CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY&
THEIR DEPLETION
SNEHAL
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the history of energy usage.2. To understand the various sources of
energy.3. To understand Conventional Energy, their
Sources and their Depletion.4. To understand the advantages and
disadvantages of using conventional sources of energy.
5. To understand the ways to conserve them.
1. History of Energy Usage
• Fire• Muscle power from animals• Wind & water usage• Steam engines powered by wood fires• Steam engines powered by coal• Now we use oil more because it is
easier to ship, store & burn.• Oil use peaked in 1979, so did prices
thanks to Arab oil embargo & Iranian revolution.
• 1980’s began pursuing renewable energies but then oil prices fell and we went back to oil.
• In 2000, OPEC decreased production and prices went up to $30 per barrel
• Now oil costs $90-$100 per barrel
2. SOURCES OF ENERGY
2. To understand the various sources of
energy.
VARIOUS SOURCES OF ENERGY
• Biomass energy• Solar energy• Wind power • Geothermal energy• Hydroelectric
power• Coal• Oil (Petroleum)• Natural gas• Nuclear power
1. VARIOUS SOURCES OF ENERGY
• Biomass energy- It comes from plants and is a rich source of carbon and hydrogen. Fast-growing plants, such as switch grass and willow and poplar trees, can be harvested as "power crops." Biomass wastes, including forest residues, lumber and paper mill waste etc can be used to produce heat, transportation fuels, and electricity.
• Solar energy- It is the power from the sun. It is free and inexhaustible. Converting sunlight into useful forms is not free, but the fuel is. Sunlight has been used by humans for drying crops and heating water and buildings for millennia. A twentieth-century technology is photovoltaic, which turns sunlight directly into electricity.
VARIOUS SOURCES OF ENERGY
• Wind power- It is another ancient energy source that has moved into the modern era. Advanced aerodynamics research has developed wind turbines that can produce electricity at a lower cost than power from polluting coal plants.
• Geothermal energy- It taps into the heat under the earth's crust to boil water. The hot water is then used to drive electric turbines and heat buildings.
• Hydroelectric power- It uses the force of moving water to produce electricity. Hydropower is one of the main suppliers of electricity in the world.
VARIOUS SOURCES OF ENERGY
• Coal- It is the largest source of fuel for electricity production, and also the largest source of environmental harm.
• Oil- It is used primarily for transportation fuels, but also for power production, heat and as a feedstock for chemicals.
• Natural gas- It is a relatively clean burning fossil fuel, used mostly for space and water heating in buildings and running industrial processes. Increasingly, natural gas is used in turbines to produce electricity.
• Nuclear power- It harnesses the heat of radioactive materials to produce steam for power generation.
3. CONVENTIONAL ENERGY & THEIR
SOURCES3. To understand Conventional
energy and their Sources.
What are conventional sources of energy?
A Conventional Source of energy is a natural resource which cannot be produced, grown, generated, or used on
a scale which can sustain its consumption rate, once depleted there is no more available for future needs. Also considered non-renewable are resources that are consumed much faster than nature can create them.
Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas), firewood, nuclear power(uranium) and certain aquifers
are examples.
SOURCES: FOSSIL FUELS
• Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years.
• The fossil fuels, which contain high percentages of carbon, include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
• Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon :hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal.
• It is generally accepted that they formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years.
Today’s ENERGY needs are mostly met by Coal &
Oil
SOURCES: COAL(Fossil Fuel)• Coal is a fossil fuel that is made by carbonized vegetable material.
It is a black-brown sedimentary rock. Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then anthracite. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over a long period of time.
•Produces 62% of world’s electricity.•Most abundant fossil fuel and could easily last at least 200 years
DEPLETION OF COAL(Fossil Fuel)
• Many industries contribute to the depletion of coal because they use large amounts to power their machines. These industries include the car industry, steel industry and transportation industry.
• Individual citizens also contribute to the depletion of coal. The use of electricity, driving engines and heating your home all eat up coal.
World Coal Extraction Projection
SOURCES: PETROLEUM (Fossil Fuel)
• Petroleum is a fossil fuel and is an oil that is found underground. Sometimes we call it oil. Oil can be as thick and black as tar or as thin as water. Petroleum has a lot of energy. We can turn it into different fuels - like gasoline, kerosene, and heating oil. Most plastics are made from petroleum, too.
