Consultation on sustainable sanitation
9th September 2009
Bangalore
Water and Sanitation Program – South Asia (WSP-SA)New Delhi, [email protected]
2
1%9%
22%31%
38%44%
53%
0%10%
20%30%
40%50%
60%
1981 1991 2001 2005 2006 2007 2008
Increasing Coverage in toilet construction…..
But is usage also increasing?
4
NGP Awards 2005: a slow beginning
13
13
11
1
1
1
0 5 10 15
MAHARASHTRA
TAMIL NADU
WEST BENGAL
GUJARAT
KERALA
TRIPURA
Source: Govt. of India, Dept. of Drinking Water Supply <http://ddws.nic.in/TSC/crsp/TSCPhy_st.asp?Form=ALL> Accessed 6 May 2007.
Note: Does not include institutional households.
5
7
Evidence shows that…..
Decrease in Diarrhea due to ODF
29
95 10038
26
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Open DefecationVillages
Almost ODF ODF
% o
f toi
let u
se
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
% o
f hou
seho
lds
with
dia
rrhe
a re
call
8
Performance vs toilet Subsidy
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Andhra Pradesh
LPP
Rajarhat
NGO Forum
Gramalaya TSC
Ahmednagar TSC
West Bengal TSC
Plan Bangladesh
Hardware subsidy (US$ per household)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Performance (scored: 0-20)
Performance
Subsidy
9
So, What to focus?
Focus on OUTCOME which is ‘stopping open defecation ’ and educating the entire
community of safe and hygienic sanitation behavior
Construction of toilets
ODF Community
X√
10
Challenges
– Slippage
– Focus on hard ware/ Out puts
– Weak institutions
– Weak M&E
– Lack of capacities
11
Focus on Outcomes for the Entire Community
– Focus on outcomes and not on hardware inputs,
– Mobilise the community rather than establishing household contacts alone
– Empower and strengthen the PRIs
– Reward the collective community action & outcomes
– Strengthen the M&E systems
– Technology options to sit local situation
12
Incentives/reward for achievement – creative use of subsidy
Village becomes Open Defecation Free
Village becomes Nirmal (ODF + Solid/Liquid WM)
Village strives for Nirmal ++
Subsidy given as incentive to
Community / Individuals
Nirmal Gram Puraskar
State Reward Scheme
State Sanitation Rewards Program: A Tool to Scale-up and Sustain Sanitation
14
What is a state sanitation rewards program? Annual competition between different PRI levels –
Gram Panchayat, block, district – to be recognized as the ‘cleanest’
Motivates PRIs to go beyond ODF and address total sanitation
Rewards achievement of collective outcomes Government is a facilitator and monitor at all levels
but community plays the main role
15
How does a State Rewards Program differ from NGP? Both NGP and state rewards program are an incentive to accelerate TSC
by motivating Gram Panchayats However, there are some differences:
NGP is given by Govt. of India but state rewards are given by respective state governments
NGP is one-time reward but state rewards program is an annual competition
NGP monitoring is by external third-party organizations. State rewards program teams are constituted from within the state at different levels but each block/district is verified by another block/district
NGP incentive amount is population based but state sanitation rewards program incentive is based on level of competition
16
What are the advantages of a state sanitation rewards program? Annual competition motivates PRIs to sustain and
improve sanitation outcomes Tremendous IEC success, raises the profile of both
sanitation and winners Generates stiff competition at all levels Creates peer pressure on neighboring Panchayats,
blocks, districts within a state Strengthens the capacity of local institutions
17
Which states have introduced such a rewards program?State Year of
LaunchName of Rewards Program
Maharashtra 2001 Sant Gadge Baba Gram Swachata Abhiyaan
Himachal Pradesh
2005 Maharishi Valmiki Sampoorna Swachata Puraskar
Andhra Pradesh
2007 Shubhram
Madhya Pradesh
2008 Ujwal Puraskar
Karnataka 2009 Nairmalaya
18
What are the main elements of a state rewards program? Competition is held at different levels – block, district, division,
state Winners at each level are eligible to participate in next higher
level e.g. block winners participate in district competition, district winners at state level
Verification is based on same criteria at all levels Verification at each level is undertaken by a team from outside
the area i.e. each block/district is assessed by a team from another block/district on non-reciprocal basis
Winners are recognized by senior dignitaries and receive a cash prize