Databases and Data Warehouses

How Do You Organize Large Amounts of

Information?

Chapter 10

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Student Learning Outcomes

1. Describe the difference between data and information and the logical structure people use to organize data and information

2. Define key relational database concepts including field properties, primary keys, compound primary keys, foreign keys, and integrity constraints

3. Describe the role of an entity-relationship diagram in defining the structure of a database and the relationships among the tables

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Student Learning Outcomes

4. List the major components of a database management system and describe their roles

5. Discuss how Web databases support various e-commerce functions

6. Describe how data warehouses and data-mining tools help create business intelligence

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Introduction

Businesses and individuals alike need technology tools to help them effectively organize their information so they can access and use it for a variety of purposes.

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10.1 Data, Information, and Their Structures

Data are distinct items providing descriptions of people, places,and/or things that may not have much meaning

to you in a given context

Information is organized data whose meaning is clear and useful to you in a given context

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Logical Structure of Data and Information

FieldField

RecordRecord

Data FileData File

DatabaseDatabase

Data Warehouse

Data Warehouse

SimNet Concepts Support CD: “Database Applications,” “Managing Data,” and “Database Management Systems”

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10.2 Relational Databases

• Most popular method for organizing and storing information is the relational database model which stores information in files or tables that have rows and columns

• Popular software applications include: – Microsoft Access– Oracle– Sybase – DB2– FileMaker

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Commercial Relational Database Models

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Database Example

p.10.294 Fig. 10.3

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Relational Database Concepts

FieldProperties

FieldProperties

Foreign Keys

Foreign Keys

Primary Keys

Primary Keys

IntegrityConstraints

IntegrityConstraints

SimNet Concepts Support CD: “Designing Relational Databases”

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Entity-Relationship Diagrams

Entity relationship diagram is a graphical representation of tables in a database and the relationships among the tables

p.10.296 Fig. 10.4

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Working with a Relational Database

• Relational database relies on associations or relationships between tables

• Three types of relationships One-to-one One-to-many Many-to-many

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Types of Database Relationships

One-to-one relationship means that one record in a database tablecan only be related to at most one record in another database table

One-to-many relationship means that one record in a database table can be related to many records in another database table

Many-to-many relationship means that many records in a databasetable can be related to many records in another database table

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Database Models

• Hierarchical

• Network

• Relational

• Object-oriented

SimNet Concepts Support CD: “Types of Database Organizations”

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Hierarchical Databases

• Uses an inverted directory tree structure• Organizes data under different directories• Parent directories are the main directories

- similar to a folder– Children subdirectories can have only one

parent– Records belonging to a directory are children

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Network Databases

• Similar to hierarchical databases– Uses a tree structure

• Children can have more than one parent

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Object-Oriented Databases

• Becoming popular

• Uses objects to represent entities rather than fields in a table– Object is one item that contains distinct

information– Each object has its own properties or

attributes

• Similar objects belong to the same class

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10.3 Database Management Systems

• Database management system (DBMS)– Application software– Allows you to arrange, modify, and extract

information from a database

• DBMS works on everything from PDAs to large mainframes

SimNet Concepts Support CD: “Database Management Systems”

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DBMS

• All DBMS’ include:

Data Manipulation Subsystem

Application Generation

Subsystem

Data Definition Subsystem

Data Administration Subsystem

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Data Definition Subsystem

p.10.299 Fig. 10.7

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Defining Relationships Among Tables

p.10.300 Fig. 10.8

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Data Manipulation Subsystem: Database Form Database form is a graphical interface that makes it easy to add, change and delete information

p.10.301 Fig. 10.9

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Queries

• Asks questions of a database• Query language uses English statements

to extract data • Query-by-example tool allows you to

graphically represent what information you’d like to see from a database

• SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standardized query language for most databases

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Access Query-By-Example

Fields Tables Visible Fields in Query

Relationship – Tables & Primary Keys

p.10.302 Fig. 10.10

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Generating a Report

Typical report generators will allow you to:

–Specify what information you want in a report–The order in which it will appear–Various reporting options such as a title and subtotal

p.10.303 Fig. 10.11

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OTHER DBMS SUBSYSTEMS

• Application generation subsystem– For developing transaction-intensive software

• Data administration subsystem– Managing the overall database environment– Security management– Concurrency control– Used by database administrators

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Design

Database Administrators

How do database administrators come up with solutions to businesses challenges using databases?

