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  • GuideToArtHistory

    FamousArtistsArtStylesandPeriodsArtMediumsAncientArt

    IntroductiontotheArtisticStyleofCubismByArtHistory.net

    Cubismisanavantgardemovementofarthistorythatsurfacedintheearly20thcenturyinthedecadebeforeEuropebecameembroiledintheFirstWorldWar.SomesaythatCubismwasanaturaloutcomeofearliermovementslikeImpressionismandExpressionism.

    PabloPicassoandhiscontemporaryImpressionists,includingHenriMatisse,ClaudeMonet,andCezanne,werealreadyknownforavantgardepaintings.ThesebrilliantartistsworkedinthecreativeexplosioninParis,theculturalcapitaloftheWest,andrespondedtoeachotherwithnewpaintings.WhowouldcreatethepaintingthatstartedanewmovementinartevenifitlastedonlyafewyearsbeforethenextonesurfacedinParis?

    AlthoughthefirstartistslabeledCubistsweredifferent,therealsourceofCubismstemmedfromworksbyPabloPicassoandGeorgesBraque.Forexample,PabloPicassosLesDemoisellesdAvignon(1907)isabeautifuloilpaintingoncanvasthatshowsthevisualprinciplesofCubism,includingirregularhumanfiguresandshapesandformsthatareverygeometricalinsteadofrealistic.

    HughHonourandJohnFleming,editorsofTheVisualArts:AHistory,describethechangeinPicassoattheonset:

    So,abandoningthesingleviewpointandnormalproportions,reducinganatomylargelytogeometricallozengesandtriangles,he[Picasso]completelyreorderedthehumanimage.

    InthefirststageofAnalyticandSyntheticCubism,PicassoandBraqueshowedevidenceofgeometricalformsinPicassosTheThreeWomen(19081909)andFemaleNude(1910)andBraquesHousesandTrees(1908).Cubistpaintingsbreakupfiguresoncanvas,whichlendsthemmoredepthandlifeonatwodimensionalsurface.ArthistoryloverscanalsofindwrittennotesbyBraque,hisaphorismsorexpressionsofloveonthesubjectofart.Thesewritingswerefirstpublishedin1917,andtheyrevealhisthinkingasaCubist.Forexample,Braquewrote,Tobepureimitation,paintingmustmakeanabstractionfromappearances.

    ThesecondstageofCubismcalledOrphicCubismwasasidejourneyfromPicassoand

  • Braque.NotableartistswereRobertDelaunay,SoniaDelaunayTerk,MarcelDuchamp,FernandLeger,andFrancisPicabia.PaintingswhichexemplifiedthisbranchofCubismareSoniaDelaunaysSimultaneousContrasts,andRobertDelaunaysCircularForms,andLegersContrastofForms.DuchampandPicabiawouldsoonbecomekeymembersoftheDadamovementhowever,Dadaismfocusedheavilyonmultipleartforms,includingstreamofconsciousnesswritingandpublicationandradicalperformanceart.

    In1911,anassortmentofartistsdisplayedtheirworksinaParisexhibit.WrittenaccountsoftheseworkslabeledthemasthefirstCubistsevenafterBraqueandPicassohadalreadycreatedseveralCubistworks.In1912,otherCubistexhibitionssweptEurope,butBraqueandPicassodidnotparticipate.Twoartists,AlbertGleizesandJeanMetzinger,evenpublishedDuCubisme,abookonthesubject.AlthoughPicassosworkspannedalmostacentury,whenpeoplethinkofPicassotheyoftenconjureupanimageofoneofhisrenownedCubistpaintings.

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