Confidential: For Review OnlyEffects of fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in
metabolic syndrome patients on statins: propensity-matched cohort study
Journal: BMJ
Manuscript ID BMJ-2019-049269
Article Type: Research
BMJ Journal: BMJ
Date Submitted by the Author: 12-Feb-2019
Complete List of Authors: Kim, Sin Gon; Korea University College of Medicine, Internal MedicineKim, Nam Hoon; Korea University College of Medicine and School of Medicine, Internal MedicineHan, Ki Hoon ; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Internal MedicineChoi, Jimi; Korea University College of Medicine and School of Medicine, BiostatisticsLee, Juneyoung; Korea University College of Medicine, Biostatistics
Keywords: fenofibrate, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist, residual cardiovascular risk, statin, metabolic syndrome
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Effects of fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in metabolic
syndrome patients on statins: propensity-matched cohort study
Nam Hoon Kim1, Ki Hoon Han2, Jimi Choi3, Juneyoung Lee3, and Sin Gon Kim1
1Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Corresponding author: Sin Gon Kim, MD, PhD
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea
University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga,
Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
Tel: 82-2-920-5890, Fax: 82-2-953-9355, E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of fenofibrate on residual cardiovascular risk reduction in metabolic
syndrome patients on statin therapy within a real world database.
DESIGN
Propensity-matched cohort study.
SETTING
Nationwide population-based cohort in Korea.
PARTICIPANTS
29,771 patients with metabolic syndrome (≥ 40 years) receiving statin therapy were matched
1:5 by propensity score into combined therapy (statin plus fenofibrate) group (n=2,427) and
statin monotherapy group (n=10,723).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The primary outcome was occurrence of composite cardiovascular events including incident
coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic stroke (IS), and death from cardiovascular causes.
RESULTS
Cumulative incidence for composite cardiovascular events at 6 years was 8.06% in combined
therapy group and 10.76% in statin monotherapy group. Combined therapy significantly
reduced risk of composite cardiovascular events (adjusted hazard ratio 0.73, 95% confidence
interval 0.60 to 0.90; P=0.003) compared to statin monotherapy. Fewer patients died from
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cardiovascular causes in the combined therapy group than in the statin monotherapy group
(0.50, 0.21 to 1.17; P=0.109). The rate of incident CHD (0.78, 0.61 to 1.00; P=0.053) and IS
(0.79, 0.55 to 1.15; P=0.227) was insignificantly lower in combined therapy group.
Comparable results were found in patients who achieved target low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol levels. The lower risk of composite cardiovascular events with combined therapy
was prominent in patients with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or high triglyceride
concentrations.
CONCLUSION
In this propensity weighted cohort study, addition of fenofibrate to statins was associated with
significantly lower risk of major cardiovascular events compared with statin therapy alone in
metabolic syndrome patients, especially for those with atherogenic dyslipidemia.
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WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC
Randomized clinical trials of fenofibrate therapy failed to reduce the risk of major
cardiovascular events in diabetic populations, but significant cardiovascular risk reduction was
observed in subgroups with atherogenic dyslipidemia.
Meta-analyses of fibrates also indicated that patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia would be
benefited from fibrates therapy on cardiovascular events reduction.
Real world evidences were not sufficient to prove fenofibrate efficacy in cardiovascular risk
reduction especially for East Asians who are reported to be genetically susceptible to poor
ability to eliminate blood triglyceride.
WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS
Fenofibrate therapy additionally reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events, mainly by
preventing coronary heart disease, in metabolic syndrome patients who were already receiving
statin therapy.
The treatment effects of fenofibrate on cardiovascular risk reduction was prominent in patients
with combined metabolic syndrome and atherogenic dyslipidemia.
