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Field WaterField WaterManagementManagement
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Correct field water managementprinciples and techniques in irrigatedlowland in support to other productioncomponent technologies for bettertarget yield
I. Field Water ManagementI. Field Water Management
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Efficient field water management is
an important factor in successful
and sustainable rice production
Water plays very important
role in rice production
Water is seldom usedeconomically
OverviewOverview
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Helps rice plant to use
soil nutrient efficiently
Aids in weed control
Influences farm
operations and farming
systems
Why water is very important?Why water is very important?
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SOIL
Regulates plant and soil
temperatures
Facilitates field operations Facilitates soil biological
processes
Why water is very important?Why water is very important?
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RICE PLANT
Transport medium for
photosynthates and soil
nutrients
Facilitates physico-chemical processes
Facilitates exchange of
gases
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Temperature regulation
Nutrients uptake andmetabolism
Carbondioxide absorption
Water directly affects plant growthWater directly affects plant growth
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Seasonal and geographic rainfall distribution
is biased
some regions are endowed with
sufficient/excessive rainfall, others are not anddry season is too long
Unstable Climate (extremes)
Mostly experiencing economic water scarcity
High cost for irrigation development
Rice requires more water than other crops
Water management issues on riceWater management issues on rice
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Rice paddies are kept open during fallow
period
Farmers have no definite guidelines duringirrigation
Continuous flooding
Paddy to paddy irrigation (no farm ditches)
Common wasteful practicesCommon wasteful practices
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In one season, a square meter field is
applied with about 2,000 li water
Commonly, 0.5kg rice yield is
harvested
(100 cav/ha)
4,000 li waterper kg
rice yield
Using the common methodUsing the common method
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Well managed fields need lower amount of water
to produce one kg of rice yield!
From land preparation to last irrigation a
square meter field needs around 1,300 li
water
2,600li/kg
1,733li/kg
if 0.5 kg yield100 cav/ha
if 0.75 kg yield150 cav/ha
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Aids in proper seed germination and
seedling survival, tillering, panicle
initiation, flowering, grain filling and grainuniformity;
Increases nutrient use efficiency;
Keeps the soil in good balance in terms ofsoil available nutrients;
Benefits of correct field waterBenefits of correct field water
applicationapplication
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Helps in controlling weeds;
Provides effective snail control; and
Significantly reduce irrigation cost(pumps)
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Aside from agronomic and economic
benefits of correct irrigation-water use,
we should anticipate the possible
effects ofGlobal Warming or Climate
Change
Why save irrigation water?Why save irrigation water?
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Water affects efficiencies of otherfarm inputs
Water is continuously becoming
scarce due to climate change
Water-saving Technique
II. Controlled Irrigation:II. Controlled Irrigation:
to sustain yield and productivity of
irrigated lowland rice
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Organic matter 5%
Mineral
matters
45%Air 25%
Water
25%
The soil
can be50%water by
volume
Water is very important soil componentWater is very important soil component
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Soil Water Holding Capacity
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=
IRRI
Water balance of lowland rice systemWater balance of lowland rice system
=
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1. Soil Type1. Soil Type
Fine Textured Soil
Light/Coarse Textured Soil (Sandysoils, Loamy sand)
Medium Textured soil (Loamy soils,
Silt loam, Silt)
Heavy/fine
Textured
Soils (Clayeysoils, Sandy clay, Silty loam)
Source: Tabbal, D. Soil-water-plantrelationship & water balance in the field
Factors affecting seepage,Factors affecting seepage,
percolation and surface drainagepercolation and surface drainage
Coarse Textured Soil
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Wet land Preparation(puddled)
2. Degree of Puddling and presence of hardpan2. Degree of Puddling and presence of hardpan
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Soil Surface
Depthofwa
tertable
Shallow WaterTable
3. Depth of Water Table3. Depth of Water Table
Source: Tabbal, D. Soil-water-
plant relationship & waterbalance in the field
Deep WaterTable
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4. Depth of Flooding (standing water)4. Depth of Flooding (standing water)
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Sloping Landscape
IRRI
Flat Landscape
5. Topography5. Topography
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DRAINWater table
Watersurface
Drain
6. Proximity to Drainage Sink6. Proximity to Drainage Sink
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1. Do shallow tillage just after
harvest or do
semi-dry landpreparation;
Land Preparation
Tips on saving irrigation waterTips on saving irrigation water
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2. Fix dikes and farm
ditches as early
as first irrigationor during the start
of rainy season;
Land Preparation
Tips on saving irrigation waterTips on saving irrigation water
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3. Start plowing the
field within one
day during firstirrigation or when
there is enough
water for the
operation;
Land Preparation
Tips on saving irrigation waterTips on saving irrigation water
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4. Do land
preparation with
just enough waterto facilitate
operations;
Land Preparation
Tips on saving irrigation waterTips on saving irrigation water
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5. Shorten land preparation time
One week for non-weedy or
dry-plowed field Until two weeks for fields with
fresh rice stubbles
Three weeks for weedy fields
and/or with stubbles;
Land Preparation
Tips on saving irrigation waterTips on saving irrigation water
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6. Use semi-dryland
preparation if possible
First plowing and harrowingat field capacity
Final harrowing/leveling
with minimal flood water
Tips on saving irrigation waterTips on saving irrigation water
Land Preparation
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7. Level the field very
wellIndicator: a 2-3 cm water depth is
distributed uniformly in the
whole paddy.
Land Preparation
Tips on saving irrigation waterTips on saving irrigation water
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8. Apply minimal water until 21-30 DAT for
transplanted or suspend irrigation until 10-
15 DAS for direct seeded
Transplanted Direct seeded
Tips on saving irrigation waterTips on saving irrigation water
Crop Establishment
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9. Do AWD during the crop growing season
starting 21-30 days after planting guided by
observation well
Tips on saving irrigation waterTips on saving irrigation water
Crop Growing Period
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PI to completeflowering
grainfilling
MaturityLatetillering
Earlytillering
transprecovery
Field water depth (mm)
-10
-5
0
2.5
5
60
-20
-15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
CF
AWD
soil surface
Days after transplanting
AWD: Reducing S & P
flowering
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Controlled IrrigationControlled Irrigation
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Corrects water use in irrigated lowland rice
Aids in proper seed germination and
seedling survival, tillering and grain
uniformityPromotes better soil nutrient balance
Minimizes golden apple snail attack
Benefits of Cpntrolled IrrigationBenefits of Cpntrolled Irrigation
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Stabilizes soil and plant base; hence helps
minimize crop lodging;
Facilitate farm mechanization especially
during harvesting; and Reduces farm inputs such as oil and fuel
and labor.
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Guidelines for the Adoption of
Water-saving Technologies in
Irrigated Rice Production System in
the Philippines
Department of AgricultureDepartment of Agriculture
Administrative Order No. 25 s. 2009Administrative Order No. 25 s. 2009
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End of presentationEnd of presentation
Save more water whileSave more water while
having good yieldhaving good yield