COURSE:
COURSE: STM 502RESEARCH METHODOLOGYUNIT VFormats of Res Report,
writing thesis/dissertation, research articles, abstracts,
literature review, materials and methods, results and discussion,
summary and references(1+1)REPORT WRITINGReport writing is an
essential skill for professionalsA report aims to inform - clearly
and sufficientlyease to read, presented professionally
DOCUMENTATION TRIANGLE
Report vs EssayBoth Need :-formal styleintroduction, body and
conclusionanalytical thinkingcareful proof-reading and neat
presentation.Report vs Essay .. Contd..DifferencesReport presents
information, not an argumentReport is meant to be scanned quickly
by the reader
Report vs Essay .. Diffs..Contd..Report uses numbered headings
and sub-headingsReport uses short, concise paragraphsReport uses
graphics wherever possible (tables, graphs, illus.)Report may need
an abstract
Differ. ContdMay not always need references/bibliographyReport
is often followed by recommendationsAnnexure/Appendices added at
the end of the reportSections to be included in a ReportTitle
pageTable of contentsList of abbreviations and/or glossaryExecutive
summary/abstractIntroduction
Sections contdBody (contents
depends)ConclusionRecommendationsBibliographyAnnexure/Appendices
(that to supplement the Report/Body like Questionnaire/Interview
Schedule/Tables/Maps etc)
BodyContents of the Body depends on the purpose/ type of the
report- generally are of two types 1.primary res. report2.secondary
research rep.Body Contd
Primary ResearchBased on your own observations and
experimentsExampleTitle/Subject/Type of Experiment
Need and Strategies for marketing Kerala as a Tourist
Destinationreport of which can be published as an article after
primary research
Body..ContdPrimary Res..Example Contd.Dynamics of Management
Theories Evolved during Information Age in contrast /comparison
/relation /continuation with Industrial Agewhich can be taken up
for PhD Research and reported as ThesisBody of these two examples
varies in length, scope, coverage, etc.
Report ofprimary research would includeLiterature review (what
other people have written about this topic) that should lead
towards your research questionMethod (summarizes what you did and
why)(Use the past tense)
Report ofprimary research. Contd.Findings or results (describes
what you discovered, observed, etc, in your observations and
experiments)
(Use the past tense)
Report ofprimary research. Contd Discussion (discusses and
explains your findings and relates them to previous research)
(Use the present tense to make generalizations)
BodyContd Secondary ResearchBased on reading only
Example:-Research Title such as1. Trace the development of
Management Principles from Fayol to..2. Evaluate Traditional Fish
Farming Practiced in KeralaReport of which can be made by reading
many sources of information/ books/ documents that are generally
given as mid-course assignmentsBody of the Report of Secondary
Research would include Information organized under appropriate
topics with sub-headings
Synthesize material from different sources under topic
headings
Body of the Report of Secondary Research would include
Contd.Analysis/ discussion/ Conclusion of the sources you are
reporting
BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION= CITING INFORMATION SOURCESCITATION IS AN
IMPOTANT PART OF THE REPORTS Primary, Secondary what ever..IT IS
NOT NEW : STYLE DIFFERSVERY IMPORTANT:IPR etc
Citation ContdHAVE TO FOLLOW CERTAIN RULES ADOPTED/ PRESCRIBED
BY MANUALS/UNIVERSITIES/INSTITUTIONS/ORGANIZATIONS/ EDITORS FOR ITS
RENDERINGExample of citing the source in the body of the textSystem
definition is not easy (Vickery and Vickery 1994). But a few who
attempted, defined it as a regularly interacting or interdependent
group of items forming a unified whole, an integrated assembly of
interacting elements, to carry out co-operatively a predetermined
function (Cleland and King 1969 and 1972) and as a set of parts
coordinated to accomplish a set of goals (Churchman
1968).BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONCITATIONS IN THE TEXT OF AN ARTICLE
POINT TO THE ALPHABETICAL WORKS CITED LIST (BIBLIOGRAPHY) THAT
APPEARS AT THE END OF THE PAPERCitation Contd..Broadly, acitationis
areferenceto a published or unpublished sourceCitations should
provide information that both identifies a source and allows that
source to be located and retrieved againCITING REFERENCESRule 1
(ISO 690) :First Element & Date
ExampleSeafood was one of the first food types to be preserved
by canning (Bitting , 1937)Examples ContdThe region of Cochin has
the capacity to function as the fisheries information hub
.(Jayapradeep and Raman Nair 2012a)
An institution specializing in Fisheries Informatics is needed
for fisheries development . (Jayapradeep and Raman Nair 2012b)
Citing in Review of Literature SectionRajani et al (2001)
estimated the combining ability of six genetically divergent
parental strains of..