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Introduction
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of interrelated risk factors for metabolic dysregulation
predisposing to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.1 The increased risk
of cardiovascular disease in people with metabolic syndrome has been well established by
observational studies and meta-analyses.2-4 Elevated cardiovascular risk in metabolic syndrome
is partly attributable to accompanying atherogenic dyslipidemia which is characterized by
elevated triglyceride (TG), small dense low-density lipoprotein particles with low level of high-
density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).5 6 There is abundant evidence showing that lowering
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations with statins is the primary
therapeutic option for minimizing cardiovascular risk in people at risk of cardiovascular disease
including those with atherogenic dyslipidemia.7-9 However, substantial cardiovascular risk
persisted despite ongoing statin therapy (residual cardiovascular risk) in many clinical trials
and observational studies.10-12
Due to its effects on hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C concentrations, fenofibrate has
been suggested as one of important treatment options for dyslipidemia management.13
Although large randomized clinical trials of fenofibrate therapy including the FIELD trial and
the ACCORD-Lipid trial failed to reduce the primary outcome of major cardiovascular events
in diabetic populations, significant cardiovascular risk reduction was observed in subgroups
with atherogenic dyslipidemia. 14-16 A few meta-analyses of fibrates also indicated that patients
with atherogenic dyslipidemia would be benefited from fibrates therapy on cardiovascular
events reduction.17 18
However, the aforementioned studies were mainly conducted in Western populations with
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high cardiovascular risk which limits direct application of the results to other ethnic populations
or to people with a broader range of cardiovascular risk. Given that atherogenic dyslipidemia
is more prevalent in East Asians, who are reported to be genetically susceptible to poor ability
to eliminate blood TG,19 it is necessary to provide study-based evidence to evaluate fenofibrate
efficacy in cardiovascular risk reduction in this population.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fenofibrate therapy on major
cardiovascular events in metabolic syndrome patients on statin therapy in a real-world setting.
We additionally assessed the degree of benefit from combined therapy with statin and
fenofibrate in terms of residual cardiovascular risk reduction in the study patients. This study
was conducted as part of the Effectiveness of Fenofibrate Therapy in Residual Cardiovascular
Risk Reduction in the Real World Setting (ECLIPSE-REAL) study.
Methods
Data sources
We used the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-
HEALS), which included 514,866 Koreans. This represents 10% of a random selection of all
health screening participants aged 40 to 79 in the index year 2002 or 2003 and followed up to
2015. This database contains longitudinal information including subject’ demographics,
medical and pharmaceutical records including disease code records according to the
International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), medical procedures,
hospitalizations, information on prescribed drugs, health examination data including
anthropometric measures and laboratory data, and death records. The detailed cohort protocol
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has been previously described.20
Patient selection and propensity score matching
Figure 1 shows the flow of subject selection for the study. We firstly selected patients from the
original database who had received statins for at least 3 months from January 1, 2007 to
December 31, 2014, as the national health examination programs included lipid profiles from
January 2007. Patients without documented lipid profiles before initiation of statin therapy
were excluded. Next, patients who met the metabolic syndrome criteria as defined by the Adult
Treatment Panel III guidelines before the index date were selected.21 Waist circumference (WC)
cut-off points for metabolic syndrome were accordance with the Asian standard set by the
World Health Organization.22 Thus, subjects with metabolic syndrome were required to
meet three or more of the following criteria: WC ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women, serum
triglyceride level ≥150 mg/dl, HDL-C levels <40 mg/dl in men and <50 mg/dl in women,
fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dl or anti-diabetic treatment and blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or
treatment for hypertension. Of the selected patients, 2,457 had received fenofibrate therapy for
at least 3 months in the whole follow-up period, and the others (n=27,314) had not.
Propensity score matching (1:5) was done for those who had been treated with fenofibrate
(combined therapy with statin and fenofibrate) and those who had not (statin therapy only). We
derived propensity score model from a multiple logistic regression that included age, sex, waist
circumference, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, smoking status
(current, former, or never), alcohol consumption (≥ 3 times/week, ≤ 2 times/week, or never),
physical activity (≥ 3 times/week, ≤ 2 times/week, or never), preexisting cardiovascular disease
including coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic stroke (IS) and heart failure, anti-thrombotic
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agents, anti-hypertensive agents, statin intensity, and index date of statin therapy. Baseline
LDL-C level (<100, 100-129, 130-160, and ≥160 mg/dl), HDL-C level (<34, ≥34 mg/dl), and
TG (<204, ≥204 mg/dl) were also used as independent variables in the propensity score model.