• Petroleum is buried underground in tiny pockets in rocks. We drill wells into the rocks to pump out the oil.
DEPLETION OF PETROLEUM (Fossil Fuel)
• Increased efficiencies in the use of better and higher concentrations of energy in petroleum allows humans to participate in takedown, which is the consumption of energy at a greater rate than it is being replaced. It is believed that decreasing oil production portends a drastic impact on human culture and modern technological society, which is currently heavily dependent on oil as a fuel and chemical feedstock.
Worlds Crude-Oil Extraction Projection
SOURCES: NATURAL GAS (Fossil Fuel)
• Natural gas is a fuel that’s used to heat buildings, cook food, dry clothes, heat water, and even to help produce electricity. It’s sometimes called “gas” for short. In fact, natural gas is really a mixture of gases that formed from the fossil remains of ancient plants and animals buried deep in the earth. The main ingredient in natural gas is methane. Natural gas gives off a lot of heat and light when it burns, but doesn’t produce smoke.
DEPLETION OF NATURAL GAS (Fossil Fuel)
• This is seen as depletion because gas is burned much more quickly than it is formed. There are limited natural gas reserves.
• The gas equivalent of almost 60 billion tonnes of oil is used up.
• The territories that use most of the gas are the United States, the Russian Federation, the Ukraine and Canada.
• Until about 1965 natural gas from oilfields was often considered useless, so was disposed of by flaring. It has since been used extensively, as a fuel. Natural
Gas Producers In The World
Worlds Natural-Gas Extraction Projection
EFFECTS OF FOSSIL FUELS
• Severe Air Pollution• Greenhouse Effect• Severe damage to
Environment
SOURCES: FIREWOOD• Firewood is any wooden material that is
gathered and used for fuel. Generally, firewood is not highly processed and is in some sort of recognizable log or branch form. Firewood is a renewable resource.
SOURCES: NUCLEAR POWER(Uranium)
• Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity.
• Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity. In 2007, the IAEA reported there were 439 nuclear power reactors in operation in the world operating in 31 countries. Also, more than 150 naval vessels using nuclear propulsion have been built.
4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
4. To understand the advantages and disadvantages of using conventional sources of energy.
COAL• Advantages
– Coal can be found in lots of places in the world.– Coal can be easily transported to the power
stations.– Coal is a relatively cheap energy source.
• Disadvantages– To dig up coal, we have to create mines which
can be dangerous and not very nice to look at.– Transporting coal by lorry and train from the
mine to the power station causes pollution.– Burning coal produces polluting gases like
sulphur dioxide which make acid rain.– Of all energy sources, burning coal releases the
most greenhouse gases which may add to– global warming.– Coal is a non-renewable source and will run out
in about 100 years.– Coal miners can be affected by black lung
disease or pneumoconiosis and also emphysema if
– they breathe in too much of the coal dust.
OIL(PETROLEUM)
• Advantages– Oil is found in lots of places in the world.– We can transport oil in pipes and by using tankers or ships.
• Disdvantages– Environmental damage can be caused when building the rig and by
accidental oil spillages.– Oil is not renewable, so once the supplies are used, it will run out.– Burning these fuels releases greenhouse gases into the air. This may add to
global warming.– The price of oil will increase because supplies are running out and lots of
people will want it– Working on an oil rig can be dangerous due to the risk of explosions and bad
weather.
NATURAL GAS• Advantages
– Natural gas is more environmentally friendly that coal or oil. It is composed of methane, which has just one carbon, producing very low carbon emissions. Natural gas emits an estimated 70% less carbon dioxide that other fuels. Natural gas burns cleaner than heating oil, and does not leave product, like ash, behind.
– Natural gas is very popular, and the major source of energy for most consumers. It is conveniently pumped to homes across the country through a network of underground pipeline. It is provided through a local providers and utility companies.
• Disadvantages– Due to its make-up, natural gas is
combustible and easily explosive if handled improperly. With a leak, the gas builds up within a room or structure. When that gas is ignited it causes an explosion. The severity of the explosion depends upon the amount of the leak.
– Natural gas is toxic if inhaled, leading to severe health risk or even death.