Korakandy (1998) outlined the biological, economic and social
perspectives of developing recreational fisheries .Citing in Review
of Literature Section Example ContdThe methodological study for
measuring the demand for the value of outdoor recreation was made
by Clawson(1959).
Citing References ContdRule 2 (ISO 690) : Numerical
referencing
ExampleCitation analysis is used as an indicator of the impact,
influence or quality of a scholarly work 8
Rule you may FollowRule 1* for Citation, unless stated by the
Editor/ University/ Institute*Rule 1= First Element & DateEg :
(Surname of Author, Year)(Bitting, 1937)
Purpose/Importance of Citation1.to upholdintellectual honesty
(avoidingplagiarism)so that you dont violate/infringe Copy Right
/IPR Laws2. to attribute prior works/ ideas/ theories/ principles
to the correct/ original sources
Purposes/Importance..contd3.to allow the reader to determine
independently whether the referenced material supports the author's
argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader to gauge the
strength and validity of the material the author has
used(Means=Citing the authentic sources of information increase the
authenticity, validity, authority of your
report/arguments)REFERENCESREFERENCES IDENTIFY AND CREDIT THE
SOURCES USED IN THE PAPER AND ALLOW OTHERS TO ACCESS AND RETRIEVE
THAT MATERIAL
Therefore, References should contain all the entities to access
that document - any time by any user, any reader
ReferencingExamples (of which cited above) Rule 1: First Element
& DateBitting, A.W. 1937. The canning of fish. In: Appertizing
or the Art of Canning-its history and development. Ed. Hall, H.P.
California: Trade Pressroom. 1989, pp 784-852.Referencing:
Examples. Contd..Cit: (Jayapradeep and Raman Nair, 2012a)Ref:
Jayapradeep, M and Raman Nair, R. 2012a. Survey of Aquatic and
Fisheries Information System capacity in the region of Cochin,
Kerala. SRELS Journal of Information Management: 49 (5), (Oct
2012), p 74.Cit: (Jayapradeep and Raman Nair, 2012b)Ref:
Jayapradeep, M and Raman Nair, R. 2012b. Need for Knowledge
Management in Fisheries Sector: An area of cooperation among SAARC
countries. In: Trends and Developments in Library and Information
Science. Eds . Rishi Tiwari et al. New Delhi: Zenith Pub. 2012, pp
133-144.ReferencingExamples( Of that cited in Lit. Rev.)Cit:
(Rajani et al, 2001)
Ref: Rajani, M.K. et al. 2001. Effect of Azotobacter and
Azospirillum on the growth and yield of sesamum. Madras
Agricultural Journal: 71(4),(Jan 2001),pp 26-29.Referencing
Examples ContdRule 2: Numerical Reference cited in the textCit:
.scholarly work8Ref: 8.Garfield , E. 1964. Science Citation Index-
A new dimension in indexing. Science: 144 (3619).(Apr1998), pp
649-654.
Citation is the combination of:-1.the in-body citation and
the bibliographic entry as References
(ie., bibliographic entries by themselves are not Citation)
Citation Contd.3. To render it, one has to adopt /subscribe to
any one of the accepted citation style/system4.syntactic
conventions of such style/system are widely known and easily
interpreted by readers
CITATION STYLE MANUALSSome of the generally accepted citations
systems are: Oxford, Harvard, Chicago, MLA, APA etc. They are
called Style manualsSTYLE MANUAL IS A SET OF STANDARDS FOR THE
WRITING AND DESIGN OF DOCUMENTS, EITHER FOR GENERAL USE OR FOR A
SPECIFIC PUBLICATION, ORGANIZATION OR FIELD
Citation systems Contd..Each of these citation systems has its
respective advantages and disadvantages relative to the trade-offs
of being informative Styles are chosen relative to the needs of the
type of publication being craftedSTYLE MANUALSMLA (Modern Language
Assoc)Style ManualALA (American Lib Assoc)Chicago University Style
ManualOxford Harvard Vancouver APA (American Psychological
Assoc)ASA (American Sociological Association)Style Manuals ContdAMA
(American Medical Assoc) IEEE (Inst. Of Elect& Electro.
