Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: The Enabling
Technologies
The 2017 D-STOP SymposiumJames Kuhr, Esq.February, 2017
Overview
• Definitions• Levels of Autonomy• The Sensor Suite• Semi Autonomous Features• V2X• An Immediate Timeline
Definitions• NHTSA – National Highway
Transportation Safety Administration, they are the regulating body for autonomous vehicles
• Autonomous – A vehicle that can operate, in some manner, without constant direction from the driver
• Connected – A vehicle that can communicate with other vehicles and infrastructure
Levels of AutonomyLevel 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Adaptive Cruise Control
Adaptive Cruise Control + Lane Assist
Open Road Automated Vehicle
Generally Hands Off DrivingIn
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Level 5
LIDARProduces a 360 degree 3d model of the surroundings
Video CameraMonitors frontward, lane departure and reads traffic signals
RadarMonitors surroundings
Odometry SensorsMonitors vehicle distance travel and speed
GPSTracks the car location geospatially
UltrasonicSenses at low speeds
Internal CPU
V2V, V2I CommunicationConnects with other cars and supporting infrastructure
Autonomous Vehicle Technology
● Ultrasonic
● Short/Long Range Radar
● Lidar
● Camera
• Surround View• Digital Side Mirror
• Surround View• Park Assistance• Rear View
Mirror
• Rear Collision Warning
• Park Assist
• Blind Spot Warning
• Cross Traffic Warning• Lane Departure
Warning• Traffic Sign
Recognition
• Cross Traffic Warning• Emergency Braking• Pedestrian Detection• Collision Avoidance• Adaptive Cruise Control
• Environment Mapping
Car Sensor Suite
1) Traffic-Sign Recognition2) Obstacle Detection3) Lane Detection4) Terrain Mapping5) Vehicle Detection6) Oncoming-Vehicle Detection7) Blind-Spot Monitor8) Parking-Lot Detection9) Scene Classification and Tunnel
Detection10)Pedestrian Detection
Sensor Requirements
LIDAR
Cameras Radar
GPS
GPS position (white box) vs. Google Car
Ultrasonic and Odometry
CPU
LIDAR vs Camera
US Market Share Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
20% 2016 2021
16% 2016 2021
13% 2016 2020
12%
9% 2016 2020
7% 2016 2018 2020
7% 2016 2020 2030
3% 2016 2020
2% 2016 2017 2021
Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
2016 2025
2016 2021
2016 2030
2016 2017 2018
2016 2016 2018
2020
Others:
Market Shares
The car will identify the vehicle in front of it and match speeds to maintain a safe following distance (set by the user) while not exceeding a certain speed (also set by the user)
Adaptive Cruise Control
Automatically adjust speeds in a traffic jam, including braking to a full stop, and handles the steering. Driver must stay alert, but does not have to touch the wheel or pedals.
Traffic Jam Assist
Alerts the driver when the system detects that the vehicle is about to leave its lane and can automatically correct the steering and keep the car on course
Lane Keep Assist
The car will detect panicked breaking and apply more pressure to the brakes to stop the car faster.
Emergency Brake Assist
Automatically parallel parks a car, as long as the gap is 1.2 times the size of the car.
Parking Assist
Automatically applies the brakes for obstacle avoidance.Auto Braking
Semi-autonomous features are safety based – and their incorporation in current models will begin to reduce accidents in the next 5 to 10 years.
Conclusion
Semi Autonomous Features
• Through use of just V2V BSM to warn drivers, with a mature system, NHTSA studies indicate that up to 79% of unimpaired crashes could be avoided.
• Using just a V2I communication system, NHTSA estimates that 26% of unimpaired crashes could be avoided.
• Together, NHTSA studies indicate that 81% of all unimpaired crashes could be avoided with a fully mature V2V and V2I system.
Benefits
V2X Introduction
• By 2029, seven years after the projected phase-in of the light vehicle V2V rule, 60% of all vehicles, or a cumulative 146 million cars, will have DSRC/V2X equipment.
• Adoption of aftermarket/consumer electronics DSRC devices will outpace factory installed DSRC within five to six years after a NHTSA Light Vehicle V2V rule requiring 100% of all new vehicles to be equipped with V2V.
FHWA ITS JPO Prediction
https://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60535/FHWA-JPO-17-487_Final_.pdf
TimelinesTechnology predictions seem to be coalescing around a 2021 commercial available start-date, but there are still many issues to be resolved
Thank You!