We used a greedy nearest neighbor matching on the logit of propensity score using calipers of
width 0.2 of the standard deviation of the logit of the propensity score. The cut-off points of
HDL-C and TG concentration was derived from the subgroups benefited from fenofibrate
therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in previous randomized controlled trials including the
ACCORD-Lipid and the FIELD trials.15 23 Finally, 2,427 subjects from the combined therapy
group and 10,723 subjects from the statin monotherapy group were selected. Distribution of
propensity scores that indicated a balanced matching between the combined therapy group and
statin monotherapy group is described in the supplementary figure 1.
Outcome measures
The cardiovascular outcomes of interest were incident CHD (ICD-10 codes I20-I25 plus a
coronary artery angiography procedure), IS (ICD-10 codes I63-66 with an examination of brain
imaging studies or procedures), and death from cardiovascular disease (ICD codes I00-I99).
Composite cardiovascular disease events included any of the prespecified cardiovascular
events.
Each patient was followed up from the index date up to the earliest occurrence of any study
outcome, death, or end of the study period (Dec 31, 2015).
Statistical analysis
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Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables and number
(percentage) for categorical variables. Demographic and clinical characteristics between
groups were compared by generalized estimating equation for matched data. Cumulative
incidence at 6 years and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the individual outcomes were
calculated. Stratified Cox proportional hazards regression model for matched data was used to
evaluate the relationship between the treatments and the study outcomes. In the matched
sample all absolute standardized differences (ASD) in baseline covariates between two groups
were less than 0.1. Although the ASD in LDL-C category was 0.097 after matching, the p-
value from generalized estimating equation (GEE) was significant, so that we decided to adjust
LDL-C category further in the model. Characteristics for subgroup analysis included age (≥ 65,
< 65 years), sex (men, women), WC (≥ 90, < 90 cm), preexisting cardiovascular disease,
hypertension and type 2 diabetes, statin intensity (moderate to high intensity, low intensity),
pre-treatment HDL-C concentration (≥ 34, < 34 mg/dl), TG concentration (≥ 204, < 204 mg/dl),
non-HDL-C concentration (≥ 130, < 130 mg/dl), and on-treatment LDL-C concentration (≥
100, < 100 mg/dl).
To reduce survival bias associated with time-to-fenofibrate initiation after enrolment, we used
an alternative index date for follow-up; the date of first prescription of fenofibrate, not the date
of enrolment into the combined therapy group.24 The index date for subjects in the statin
monotherapy group was the index date of matched subjects in the combined therapy group.
All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS software, version 9.4 (SAS Institute
Inc., Cary, NC, USA), and a two-sided p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Patient and public involvement
Patients were not involved in research design or the outcome measures. No patients were
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asked to advise on interpretation or writing up of results. There are no plans to disseminate
the results of the research to study participants.
Results
The mean age and mean body mass index (BMI) for the subjects were 60.9 years and 25.7
kg/m2, respectively, 7.5% had previous cardiovascular disease, and 33.4% had type 2 diabetes.
The mean duration of statin therapy was 27.3 months. Baseline characteristics of the combined
therapy group and matched control were well balanced between the groups after 1:5 propensity-
weighted matching. (Table 1) The only parameter that was not balanced was the LDL-C
category; therefore, all subsequent analyses adjusted for the baseline LDL-C concentrations.
HDL-C and TG were matched by prespecified cut-offs (HDL-C of 34 mg/dl, and TG of 204
mg/dl) for lower and higher levels of each parameter. According to the criteria, 6.5% had lower
HDL-C levels and 31.1% had hypertriglyceridemia at baseline. Mean duration of follow-up
was 30.9 (18.0) months.
Changes in serum lipid profiles with treatment
Supplementary Table 1 shows changes in individual lipid profiles in each treatment group. At
baseline, the mean LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations were lower while the mean TG and non-
HDL-C concentrations were higher in the combined therapy group than in the statin
monotherapy group. These discrepancies occurred because the propensity-weighted matching
was done using categories of individual lipid profiles. On-treatment LDL-C and HDL-C
concentrations were comparable between groups (mean LDL-C concentration; 80.7 vs. 80.6
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mg/dl, mean HDL-C concentrations; 48.8 vs. 49.4 mg/dl, in the combined therapy and statin
monotherapy groups, respectively). Combined therapy reduced TG concentration more than
statin monotherapy; however, achieved mean TG concentration was higher in the combined
therapy group than in the statin monotherapy group (178.8 vs. 154.7 mg/dl, respectively). On-
treatment mean non-HDL-C concentration was also slightly higher in the combined therapy
group than in the statin monotherapy group (115.7 vs. 111.1 mg/dl, respectively).