Eng)MHRA(Modern Humanities Res Assoc)OSCOLA (Oxford Std for
Citation of Legal Authority) TURABIAN MICROSOFT
ISO 690(Citation Standards)ENTITIES OF A REFERENCE ENTRY
AUTHOR.DATE.TITLE.SOURCE.(Place: Publisher. Year, Inclusive
Pages.)
REFERENCINGBasic Format- always uniform and standardized
But its rendering differsaccording to the sources viz. book,
edited book, journal, proceedings, e-journal, web, CD-ROM, Digital
Archives/ Repositories, ETDs etcRendering of the First
Element:ExamplesOne AuthorModi, NarendraTwo Authors Gandhi, M.K.
and Nehru, J.N.Three Authors Putin, V., Gandhi, M.K.and Nehru,
J.N.More than three authors Putin, Vladimir et al.Rendering First
Element.. ContdCorporate Author eg: Government of India
No Author eg: Pearsons Guide to Test of Reasoning
Anonymouseg: Anon.
Monograph (book)Basic Format: Author (s). Date. Title, Edition
Statement if any. Place: Pub. Yr, Incl page.
Cit: (Churchman, 1996)Ref Entry:Churchman, C. West. 1996. The
Systems Approach, 2 ed. New York: Delacorte Press. 1996, p.29.Cit:
(Mauch and Birch, 1998)Ref Entry:Mauch, E. James and Birch, W.
Jack. 1998. Guide to the successful Thesis and Dissertation. New
York: Marcel Dekker. 1998, p 331.Edited /Compiled BookBasic
FormatChapter Author. Date. Chapter Title. In: Book Title. Ed.
Editor Name. Place: Publisher. Year, Inclusive pages.Cit: (Turner
and Gibson, 1980)Ref:Turner, G.L. and Gibson, A.H. 1980.
Measurement of nitrogen fixation by direct means. In: Methods for
Evaluating Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Eds. Bergersen, F.J. and
Charles, M.K. New York: John Wiley. 1980, pp 111-118.Edited
/Compiled Book Contd..Cit: (Jayapradeep and Raman Nair, 2012)
Ref: Jayapradeep, M and Raman Nair, R. 2012. Need for Knowledge
Management in Fisheries Sector-An area of cooperation among SAARC
countries In: Trends and Developments in Library and Information
Science. Eds. Rishi Tiwari et al. New Delhi: Zenith Pub. 2012, pp
133-144.
Handbooks/Guides/ManualsCit: ( Atherton, Ed,1977)Ref:Atherton,
P. (Ed). 1977. Handbook of Information Systems and Services. Paris:
UNESCO. 1977, p188.
Cit: (Bernus, Mertins and Schmidt, Eds,2006)Ref: Bernus, P.,
Mertins, K., and Schmidt, G. (Eds). 2006. Handbook on Architectures
of Information Systems, 2 ed. London: Springer. 2006, p 543.
Official MethodsBasic Format: Official Document. Yr. Method No.
Title. In: Cit: (AOAC, 1998)Ref: AOAC. 1998. Method 934.06.
Moisture in dried fruits. In: Official methods of analysis.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 16 ed. Maryland: AOAC
International. 1998, p 790.PROCEEDINGS Basic FormatAuthor of the
article. Date. Title of the article. In: Title of the Proceedings .
Ed. Place of Pub: Pub. Year, pp Cit: (Girish Kumar and Jayapradeep,
2013)Ref:Girish Kumar,T and Jayapradeep, M. 2013. Electronic Theses
and Dissertations (ETD) initiatives to provide open access to
public funded research in India. In: Proceedings of the National
Conference of Agricultural Librarians and User Community-2012,
16-17 Mar 2012. Eds. Veeranjaneyalu et al. Hyderabad: ANGRAU. 2013,
pp 48-65.Thesis/DissertationBasic FormatAuthor. Date. Title. Name
of Degree of Thesis/Dissertation. Dept/School. Name of the
University, HQs Location of the Uty, Total Pages.Cit: (Jayapradeep,
2014)Ref:Jayapradeep, M. 2014. Fisheries Information Resources and
Services in India: An Evaluation Study. PhD Thesis. Dept of Library
and Information Science. Karpagam University, Coimbatore, p
450.Journal Article Basic Format: Author(s). Date. Title of the
article. Title of the Journal. Vol(Iss).(Month/Yr), Inclusive
pages.Cit: (Jayapradeep and Raman Nair, 2012)Ref:Jayapradeep, M.
