CPTEDCPTED(Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)(Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)
forforSchoolsSchools
Texas Crime Prevention AssociationTexas Crime Prevention Association
July 20, 2006July 20, 2006
Dallas, TexasDallas, Texas
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Steve Garst L.C.C., C.C.P.S.Steve Garst L.C.C., C.C.P.S.
B.B.A. Degree – Sam Houston State UniversityB.B.A. Degree – Sam Houston State University
TCLEOSE Master Peace TCLEOSE Master Peace OfficerOfficer
TCLEOSE Instructor TCLEOSE Instructor CertificationCertification
Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas (LEMIT) Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas (LEMIT) Leadership Command College (LCC) – Class # 41Leadership Command College (LCC) – Class # 41
Certified Crime Prevention SpecialistCertified Crime Prevention Specialist
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
15 years law enforcement 15 years law enforcement experienceexperience
Former Sergeant and Coordinator of School Safety – Former Sergeant and Coordinator of School Safety – Conroe ISDConroe ISD
Presentation Presentation ObjectivesObjectives
Quickly review CPTED definitions and Quickly review CPTED definitions and conceptsconcepts
Briefly cover importance of core technology - Briefly cover importance of core technology - locks, lights, alarms, cameras, etc. locks, lights, alarms, cameras, etc.
Look at the use of Look at the use of colorscolors in a CPTED in a CPTED contextcontext Look at the use of Look at the use of artworkartwork in a CPTED in a CPTED contextcontext Cover Cover floor plan basicsfloor plan basics and and alternate usagealternate usage methodsmethods Throughout…present realistic CPTED Throughout…present realistic CPTED applications applications useful to YOU.useful to YOU.
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Presentation Presentation ObjectivesObjectives
Make you Make you think!think!
Get you used to looking for:Get you used to looking for:
Common solutions in Common solutions in uncommon waysuncommon ways Uncommon solutions in Uncommon solutions in common wayscommon ways
What if? (Everything)What if? (Everything)
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
CPTED Axiom
ConvenieConveniencence
Kills Kills
SafetySafetySteve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
(Uniformly, fairly, (Uniformly, fairly, consistently)consistently)
……or get rid of the rule!or get rid of the rule!
When the smallest of rules go When the smallest of rules go unenforced, all the rest unenforced, all the rest
become mere suggestions.become mere suggestions.
Steve GarstSteve Garst
Enforce the RulesEnforce the Rules
REMEMBERREMEMBER
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Physical Environment Physical Environment …..…..
affectsaffects
Behavior of Behavior of people…..people…..
affectsaffects
Productive use of Productive use of space…..space…..
affectsaffects
Crime/loss preventionCrime/loss prevention
CPTED Emphasis
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Definitions
What is Crime PreventionWhat is Crime Prevention?
““The anticipation, recognition, The anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk and appraisal of a crime risk and the initiation of action to and the initiation of action to remove or reduce it.”remove or reduce it.”
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Proper design and effective Proper design and effective use of the built environment use of the built environment
can lead to a reduction in can lead to a reduction in the incidence and fear of the incidence and fear of
crime and an improvement crime and an improvement in the quality of life.in the quality of life.
Operational Definition
What is Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design?
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Four D’s of Crime Prevention
1. 1. DeterDeter the criminal attack the criminal attack
2. 2. DetectDetect the attack the attack
3. 3. DelayDelay the attack the attack
4. 4. DenyDeny access to selected access to selected targetstargets
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Four Key Concepts of CPTED
1.) Natural 1.) Natural SurveillanceSurveillance
Place physical features, activities, andPlace physical features, activities, and people in a way that maximizes people in a way that maximizes visibility.visibility.
Public spaces, walks, etc. well Public spaces, walks, etc. well lighted atlighted at nightnight
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Obstacles to Natural Obstacles to Natural SurveillanceSurveillance
Solid walls – lack of Solid walls – lack of windowswindows Solid fences - i.e. Solid fences - i.e. brickbrick Low, untrimmed tree Low, untrimmed tree limbslimbs High, untrimmed High, untrimmed shrubsshrubs Inadequate, non-existent, Inadequate, non-existent, poorly poorly maintained maintained lightinglighting
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Four Concepts – cont.
2.) Natural Access 2.) Natural Access ControlControl
Physically guiding people coming Physically guiding people coming and going from a space by and going from a space by strategically placing entrances, strategically placing entrances, exits, fences, landscaping and exits, fences, landscaping and lighting.lighting.