Risk of major cardiovascular events
Cumulative incidences of composite cardiovascular events were 101 (8.06%) in the combined
therapy group and 581 (10.76%) in the statin monotherapy group. All subtypes of
cardiovascular events including incident CHD (5.12% vs. 7.22%), incident IS (3.07% vs.
3.11%), and cardiovascular death (0.56% vs. 1.13%) occurred less frequently in the combined
therapy group than in the statin monotherapy group.
Table 2 and figure 2A show the risk of composite cardiovascular events during a 6-year
follow-up period. Combined therapy with statin and fenofibrate significantly reduced the risk
of composite endpoints (Hazard ratio HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60–0.90; P=0.003). The significance
was maintained in on-treatment analysis (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47–0.93, P=0.018). There were
over 20% risk reductions in incident CHD (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.61–1.00; P=0.053) and
incident IS (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.55–1.15; P=0.227) although they were not statistically
significant. Death from any cardiovascular cause was also not significantly lower in the
combined therapy group compared to the statin monotherapy group. In the subsequent analysis
of only patients with on-treatment LDL-C concentrations less than 100 mg/dl, the same trends
were maintained (Supplementary Table 2). There was a significant (44%) reduction in incident
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CHD events (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34–0.94) and a 33% reduction in composite cardiovascular
events with borderline significance (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.44–1.00) in the combined therapy
group.
Subgroup analysis for risk of composite cardiovascular events
To identify the characteristics associated with cardiovascular benefits of fenofibrate therapy,
we analysed the risk of composite cardiovascular outcomes in subgroups.(Figure 3) In most
subgroups, combined therapy was associated with a lower risk of composite cardiovascular
events compared to statin monotherapy. However, some clinical characteristics were associated
with more significant benefits of combined therapy. Specifically, treatment effect was larger
in older (≥ 65 years) patients than in younger patients, and in men rather than in women.
Subjects with high TG or low HDL-C levels benefited more from combined therapy than
subjects with low TG and high HDL-C levels (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.55–0.92 and HR, 0.78;
95% CI, 0.56–1.09, respectively). The corresponding Kaplan-Meier curves are shown in Figure
2B and Figure 2C. The beneficial effects of combined therapy were also notable in subjects
with some components of metabolic syndrome such as hypertension and higher WC but not in
subjects without these components. However, it was not affected by pre-existing cardiovascular
disease, type 2 diabetes or achieved LDL-C concentrations.
Discussion
Statement of principal findings
In this real-world database analysis, we found that fenofibrate therapy additionally reduced
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the risk of major cardiovascular events, mainly by preventing CHD, in metabolic syndrome
patients who were already receiving statin therapy. The treatment effects of fenofibrate on
cardiovascular risk reduction was greater in patients with combined metabolic syndrome and
atherogenic dyslipidemia.
Interpretation and implications
With the adoption of statin therapy as management for dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular risk,
strategies for residual cardiovascular risk management beyond statin therapy have remained
important.10 11 Certain old and novel drugs such as ezetimibe and proprotein convertase
subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have shown some promising results in residual
cardiovascular risk reduction in recent large randomized clinical trials; however, those trials
included only patients with high cardiovascular risk or established coronary diseases.25-27 There
have been few evidence of lipid-modifying agents indicating the residual cardiovascular risk
reduction over statins in patients with a broader range of cardiovascular risk such as
metabolic syndrome patients.
Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) agonist, has been
proposed as a potent therapeutic agent for dyslipidemia, especially hypertriglyceridemia and
low HDL-C. Its beneficial effects on atherogenesis have been demonstrated by numerous
preclinical and clinical studies, which include favorable effects on lipoprotein metabolism,
inflammation, and vascular dysfunction.13 28 29 However, the beneficial effects on hard
cardiovascular outcomes over statins have not been proven by randomized clinical trials. In the
ACCORD-Lipid trial, addition of fenofibrate to simvastatin did not reduce the rate of major
cardiovascular outcomes compared to simvastatin monotherapy. Only several subpopulations
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such as men and patients with high TG and low HDL-C concentrations at baseline seemed to
benefit from fenofibrate add-on therapy.15
In contrast, our study in a real-world setting showed that fenofibrate therapy may play a role
in residual cardiovascular risk reduction. The reason the cardiovascular benefits of fenofibrate
addition to statin therapy, observed in our cohort study, was not demonstrated in earlier
randomized controlled trials is unclear. Although there is a fundamental difference and an
inferiority in the evidence level of our cohort study compared to the randomized clinical trials,
a possible explanation for the difference in results should be offered. The population we studied
was a group of metabolic syndrome patients with a wide range of cardiovascular risk which
included 7.5% and 33.4% of patients suffering from pre-existing cardiovascular disease and
type 2 diabetes, respectively. Thus, the rate of primary outcome was lower in our study
(cumulative incidence rate of 10.76% at 6 years in the statin monotherapy group) than in the
ACCORD-Lipid trial (annual rate of 2.4% in placebo group). These differences in population
and risk of cardiovascular disease may have mitigated the effects of statins in our study so that
the benefits of fenofibrate in terms of the reduction of cardiovascular events became more
apparent. Furthermore, subjects with metabolic syndrome or its components were identified
and categorized into a responder group for fenofibrate therapy in the FIELD, ACCORD-Lipid,
and a meta-analysis comprising other fibrates,17 23 30 indicating that our study recruited a more
appropriate target population for fenofibrate therapy. In that context, it should be noted that the
median TG concentrations at baseline were substantially higher in our study (242.9 mg/dl) than
those in the FIELD and the ACCORD-Lipid trials (153 and 162 mg/dl, respectively).
The ethnicity of the patients should also be considered in the explanation of the treatment
effects of fenofibrate. As there are only a few available clinical trials of fenofibrate or other
PPAR-α agonists in Asians, we did not have enough data to compare fenofibrate effects in
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different ethnic groups. Nevertheless, Asians are metabolically more susceptible to
hypertriglyceridemia and metabolic syndrome than other ethnicities. For example, over 30%
of adults in Korea, with significantly lower BMIs, had metabolic syndrome of a similar degree
as adults in USA.31 In addition, a specific APOA5 gene polymorphism predisposing to high
fasting and postprandial TG levels were reported to be prevalent in Koreans, even in healthy
nonobese individuals,19 which is consistent with the high prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia
in this population.32 Furthermore, TG concentration as an independent risk factor of
cardiovascular disease, especially CHD, is well established in Asian populations.33 34
Considering that fibrates exert their anti-atherosclerotic action primarily by reducing the
secretion of TG-rich very low-density lipoprotein particles by enhancing fatty acid oxidation
and reducing hepatic lipogenesis,35 we posit that our subjects are good candidates for the
demonstration of the cardiovascular benefits of fenofibrate therapy.
The patient characteristics related to treatment effects of fenofibrate addition to statins were
noted by subgroup analyses. As expected, the HR of composite outcome was lower with
combined therapy in patients with low HDL-C or high TG concentrations than in those without
these characteristics, even though the p-value for interaction was not significant between pair
groups in individual subgroup analyses. Metabolic syndrome components including
hypertension and central obesity generally favoured the treatment effects of fenofibrate,
indicating that individual components of metabolic syndrome could provide information
related to beneficial treatment effects of fenofibrate, which has already been supported by other
previous studies. Compared to statin monotherapy, combined therapy with statin and
fenofibrate resulted in considerable reduction in composite cardiovascular events regardless of
the cardiovascular disease. This suggests that it can play a role in the primary and secondary
prevention of cardiovascular disease and needs to be verified by further studies.
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Strengths and weaknesses
Recently, immortal bias and time-lag bias have been critical issues in pharmacoepidemiologic
studies.36 37 Our study also had a component related to possible immortal bias in that entry date
was matched by initiation of statin therapy in comparable groups, not by date of fenofibrate
therapy. To exclude the bias, we set the index date to be the same as the date of initiation of
fenofibrate therapy in cases and matched controls for the outcome measures. In addition, we
also subsequently analysed the outcomes only during the fenofibrate therapy period in cases
and matched controls and found that the significant reduction in cardiovascular events with
combined therapy was maintained.