and Raman Nair, R. 2012. Survey of Aquatic and Fisheries
Information System capacity in the region of Cochin, Kerala. SRELS
Journal of Information Management. 49 (5). (Oct 2012), pp
120-138.
ExamplescontdMagazineCit: (Reddy, 2014)Ref:Reddy, G.P.R.S.
Corporate India. Kottayam: The Week-News Magazine. 28 (8).(15 Aug
2014), pp 21-25.ExamplescontdNewspaper (News, Article,
Editorial)Cit: (The Times of India, Date)Ref:The Times of India.16
Aug 2014. Independence Day celebrated in Delhi-News. Kochi: The
Times of India (Daily), p1.Mehta, N. and Majumdar, B. 19 Sep 2014.
Soft Power, Hard Battles. Kochi: The Times of India (Daily).
p10.The Times of India. 19 Sep 2014. Dragon tango-Editorial. Kochi:
The Times of India (Daily), p10.
Government DocumentsIf no writer, cite the govt. agency issued
the document
Cit: (Government of India, 2014)Ref: Government of India. 2014.
Economic review 2012-13. New Delhi: Planning Commission. 2014, pp
210-212.Tech Bull/ReportsBasic Format- Author. Date. Title. Bull
No. if any. Place of pub: Publisher. Year, pp.
Cit: (CIBA, 2002)If Abbr used, Ref Entry also in Abbr, Fully
Expanded as Publisher.Ref:CIBA. 2002. Traditional system of
brackishwater aquaculture of Kerala. CIBA Bulletin No. 14. Chennai:
Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture. 2002, pp
17-20.CD-ROMBasic Format- Source Title. Chapter Title.[ Media].
Version if any. Place of Pub: Pub, Year.Cit: (Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 2014)Ref:Encyclopaedia Britannica. Fish. [CD-ROM] Ver.
2.0.London:Helen Hemingwy Benton, 2014.ONLINE SOURCESShould include
the medium of publication (Web/Online), complete address and the
date the content was accessed so as to serve the purpose of
CitationReference to Online works require more information than
references to print sourcesCurrently few standards govern
referencing of online publications
One Author Web SourceCit: (Vinkler, 2012)Ref:Vinkler, P. 2012.
Bibliometric analysis of publication activity of a scientific
research institute. [Online]. Available at
http://uhdspace.uhasselt.be/dspace/handle/1942/869. (Accessed on 18
Aug 2014)Corporate Web SourceCit: (FAO, 2013)Ref:FAO. 2013.
Statistics. Capture production 1950-2011. Rome: FAO Fisheries and
Aquaculture Department.[Online]. Available at
http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/en (Accessed on 11 Aug
2014)
Corporate/Govt Web SourcesContdGovernment of Kerala. 2010.
Kerala Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Act, 2010. [Online].
Available at www.fisheries.kerala.gov.in/images/actsandrules/THE
KERALA INLAND FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE ACT,2010.pdf. (Accessed on
19 Aug 2014)Sources Archived in Digital RepositoriesJayapradeep,
MandRaman Nair, R.2012. Survey of Aquatic and Fisheries Information
System in the Region of Cochin, Kerala.SRELS Journal of Information
Science:49 (5), (Oct 2012), pp. 51-57. [Online]. Available at
http://eprints.rclis.org/18122/. (Accessed on 16 Aug 2014)Example
DL/DR/DA Sources ContdJayapradeep, M. andRaman Nair, R.2012. Need
for Knowledge Management in Fisheries Sector: An Area of
Cooperation Among SAARC Countries. In: Proceedings of the SAARC
Conference for Library and Information Professionals, BIMTech/SDC,
New Delhi 01-02 Dec 2012.[Online]. Available at
http://eprints.rclis.org/18494/ (Accessed on 16 Aug 2014)Example
DL/DR/DA Sources ContdGirish Kumar, T.K. and Jayapradeep, M.