Implement

Maintain

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10.4 Databases In Electronic Commerce

• Databases play a key role in helping businesses conduct e-commerce by making their business tasks more effective and efficient

• Businesses are using the Web to provide employees with access to information

• Businesses are allowing their partner businesses to gain access to vitally important information in support of functions such as supply chain management through the Web

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Productive Uses of Databases in e-Commerce

Electronic Catalogs

Electronic Catalogs

Web Search Engines

Web Search Engines

Web Databases

Web Databases

Personal Portals

Personal Portals

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Web Database

Web databases require the use of:• An appropriate DBMS•An organization and presentation facility such as XML•Middleware (software that allows the communications to happen between different software applications)

p.10.305 Fig. 10.12

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Web Search Engine

Web search engines use Web databases to:•Store•Sort•Organize•Categorize Web sites, their addresses, and their content

p.10.306 Fig. 10.13

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Web Catalogs

Electronic catalogs are Web databases that contain product information, including:•Descriptions•Prices – and perhaps:

• Images, sound, video, 3-D graphics, and animation

p.10.307 Fig. 10.14

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Personal Portal

A personal portal is a Web page for which you define the content you want to see. Examples to include:•List of Web site links•Stock ticker•Local weather forecast•Favorite news site

p.10.307 Fig. 10.15

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Security & Privacy

• Security: – Hackers can break into Web databases

containing credit card numbers from e-commerce sites, Internet banking sites, and online medical records

SimNet Concepts Support CD: “Privacy Issues” and “Security Issues”

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Security & Privacy

• Privacy– Businesses are compiling information about

you in their databases. As businesses merge, so do their databases. Information about you can be easily sold from one business to another

SimNet Concepts Support CD: “Privacy Issues” and “Security Issues”

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10.5 Data Warehouses and Business Intelligence

• DBMS support:

Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) - is the processing of information to support some sort of transaction such as the purchasing of a product.

Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) - is the processing of information to support some sort of transaction such as the purchasing of a product.

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) - is the manipulation of information to generate business intelligence and support decision-making tasks.

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) - is the manipulation of information to generate business intelligence and support decision-making tasks.

Business Intelligence

- is knowledge about your customers, competitors,and internal operations that can help you make more informed and effective decisions.

Business Intelligence

- is knowledge about your customers, competitors,and internal operations that can help you make more informed and effective decisions.

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Tools used to Work with Multiple Databases

Data Warehouse

Data-mining tools

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Data Warehouse

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A Data Warehouse is Multidimensional

p.10.310 Fig. 10.16

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Data Warehouse Features

• Data warehouse is a collection of information from internal and/or external sources organized specifically for generating business intelligence to support decision making

• Data warehouse is different from a database in that it is multidimensional with layers of columns and rows

• Data warehouses directly support OLAP and not OLTP

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Data-Mining Tools

• Tools you use to perform data mining

p.10.310 Fig. 10.17

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Data-Mining Tools – cont.

• Query-and-reporting tools are similar to QBE tools, SQL, and report generators in the typical database environment

• Multidimensional analysis (MDA) tools are slice and dice techniques that allow you to view multidimensional information from different perspectives

• Statistical tools help you apply various mathematical models to the information stored in a data warehouse to discover new information

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Data-Mining Tools – cont.

• Data-mining agents help you discover new information, trends, and relationships within a data warehouse without necessarily applying a specific mathematical model

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Data Marts

• Miniature data warehouse• Has a special focus• Subset of a data warehouse• Aids decision making in a specific focus area

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10.6 Key Terms

• Application generation subsystem

• Business intelligence• Data• Data administration

subsystem• Data definition

subsystem• Data dictionary

• Data file• Data manipulation

subsystem• Data mart• Data mining• Data-mining agent• Data-mining tool• Data warehouse• Database

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10.6 Key Terms

• Database form• Database

management system (DBMS)

• Entity-relationship diagram (E-R)

• Field• Field property• Foreign key• Hypertext database

• Information• Integrity constraint• Many-to-many

relationship• Middleware• Multidimensional

analysis tool (MDA)• One-to-many

relationship

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10.6 Key Terms

• One-to-one relationship

• Personal portal• Primary key• Query-and-reporting

tool• Query-by-example tool • Record

• Relational database model

• Report generator• Statistical tool• Structured Query

Language (SQL)• Web database

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Review of Concepts

1. Designing a Database How do instructors relate to courses?

2. Defining the Timeliness of Data Warehouse Information How often do you need the right

information to predict the scores of football games?

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Hands On ProjectsE-Commerce

1. Obtaining a Free Credit Report Maybe the first time, but not always

2. Getting Tutored on the Web

3. Using Interlibrary Loan No need to ever visit the library again

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Hands On ProjectsEthics, Security & Privacy

1. How Secure Is Your Personal Information

Is a business responsible for information about you that it loses to a hacker?

2. CRUD – Defining Who Can Do What with Database Information

Who can CRUD your information?

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Hands On Projectson the Web

1. Using Webopedia to Learn More about Technology

2. Researching Data Warehouses and Data-Mining Tools

3. Finding a DBMS for Your PDA

4. Researching Database Security

5. Finding a Free DBMS

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Hands On ProjectsGroup Activities

1. Evaluating Popular Personal DBMSs

2. Digging for Databases What databases are at your school?

3. Defining the Structure of a Data Warehouse