The other possible bias is that LDL-C concentrations were not balanced at baseline even after
1:5 matching. Therefore, we adjusted for LDL-C concentration in all further analyses.
Additional subgroup analyses for different LDL-C concentration categories indicated that
primary outcome results were not likely to be affected by imbalance in LDL-C concentrations
at baseline.
Conclusion
In summary, this real-world evidence showed the beneficial role of fenofibrate therapy in
cardiovascular risk reduction when added to ongoing statin therapy in metabolic syndrome
patients. The components of metabolic syndrome can help identify patients who would benefit
from fenofibrate therapy.
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Acknowledgments
We thank all the participants of the Korean Health Insurance Cohort study, and the National
Health Insurance Service who developed the NHIS-HEALS (2002–2015) database (NHIS-
2017-2-592). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily
represent the official position of the department of Korean National Health Insurance Service.
Contributors: SGK and KHH contributed to the idea and design of the research. JC analysed
the data. JL supervised the data analysis. NHK wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed
to the review and revision of the manuscript.
Funding: This study was supported by the Abbott Laboratories Korea. The funders had no role
in the design and conduct of the study; analysis, preparation, review, and approval of the
manuscript.
Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at
www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare: no financial relationships or activities that
could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
Ethical approval: This study was approved by the institutional review board of Korea
University Anam Hospital (IRB number: ED17181). All data from the NHIS cohort do not
involve any personally identifiable data such as name and personal ID. Thus, NHIS approved
the cohort study without informed consent from each person.
Data sharing: Additional data are available through approval and oversight by the Korean
National Health Insurance Service.
The lead author (NHK, SGK) affirms that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent
account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted;
and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been
explained.
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This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons
Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute,
remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on
different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is noncommercial. See:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1563-1574. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1001282
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gene is associated with postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia; elevated small, dense LDL
concentrations; and oxidative stress in nonobese Korean men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:832-
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20. Seong SC, Kim YY, Park SK, et al. Cohort profile: the National Health Insurance Service
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Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009;120:1640-1645. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.192644
23. Scott R, O'Brien R, Fulcher G, et al. Effects of fenofibrate treatment on cardiovascular
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24. Zhou Z, Rahme E, Abrahamowicz M, et al. Survival bias associated with time-to-treatment
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2005;162:1016-1023. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwi307
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26. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in
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27. Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, et al. Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after
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28. Fruchart JC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha): at the
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29. Lee JM. Nuclear Receptors Resolve Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress to Improve Hepatic
Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Metab J 2017;41:10-19. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2017.41.1.10
30. Koopal C, Visseren FLJ, Westerink J, et al. Predicting the Effect of Fenofibrate on
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2018;41:1244-1250. doi: 10.2337/dc17-0968
31. Lim S, Shin H, Song JH, et al. Increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korea: the
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32. Jeong JS, Kwon HS. Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Dyslipidemia in Koreans.
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with type 2 diabetes--a systematic review. Rev Diabet Stud 2013;10:101-109. doi:
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34. Kim EH, Lee JB, Kim SH, et al. Serum Triglyceride Levels and Cardiovascular Disease
Events in Koreans. Cardiology 2015;131:228-235. doi: 10.1159/000380941
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37. Suissa S. Lower Risk of Death With SGLT2 Inhibitors in Observational Studies: Real or
Bias? Diabetes care 2018;41:6-10. doi: 10.2337/dc17-1223
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Figure legends
Figure 1. Flow diagram of subject selection for the study.
Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier curves for composite cardiovascular outcomes between treatment
groups in all subjects (A), subjects with high TG or low HDL-C concentrations (B), and
subjects with low TG and high HDL-C concentrations (C). TG=triglyceride, HDL-C=high-
density lipoprotein-cholesterol, CI=confidence interval
Figure 3. Risk of composite cardiovascular events in the subgroups. CI=confidence interval,
HDL-C=high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, TG=triglyceride, LDL-C=low-density
lipoprotein-cholesterol
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Table 1. Baseline characteristics of subjects.