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Obstacles to Natural Access Obstacles to Natural Access ControlControl
Unsupervised entry or Unsupervised entry or exitexit Unlocked secondary Unlocked secondary entrancesentrances Inadequate or non-existent Inadequate or non-existent alarmed areasalarmed areas Blind hallways or Blind hallways or entrancesentrances
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Four Concepts – cont.
3.) Territorial Reinforcement3.) Territorial Reinforcement
Using physical attributes that Using physical attributes that express ownership such as express ownership such as fences, pavement treatment, art, fences, pavement treatment, art, signage, and lighting.signage, and lighting.
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Obstacles to TerritorialityObstacles to Territoriality
Poor border definitionPoor border definition
Lack of Lack of signage signage Poor registration and Poor registration and tracking of tracking of visitors visitors
Lack of student and employee Lack of student and employee badgesbadges Failure to consider school Failure to consider school uniformsuniforms
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Visibility Issues
Must Must NOTNOT obstruct visibility obstruct visibility
A solid barrier has two negative effects…A solid barrier has two negative effects…
• Provides a shield for unauthorized Provides a shield for unauthorized activityactivity• Prohibits visual inspection of the Prohibits visual inspection of the propertyproperty
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Highway
Public Sidewalk
Green Belt
Your Driveway
Your Building Sidewalk
Fence or low landscaping
Your Building
Lighting
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Grass, dirt, gravel, other area
Paving or Walk Material Different from Public Walk
Four Concepts – concluded
4.) 4.) MaintenanceMaintenance
Allows for the continued use of Allows for the continued use of space for its intended purposespace for its intended purpose
Serves as additional expression of Serves as additional expression of ownershipownership
Prevents reduction of visibility Prevents reduction of visibility (overgrowth)(overgrowth)
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
MaintenanMaintenancece
A very important, but often ignored A very important, but often ignored aspect…aspect…
Must be Must be inspectedinspected on a periodic basis to on a periodic basis to determine condition and guard against determine condition and guard against digging, damage, climbing aides, etc. digging, damage, climbing aides, etc.
Locks on gates and other openings in the Locks on gates and other openings in the barrier must be barrier must be inspected periodicallyinspected periodically and and changedchanged at planned intervals at planned intervals
““BROKEN WINDOWS” conceptBROKEN WINDOWS” conceptSteve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Three Lines of Defense
Perimeter Barriers - The first line of defensePerimeter Barriers - The first line of defense
Buildings exterior - Walls, floor and Buildings exterior - Walls, floor and roofroof
Building interiorBuilding interior
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Perimeter Barrier… The First Line of Defense
What is a barrier?What is a barrier?
Anything that restricts or obstructsAnything that restricts or obstructs
Can be a psychological Can be a psychological barrierbarrier
Fences LandscapingFences Landscaping
LightingLighting Crime Scene TapeCrime Scene TapeRopeRope
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Building Exterior – Second Line of
DefenseConsider principle points of Consider principle points of entryentryDoorsDoors WindoWindo
wswsRoof Roof hatcheshatches
SkylighSkylightstsFloorsFloors Storm Storm
sewerssewersIn other words…. Consider In other words…. Consider not only sides but top and not only sides but top and bottom.bottom.
Concessions made on the first line of Concessions made on the first line of defense should be made up for heredefense should be made up for here
Window air conditionerWindow air conditioner
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Interior Controls – Interior Controls – Third Line of Third Line of
DefenseDefenseComplex area and may vary Complex area and may vary considerably from building to buildingconsiderably from building to building
Considerations are:Considerations are:
LocksLocks
Key Key control
controlAlarmAlarmss
CameraCamerass
Metal
Metal
detectors
detectorsType of
Type of
glassglassAccessAccess
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Locks and Key ControlLocks and Key Control
Do you know where your keys are?Do you know where your keys are?
When did you last re-key your building?When did you last re-key your building?
Can you swap keyways with those from other Can you swap keyways with those from other campuses?campuses?
Can you swap keyways with those from other Can you swap keyways with those from other districts?districts?
How about mag cards?How about mag cards?
Ease of control – costly up front/cheaper in Ease of control – costly up front/cheaper in the long-run – more useful in lockdowns.the long-run – more useful in lockdowns.
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Lights and LightingLights and Lighting
Not just more light, more Not just more light, more effectiveeffective lightlight
Most effective crime prevention toolMost effective crime prevention tool
Choose the right light for it’s Choose the right light for it’s location location and intended purpose and intended purpose – (different – (different lights yield lights yield different lighting and color rendition)different lighting and color rendition)
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
AlarmsAlarms
First notification of a First notification of a breachbreach Who gets the Who gets the notification?notification? Is the alarm “zoned” for better Is the alarm “zoned” for better coverage?coverage? Is the system maintained, including Is the system maintained, including
preventive maintenance?preventive maintenance?