2013.Knowledge Management and Electronic Theses and Dissertations
in Libraries: Perils and Solutions in Indian Perspective. IASLIC
Bulletin: 58 (4) (Dec 2013), pp 31-43. [Online]. Available at
http://eprints.rclis.org/19012 (Accessed on 13 Aug 2014)
Example DL/DR/DA Sources ContdAswathy, N.,Narayanakumar,
R.andHarshan, N.K. 2014.Marketing costs, margins and efficiency of
domestic marine fish marketing in Kerala.Indian Journal of
Fisheries: 61 (2). (Jun 2014), pp 97-102. [Online]. Available at
http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10157/1/IJF_61_2_Aswathy.pdf. (Accessed
on 20 Aug 2014)Example DL/DR/DA Sources ContdShiledar, B.A.A. 2013.
Sperm whale stranded near Talashil landing centre of Maharashtra
coast.Marine Fisheries Information Service; Technical and Extension
Series No.215. Kochi: CMFRI. (Dec 2013),p40. [Online]. Available at
http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9454/ (Accessed on 20 Aug 2014)E
journalJayapradeep, M. 2014. An assessment of perceptions of the
primary stakeholders on fisheries information services in Kerala
State. [Online]. Available at
http://www.jalis.in/pdf/pdf3-1/Jayapradeep.pdf (Accessed on 14 Jul
2014)LISTING OF CITED SOURCESALPHABETICAL (Recommended)ExampleAbdul
Azad, K. 2000. Basics of. Abdul Kalam, A.P.J. 2002. Programme for
Urban.
LISTING OF CITED SOURCES Examples ContdSEQUENTIAL(Year:Latest on
top)Rajan, M. 2010. Analysis of.Mani,K.M. 2005.Performance of.Abdul
Kalam, A.P.J. 2002. Programme for Urban and Rural..(Generally
followed in Engineering/ Leading/Cutting Edge Technology
Subjects)
LISTING OF CITED SOURCES Examples ContdCombination of Alpha-Seq.
(Latest on top within Alphabetical Listing)Abdul Kalam, A.P.J.
2002. Programme for Urban.
Abdul Azad, K. 2000. Basics of.
Re CapCITATIONto upholdintellectual honestyto avoidallegation of
plagiarismto attribute prior/ original work/ ideas to the correct
sourcesReCap2. REFERENCEREFERENCES IDENTIFY AND CREDIT THE SOURCES
USED IN THE PAPER (Cited)ALLOW OTHERS TO ACCESS AND RETRIEVE THAT
MATERIAL CITEDlist of documents cited in text/body giving all the
entities for future access/retrieval by others
ReCap3. Citing= deliberate acknowledgement by other authors of
the priority of one's ideas1 and 2 above constitute Bibliographic
Citation or simply Citation (in common parlance we say Citation but
it is BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION as Citation has different meanings)It
is a process, cross referring with the cited and the bibliography,
two sides of the same coin, Head indicate authority, Tail its
value.
Re Cap4. Citing Rule: Rule 1 (First Element, Date) and Rule 2
(Numerical Citing)
Both have advantages ,disadvantages, powers, weaknesses which
can be experienced in bibliographic citation process. It is adviced
you to take note of all the bibliographic details of the source you
consult including edition, particular page number etc If you have
difficulties in identifying the entities, consult Library and
Information Professionals along with the document.ReCap5. STYLE
MANUALS
FOR EASE; UNIFORMITYMANY STYLES STYLE SUITABLE TO THE SUBJECTS
ADOPTEDEditors often specify the citation style/system to useIn
general, style adopted in JTA is followed in this instruction
SummaryAbibliographic citationis a reference to
abook,article,web page, or other published or unpublished item.
Citations should supply detail to identify the item uniquely
EXCERCISELIST THE ENTITIES IN THE REFERENCES OF ARTICLES IN THE
JTA (2000+) INTO BASIC FORMAT (Last name, First name. Date. Title.
Source.)Different sources like book, journal, proceedings, edited
book, govt. pub, methods, handbooks,URLs etc. should be selected
for the exercisePay Attn to Style, Punctuations, Author names,
Abbrev etc while rendering themActivityRecord the bibliographic
data (called meta data in e-parlance) of documents you consult in a
note book regularly and legibly for future useClearing
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