Combined therapy
with statin and
fenofibrate (n=2,427)
Statin monotherapy
(n=10,723)p- value*
Age (years) 60.6 (7.9) 60.9 (7.9) 0.920
Male, n(%) 1,325 (54.6) 5,661 (52.8) 0.275
Body mass index (kg/m2) 25.8 (2.8) 25.7 (2.8) 0.209
Waist circumference (cm) 87.4 (7.6) 87.3 (7.5) 0.607
Fasting glucose (mg/dl) 118.6 (37.5) 117.8 (39.0) 0.389
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 132.7 (15.2) 132.9 (15.0) 0.613
Creatinine (mg/dl) 1.0 (1.0) 1.0 (1.3) 0.515
Current smoker, n(%) 493 (20.3) 2,037 (19.0) 0.358
Alcohol consumption, n(%) 1,060 (43.7) 4,574 (42.7) 0.987
Regular exercise, n(%) 1,282 (52.8) 5,635 (52.6) 0.823
Coronary heart disease, n(%) 80 (3.3) 341 (3.2) 0.810
Ischemic stroke, n(%) 92 (3.8) 407 (3.8) 0.982
Heart failure, n(%) 28 (1.2) 107 (1.0) 0.357
Antithrombotic agents, n(%) 841 (34.7) 3,661 (34.1) 0.698
RAS inhibitor, n(%) 1,452 (59.8) 6,346 (59.2) 0.644
Calcium channel blocker, n(%) 1,220 (50.3) 5,309 (49.5) 0.636
Beta blocker, n(%) 761 (31.4) 3,257 (30.4) 0.397
Alpha blocker, n(%) 358 (14.8) 1,537 (14.3) 0.511
Vasodilator, n(%) 13 (0.5) 53 (0.5) 0.776
Diuretics, n(%) 1,042 (42.9) 4,569 (42.6) 0.969
Statin intensity, n(%) 0.460
High 62 (2.6) 289 (2.7)
Moderate 2,236 (92.1) 9,898 (92.3)
Low 129 (5.3) 536 (5.0)
LDL-C (mg/dl) , n(%) <.001
< 100 mg/dl 646 (26.6) 2,415 (22.5)
100–130 mg/dl 645 (26.6) 2,942 (27.4)
130–160 mg/dl 670 (27.6) 3,148 (29.4)
≥ 160 mg/dl 466 (19.2) 2,218 (20.7)
HDL-C (mg/dl) , n(%) 0.180
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< 34 mg/dl 217 (8.9) 862 (8.0)
≥ 34mg/dl 2,210 (91.1) 9,861 (92.0)
Triglyceride (mg/dl) , n(%) 0.992
< 204mg/dl 899 (37.0) 4,266 (39.8)
≥ 204mg/dl 1,528 (63.0) 6,457 (60.2)
RAS=renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, LDL-C=low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C=high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
Values are presented by mean (standard deviation), or n (%)
*p-value by generalized estimating equation for matched data
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Table 2. Effects of treatment on cardiovascular outcomes.
Combined therapy
with statin and
fenofibrate (n=2,427)
Statin monotherapy
(n=10,723)
p-value
Coronary heart disease
Number of events 70 381
Cumulative incidence at 6 years (%) 5.12 (3.92–6.67) 7.22 (6.10–8.54)
HR (95% CI) 0.78 (0.61–1.00) 1.00 0.053
Non-fatal stroke
Number of events 32 172
Cumulative incidence at 6 years (%) 3.07 (2.03–4.62) 3.11 (2.43–3.98)
HR (95% CI) 0.79 (0.55–1.15) 1.00 0.227
Cardiovascular deaths
Number of events 6 52
Cumulative incidence at 6 years (%) 0.56 (0.24–1.31) 1.13 (0.72–1.79)
HR (95% CI) 0.50 (0.21–1.17) 1.00 0.109
Composite cardiovascular events
Number of events 101 581
Cumulative incidence at 6 years (%) 8.06 (6.43–10.08) 10.76 (9.46–12.22)
HR (95% CI) 0.73 (0.60–0.90) 1.00 0.003
Composite cardiovascular events (on
treatment)
Number of events 38 273
Cumulative incidence at 6 years (%) 8.70 (3.92–18.72) 7.98 (6.25–10.15)
HR (95% CI) 0.66 (0.47–0.93) 1.00 0.018
HR=hazard ratio, CI=confidence interval
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Figure 1
167x190mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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Figure 2A
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Figure 2B
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Figure 2C
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Figure 3
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Confidential: For Review OnlySupplementary figure 1. Distribution of propensity score. (A: Density of propensity score before and after matching, B: Distribution of propensity score before and after matching)
A.