NUCLEAR POWER
• Advantages– Nuclear fuel does not make
harmful greenhouse gases.– You only need a very small
amount of nuclear fuel to make a lot of energy
• Disadvantages– The waste that is produced
when using nuclear fuel is radioactive and very harmful. It needs
– to be disposed of carefully– Nuclear power stations are at
risk from terrorist attack and sabotage.
– World uranium supplies may run out in about 50 years.
Uranium is Highly Dangerous
FIREWOOD• ADVANTAGES
– The wood is a renewable resource, offering a sustainable, dependable supply.
– The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted during the burning process is typically 90% less than when burning fossil fuel.
– Wood fuel contains minimal amounts of sulphur and heavy metals.
• DISADVANTAGES– It provides less heat energy per unit
than materials like coal.– Burning firewood is a very
inefficient method of heating a house.
– Firewood produces carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide and other pollutants as well.
– Most of the heat produced goes straight up the chimney and is wasted as well.
5. CONSERVATION5. To understand the
ways to conserve them.
Never Forget Ancient Wisdom
“MATA BHUMIH PUTROHAM PRITHVIYAH”
MEANS
“THE EARTH IS OUR MOTHER, WE ARE HER CHILDREN”
WHY MUST WE CONSERVE FUELS????
• Fossil fuels are a precious resource because they cannot be replaced. So it makes sense to use them carefully, until something else (perhaps nuclear fusion) is developed.
• For the good of the climate and our future viability as a species, we should drastically reduce our usage of and reliance upon fossil fuels within the next decade.
CONSERVE LIMITED RESOURCES60% OF RESOURCES ALREADY CONSUMED
85% of raw energy comes from non-renewable sources and hence is not available for the future generations
FUEL CONSERVATION TIPS FOR YOUR CAR
• Plan your Trips• Plan your Route• Drive in the correct
Gear• Keep your foot off the
clutch• Good braking habits• Reduce loads
• Carpooling saves fuel• Switch off engine when you
park• Check your tyre pressures and
radial tyres• Keep your engine healthy• Clean air filter regularly• Use recommended grade of oil
Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency
• Insulation• Eliminate air leaks• Air to air heat
exchangers• Efficient appliances• Efficient electric motors• High-efficiency
lightning• Increasing fuel
economy
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, A SOLUTION
• Alternative energy refers to energy sources that have no undesired consequences such for example fossil fuels or nuclear energy.
• Alternative energy sources are renewable and are thought to be "free" energy sources. They all have lower carbon emissions, compared to conventional energy sources.
• Now that nuclear power is considered too risky hopes lie with things like sun, water, wind, waves and tides.
ADVANTAGES OF USING ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
• They are inexhaustible – they will always be available – they are renewable
• They are clean and will not damage the Earth
• There are several types – so one or more of them is present in each country
• Most natural sources can be used on a small scale and serve local needs therefore cutting costs of transmitting the energy
SOURCES OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
WIND ENERGY - Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful
form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel
ships.
HYDRO ENERGY - The production of energy through the use of the
gravitational force of falling or flowing water is called hydro energy. It is the most
widely used form of renewable energy.
SOLAR ENERGY - Solar energy is the technology used to harness the sun's
energy and make it useable. Today, the technology produces less than one tenth of one percent of global energy demand. The most common way to harness solar
energy is to use solar panels.
SOURCES OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
BIOMASS - Biomass is plant matter used to generate electricity. Examples include forest residues, yard clippings, wood chips and even municipal solid waste. Biomass also includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibres or other industrial chemicals, including bio fuels.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY - It is the power derived from the Earth's internal heat. This thermal energy is contained in the rock and fluids beneath Earth's crust. It can be found from shallow ground to several miles below the surface, and even farther down to the extremely hot molten rock called magma.
TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE
• Increase fuel efficiency standards for vehicle, appliances, buildings
• Tax and other financial incentives for energy efficiency
• Subsidize renewable energy use, research and development
• By 2050: – renewable energy=50%–cut coal use by 50%–phase out nuclear altogether
“THE EARTH PROVIDES ENOUGH TO SATISFY EVERY MAN'S NEEDS,
BUT NOT EVERY MAN'S GREED”
-Mahatma Gandhi
CONCLUSION
Since the energy
consumption per capita in
our country is very low,only
small efforts by many will make a real impact,
rather than big efforts by a
few.
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