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
CamerasCameras
Best way to increase your “eyes”Best way to increase your “eyes”
Most cost effective if wired into new Most cost effective if wired into new building constructionbuilding construction
Should be integrated with alarmsShould be integrated with alarms
Provides proof of illegal or Provides proof of illegal or unauthorized unauthorized activity activity –– (eases (eases prosecution – quiets vocal parents)prosecution – quiets vocal parents)
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
The Use of Color
Do colors affect people?Do colors affect people? YesYes
If that is true, then can colors be used If that is true, then can colors be used to influence the “effective use” of an to influence the “effective use” of an environment?environment?
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
……symbolizes heat, fire, blood, passion, love, symbolizes heat, fire, blood, passion, love, warmth, power, excitement and warmth, power, excitement and aggressionaggression
……can elevate blood pressure and can elevate blood pressure and respiratory raterespiratory rate ……emotionally intense and extremely emotionally intense and extremely dominating dominating ……makes people makes people anxiousanxious……can cause people to loose track of can cause people to loose track of time time (Viva Las Vegas) (Viva Las Vegas)
……can be an appetite can be an appetite stimulantstimulant
RedRed
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
……excessive use can cause eye irritation excessive use can cause eye irritation and can speed metabolismand can speed metabolism
……in moderate amounts can…in moderate amounts can…
……produce sensations of brightness and produce sensations of brightness and warmthwarmth……represent playfulness, light, creativity, represent playfulness, light, creativity, easygoing attitudeeasygoing attitude
……attention getter, but like sunlight… you attention getter, but like sunlight… you want it to be there, but you don’t want it want it to be there, but you don’t want it in your eyes.in your eyes.……most visible of all colors – attention most visible of all colors – attention gettergetter
YellowYellow
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
..is a universal symbol of nature and ..is a universal symbol of nature and moneymoney……symbolizes life, youth, renewal, symbolizes life, youth, renewal, hopehope……is the easiest color on the eyesis the easiest color on the eyes
……calming effect on nervous systemcalming effect on nervous system
(the Green Room for TV guests)(the Green Room for TV guests)
Dark GreenDark Green -- cool, masculine, -- cool, masculine, conservative, and implies wealth.conservative, and implies wealth.
Emerald GreenEmerald Green -- immortality.-- immortality.
Olive GreenOlive Green -- the color of -- the color of peace.peace.
GreenGreen
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Colors can be Colors can be deceivingdeceiving
Colors can take on different Colors can take on different hues depending on location hues depending on location or proximity to other colorsor proximity to other colors
However…However…
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Is the color in the center the Is the color in the center the same or different?same or different?
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
The red center looks different The red center looks different in relation to it’s backgroundin relation to it’s background
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
The same color will appear different The same color will appear different under various types of lighting.under various types of lighting.
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
The use of art to The use of art to create…create…
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
In a hallway, you want In a hallway, you want students to move, not students to move, not
stand and visit.stand and visit.
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
……but be carefulbut be careful
You may get them You may get them moving faster than you moving faster than you
want!want!Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
In the cafeteria, you want In the cafeteria, you want them sitting down eating, them sitting down eating,
so…so…
,,,Create ,,,Create serenity.serenity.
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Don’t create motion, Don’t create motion, especially swift motion especially swift motion
like...like...
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Animals and motion…do Animals and motion…do you want them moving?you want them moving?
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
……but not moving too but not moving too fast…fast…
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Or…do you want them Or…do you want them passive, sitting…grazing?passive, sitting…grazing?
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Be aware of the intent Be aware of the intent and the picture being and the picture being
used. Some differences used. Some differences are very subtle.are very subtle.
PassivPassivee
AggressiAggressiveveSteve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police
Dept.
B O Y ’ S G Y M
Move them with simple Move them with simple arrows…arrows…
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Building Floor Plans Building Floor Plans and Furniture and Furniture ArrangementsArrangements
Subtle DifferencesSubtle Differences
andand
Simple ChangesSimple Changes
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Principal’s Office
Your Desk
You are here
Your only exit is here
The suddenly hostile 6’5”, 285 lb. parent is here
Or maybe here
How do you get away?
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Principal’s Office
Your Desk
Place Yourself Here
Your only exit is here
Place the 6’5”, 285 lb. parent
here. If he gets hostile, you have
an escape.
Or Here
Now, you can get away?