Before matching After matching
B.
Before matching After matching
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Confidential: For Review OnlySupplementary table 1. Changes in serum lipid profiles with treatment.
Combined therapy with statin and
fenofibrate (n=2,427)Statin monotherapy (n=10,723)
Pretreatment On-treatment Pretreatment On-treatment
LDL-C (mg/dl), mean
(SD)125.5 (40.6) 80.7 (28.3) 129.5 (38.4) 80.6 (28.5)
<100 mg/dl, (n/%) 646 (26.6) 1,032 (76.8) 2,415 (22.5) 4,712 (78.3)
100-130 mg/dl, (n/%) 645 (26.6) 245 (18.2) 2,942 (27.4) 967 (16.1)
130-160 mg/dl, (n/%) 670 (27.6) 53 (3.9) 3,148 (29.4) 265 (4.4)
≥160 mg/dl, (n/%) 466 (19.2) 14 (1.0) 2,218 (20.7) 76 (1.3)
HDL-C (mg/dl), mean
(SD)46.7 (12.1) 48.8 (12.1) 47.8 (12.4) 49.4 (12.1)
<34 mg/dl, (n/%) 217 (8.9) 95 (7.1) 862 (8.0) 368 (6.1)
≥34mg/dl, (n/%) 2,210 (91.1) 1,252 (92.9) 9,861 (92.0) 6,657 (93.9)
Triglyceride (mg/dl),
mean (SD)272.4 (151.2) 178.8 (107.5) 236.2 (116.5) 154.7 (81.3)
<204mg/dl, (n/%) 899 (37.0) 924 (68.9) 4,266 (39.8) 4,844 (80.4)
≥204mg/dl, (n/%) 1,528 (63.0) 417 (31.1) 6,457 (60.2) 1,181 ()
Non-HDL-C (mg/dl),
mean (SD)179.2 (41.6) 115.7 (31.6) 176.0 (37.8) 111.1 (31.7)
<100mg/dl, (n/%) 40 (1.7) 463 (32.4) 175 (1.6) 2,363 (39.2)
100-130mg/dl, (n/%) 195 (8.0) 530 (39.3) 938 (8.8) 2,198 (36.5)
≥130mg/dl, (n/%) 2,192 (90.3) 381 (28.3) 9,609 (89.6) 1,464 (24.3)
SD=standard deviation, LDL-C=low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C=high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
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Confidential: For Review OnlySupplementary Table 2. Effects of treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with on-treatment LDL-C levels less than 100 mg/dl.
Combined therapy
with statin and
fenofibrate (n=2,427)
Statin monotherapy
(n=10,723)
p-value
Coronary heart disease
Number of events 17 116
Cumulative incidence at 6 years (%) 3.62 (2.09–6.25) 5.75 (4.42–7.45)
HR (95% CI) 0.56 (0.34–0.94) 1.00 0.029
Non-fatal stroke
Number of events 10 42
Cumulative incidence at 6 years (%) 1.73 (0.90–3.32) 2.01 (1.06–3.80)
HR (95% CI) 0.91 (0.45–1.82) 1.00 0.779
Cardiovascular deaths
Number of events 1 6
Cumulative incidence at 6 years (%) 0.29 (0.04–2.06) 0.26 (0.11–0.61)
HR (95% CI) 0.61 (0.08–4.93) 1.00 0.644
Composite cardiovascular events
Number of events 28 159
Cumulative incidence at 6 years (%) 5.61 (3.71–8.45) 7.17 (5.77–8.91)
HR (95% CI) 0.67 (0.44–1.004) 1.00 0.051
Composite cardiovascular events (on
treatment)
Number of events 8 63
Cumulative incidence at 6 years (%) 3.18 (1.13–8.74) 5.00 (3.10–8.03)
HR (95% CI) 0.53 (0.25–1.12) 1.00 0.095
LDL-C=low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HR=hazard ratio, CI=confidence interval
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