLO 4244, INS 09/010/Rockefeller Foundation grant 2009 COR 202

Outline

• Why community forestry and REDD?

• Cambodia

• Indonesia

• Papua New Guinea

• Concluding remarks

Case study framework• Focus on a two year period (2007-2009);

work in progress; REDD still being invented.

• Context– Forestry/decentralization reforms– Progress with community forestry– REDD readiness and projects

• Case study – a REDD project or an ‘event’

Why community forestry and REDD?

• Community forestry not yet performing well– Custodians of the land/resources?– Moving out of poverty?

• Limits of decentralization in practice

• REDD financing – the missing link?

• Early optimism and cautionary notes

Contradictory forest policies?• Community forest management• State-granted privileges and

management by restriction, exclusion and fear

• Legal pluralism and the negotiation of access and rights

• Untying rights to resources from the territorial claims of the state

• Rents of non-enforcement

Decision 2/CP.131. “Invites Parties to further strengthen

and support ongoing efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation on a voluntary basis;

3. Further encourages Parties to explore a range of actions, identify options and undertake efforts, including demonstration activities, to address the drivers of deforestation relevant to their national circumstances….”

Cambodia - Context

• War - commodification of forests• Peace accord, 1991• Moratorium on forest

concessions, (3.4m ha), 31.12.2000

• Commune Sangkat Law, 2001• Economic Land Concessions,

2005• Annual Bidding Coupes w/e 2007• Organic Law, 2008• Global Witness, 1999-Oct. 2009

Cambodia – Community Forestry

• Sub-Decree on CF, 2003• prakas 8-step CF process• CF training materials and

mapping services• 124 CF sites protected by law

(15 years + 15)• Community vs. conservation

forestry (Rectangular Strategy II, Nov. 2008)

• 2 million ha CF by 2020 (19% of national forest estate)

Cambodia – REDD readiness

• Two demonstration projects– Oddar Meanchey– Seima BCA

• Sar Char Nor 699, May 2008• R-PIN, March 2009• UN-REDD ‘Observer’, Nov. 2009• REDD Task Force, Jan. 2010• Replication CF REDD in Siem

Reap (37 CF sites)

Oddar Meanchey CF REDD Project

• ‘Bundled’ 13 CF sites – economies of scale

• Avoided mosaic deforestation METH – dual validation (VCS)

• Co-benefits (CCB Standard)• Cancellation/conversion of ELCs• Secure tenure for CF groups• Border dispute with Thailand• Benefit-sharing/distribution

Cambodia - strengthening CF?

Indonesia - Context• 130m ha of ‘state’ forest land• Land rights weakly-recognized in

1960 Agrarian Law• Dominance of forest concession

model (timber, plywood, pulp and paper and potentially, REDD), 1960s to present

• Recentralizing while decentralizing – do forests or communities benefit?

• Ministry of Forestry – a vertically-integrated bureaucracy

Indonesia – Community Forestry

• Regulation 6/2007 (34/2002 and 1/2004) – 4 options, viz.– Village Forestry– Community Forestry– Peoples’ Plantation Forests– Partnerships between communities and

concessionaires

• Less than 40% of all properties with title (BPN - Sertipikat)

• Very few ulayat (collective) tenure rights recognized

• Historical CF focus in Java• 2.1 million ha by 2010 (1.6% of forest

estate)

Community forestry - Java

Indonesia – REDD readiness

• IFCA process (pre-COP.13) • A plethora of MOF regulations• P. 36 (11 benefit-sharing

models)• National MRV system(s)• R-Plan endorsed• UN-REDD ‘Fast track’ funds,

2009• Inter and intra-institutional

factionalism• ca. 25 REDD projects

Katingan peat forest REDD Project

• Ecosystem Restoration License • High carbon density forests• Avoided Planned Deforestation

METH – dual validation (VCS)• Community benefits – Puter/FPP• MOF vs provincial regulations

– Spatial planning– Environmental Impact Assessments

• A new generation of concessionaires?

Katingan peat forest REDD project

Indonesia – a geographic disconnect?

Papua New Guinea - Context

• Customary ownership of PNG’s land (97%)

• Dominance of (Malaysian) logging industry

• PNG Forest Authority• FMAs negotiated with

Incorporated Land Groups and concessionaires

• PNGFA’s 34 step process

PNG – Context 2

• State of PNG’s Forests, 1972-2002– Subsistence agriculture (45.6%)– Logging (48.2%)– Mining (6%)– Forest fires (4.4%)– Plantations (1%)• Logging, Legality and Livelihoods

• Creation of OCC (NEC 56/2008) and proposed structures (TAB, NAB and IAB)

PNG log exports, 1978-2007

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Volume ('000 m3)

PNG – Community Forestry

• Systematic failure of ICDPs• Earlier efforts to develop CF and

PES (FORCERT and Eco Forestry Forum, 2007-09)

• Community-based forest enterprises (mobile sawmills)

• Village REDD concept (WCS)• Potential of provincial forest

governance (EHP and Medang Provinces)

PNG – REDD readiness

• COP.11 to COP. 13• National vs. sub-national REDD• Coalition of Rainforest Nations• OCC-ES and OCC-CT• 3-tier structure proposed • Suspension of Exec.

Director/OCC• Parliamentary Public Accounts

Committee investigation• No credible projects

PNG REDD+ Gala Event, COP.15

• CRFN – 3 representatives only• Maya Lin, Vivienne Westwood,

Bianca Jagger, some large conservation NGOs et al

• 5 awards (WIM Foundation)• Absence of a PNG REDD project• Edelman PR (on behalf of CRFN)• McKinsey & Company (Jan.

2010)• Carbon is my government now

PNG - celebrating REDD on the world’s stage?

Concluding Remarks

• Need to align forest sector reforms more closely with broader decentralization reforms

• Rights to land = rights to trees = rights to carbon?

• Moving beyond the REDD project approval culture – governance of future benefit-sharing and distribution mechanisms