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Poor Poor DesignDesignIsolated EntryIsolated Entry
Difficulty HearingDifficulty Hearing
Good Good DesignDesignGood Entry / Good Entry /
AccessAccess
Good HearingGood HearingSteve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
GB GB
BB BB
Office
Commons
AP’s
LIB.
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
GB GB
BB BB
Office
CommonsAP’s AP’s
LIB.
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Reception Desk
Enter Enter
Library
BB
GB
File Cabinets
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Reception Desk
EnterEXIT ONLY
Library
BB
GB
File Cabinets
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Main Hallway
Receptionist
Bench Bench
Main Entry Doors
Receptionist
Main Hallway
Main Entry DoorsSteve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police
Dept.
Main Hallway
Desk
Main Entry
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Student Parking
School
Informal Gathering
Areas
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Student Parking
School
Formal Gathering
Areas
Fencing or landscaping
Add Lighting
Add Lighting
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Student Parking
Curb Line
Cu
rb
Lin
e
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Student Parking
Curb Line
Cu
rb
Lin
e
Fencing or low landscaping
Optional Gate
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
To/From CafeteriaTo/From Cafeteria
School
Cafeteria
Hallways
1
2
3
Allow 5 minute intervals between passing periods
1
2
3
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
To/From CafeteriaTo/From Cafeteria
School
Cafeteria
Hallways
In from one hall and out another at the same time
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Cafeteria TablesYOU ARE HERE
THE FIGHT
STARTS HERE
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Cafeteria Tables
YOU ARE HERE
THE FIGHT
STARTS HERE
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
YOU ARE HERE
THE FIGHT
STARTS HERE
Cafeteria Tables
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
(Un)safe Activities and/or (Un)safe (Un)safe Activities and/or (Un)safe PlacesPlaces
Main Street
School Building
Student Parking
Faculty,/Visitor Parking
Band and cheerleader practice in
student lot after school.
Activity is hidden.
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
(Un)safe Activities and/or (Un)safe (Un)safe Activities and/or (Un)safe PlacesPlaces
Main Street
School Building
Student Parking
Faculty,/Visitor Parking
Move band and cheerleader practice to faculty lot.
Activity is in view of others.
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
(Un)safe Activities and/or (Un)safe (Un)safe Activities and/or (Un)safe PlacesPlaces
Main Street
School Building
Student Parking
Faculty,/Visitor Parking
After hour parking for away athletic events. Lots of car burglaries or criminal mischief.
Driver’s Education
Training after school
Driveway
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
(Un)safe Activities and/or (Un)safe (Un)safe Activities and/or (Un)safe PlacesPlaces
School Building
Student Parking
Faculty,/Visitor Parking
Move Driver’s Ed to back. Coming
and going will help watch
activity.
Place after-hour parking in front
Driveway
Main StreetSteve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Where Do Recruiters Go?
Main Building
Cafeteria
Hallway
Hallway
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Reasons to Consider Reasons to Consider CPTED Analysis by an CPTED Analysis by an Outside ProfessionalOutside Professional
They are accustomed to looking for They are accustomed to looking for CPTED CPTED related risk factors and related risk factors and weaknessesweaknesses They look at the location with fresh They look at the location with fresh eyeseyes They are not beholden to local politics They are not beholden to local politics or or hidden agendashidden agendas
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
CPTED Analysis ToolsCPTED Analysis Tools
Analysis of the neighborhood, including Analysis of the neighborhood, including crime mapping statistics of times and crime mapping statistics of times and occurrences.occurrences.
Analysis of the school Analysis of the school groundsgrounds
Analysis of all school Analysis of all school buildingsbuildings
Survey of students, staff and on Survey of students, staff and on occasion, parents, visitors and occasion, parents, visitors and neighborsneighbors
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Does CPTED Really Work?Does CPTED Really Work?
It does for McDonalds.It does for McDonalds.
Do you think the design of those slippery Do you think the design of those slippery seats, drive-thru windows, cueing lines, seats, drive-thru windows, cueing lines, etc. was accidental?etc. was accidental?
It does for Houston It does for Houston Metro.Metro.Used for all their Used for all their
stopsstopsConcrete barrier effective Concrete barrier effective useuseThe high grass and lost objects The high grass and lost objects foundfound
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
Steve Garst, Steve Garst, L.C.C./C.C.P.S.L.C.C./C.C.P.S.Little Elm Police DepartmentLittle Elm Police Department
100 W. Eldorado Parkway100 W. Eldorado Parkway
Little Elm, Texas Little Elm, Texas 7506875068
Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.
(214) 975-0460(214) 975-0460
OrOr
[email protected]@littleelm.org