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Sierra Club Northeast Committee
Fall Regional Conference
Colebrook, Connecticut
October 13, 2007
Tom GrayAmerican Wind Energy Association
Offshore Wind PowerOffshore Wind Power
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Disclaimer
These slides draw heavily on presentationsprepared by Walt Musial of the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory and by theU.S. Department of Energy.
--Tom Gray, AWEA
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Offshore Wind in Europe Well Established
Major multinationals integral part of market Europe produces 2.8 billion kWh (enough for250,000 U.S. households) offshore annually
805 MW operational, in 8 countries, from 24projects with 402 wind turbines Additional 108 MW operational in 2006 UK approved 2,600 MW for construction by 2008
UK plans 7,000 MW by2010 Denmark approved 200 MW for construction by
2009, plans 3,000 MW by 2030 Germany plans 25,000 MW by 2020
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Why Move Offshore?
Higher-quality wind resources Reduced turbulence
Increased wind speed
Greater capacity value (?)
Economies of scale Avoid logistical constraints (tunnels,
curves) on turbine size
Proximity to loads Many demand centers (cities) are
near the coast
Increased transmission options Access to less heavily loaded lines
Potential for reducing land useand aesthetic concerns
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Potential Issues
Jurisdictional issues Federal, state, local
Higher capital costs
Increased maintenancecosts
Service by boat or helicopter
Ice damage
Corrosion
Shipping lanes andunderwater environment
Underwater power lines
Public perception
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Land-based wind sites are not close to
coastal load centers
Load centers are close to offshore wind sites
Two-market approach is needed
Grap
Credit: Bruce Bailey AWS Truewind
Why Offshore Wind in the US?
Grap icCredit: GE Energy
% area class 3 or above
US Population ConcentrationU.S. Wind Resource
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Coastal Energy Prices Are Higherwith No Significant Indigenous Sources
0
2
4
6
0
12
14
16
18
PacificNo
ncon
tiguo
us
NewEn
gland
Midd
leAtlan
tic
Pacific
Con
tiguo
us
WestS
outh
Central
U.S.
Total
SouthA
tlantic
Moun
tain
EastNo
rthCentral
WestN
orth
Central
EastSo
uthC
entral
Source: EIACensus Division
ElectricityPrices-AllSec
tors(cents/kWh)
Coastal States
with Significant
Offshore Wind
Inland States and States
With No Significant
Offshore Wind
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U.S. Offshore Wind Energy OpportunityU.S. Offshore Wind EnergyResource
Regi 0 - 0 0 - 60 60 - 900 > 900
ew gl 10. 4 .5 1 0.6 0.0i - tl ti 64. 126.2 45. 0.0
reat Lakes 15.5 11.6 19 .6 0.0
Calif r ia 0.0 0. 47.8 168.0Pacific rt wes 0.0 1.6 100.4 68.2
tal 90.1 18 .2 517.7 266.2
ept (m)
Resource Not Yet
Assessed
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Wind Energy Cost Trends
1981:40 cents/kWh
Increased Turbine Size
R&D Advances ManufacturingImprovements
2007: 5 - 9 cents/kWh
2012: 3.6 cents/kWh?
2007:9-12 cents/kWh
2014: 5 cents/kWh
Multi-megawatt Turbines
High reliability systems
Infrastructure Improvements
Land-based
Class 4
Offshore
Class 6
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US Offshore Projects
Project State MW StatusCape Wind MA 420 DEIS Soon
IPA NY 150 On HoldWinergy (Plu Island) NY 10 ?
Southern Co pany GA 10 No PlansW.E.S.T. TX 150 Test WT?Buzzards Bay MA 300 FeasibilityNew Jersey NJ 350 Govt Boost
Hull Municipal MA 15 FeasibilityDelaware DE 600 In Appeal
Total 2,455
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Environmental Issues
Fishing: We welcome fishing right off theplatforms and they do!
Oil Leakage: None to date furthercontainment possible if needed.
Impacts on sea life: None apparent.Artificial reefs have attracted fish.
Aesthetics: 94% ofDanish public favors.
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Environmental Issues
Birds: Typically flyaround wind farms.
Noise: Turbinesinaudible beyond500m.
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Offshore Oil and Gas Industry:The Link to Offshore Wind
Energy
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Offshore Industry Collaborations areEssential
MMS regulatory authority
Offshore industry needs to diversify
Infrastructure owned by offshore industry
50 years of offshore experience
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Current Offshore Wind Program Activities
Enabling Research Coupled Codes (Jonkman),
wakes, controls, rotors, drivetrains, reliability Resource Assess ent Offshore mapping,
boundary layer, wind/wave correlations
Environ ental Support (Ram, Energetics)
LWST II Subcontractso GE System Development - $27M/ $8M DOE
o GE Ultralong blade- component (canceled)
o Concept Marine Associates, MIT, AWS Truewind
Offshore Wind Collaborative (OWC) Testing Support and Facilities (Si s)
TVP (Turbine Verification Project) Arklow Banks
SeaCon (Sea-Based Concept) Studies
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Win
d
x
y
1:Surge
2:Sway
3:
Heave
4:Roll
5:Pitch
6:Yaw
z
Wav
es
Barge TLP
Spar
Mooring
System
Ballast
HydrostaticRestoring
Waterplane
Moment
Waterplane
Moment
LWST Phase 2 Concept Studies $200K each
AWS Truewind MIT CMADevelopment of Atmospheric
Profiling and Modeling Techniques
To Evaluate the Design and
Operating Environment of Offshore
Wind Turbines..
Semi-Submersible
Platform and Anchor
Foundation Systems
for Wind Turbine
Support
Offshore Floating Wind
Turbine Concepts: Fully
Coupled Dynamic Response
Simulations
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Funding $27M+
$8M DOE Funding
Awarded February 2006
4Phases I - Planning and Preli inary Design
II- Detailed and Final Design
III- Prototype Fabrication
IV- Prototype Installation and Testing
First Turbine Opti ized for Offshore Operation
GE Global ResearchLWST System Development Subcontract
Multi-megawatt Offshore System Development
Baseline Turbine GE 3.6Arklow Banks
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Offshore Wind Cost ElementsOffshore turbine 33% of the life cycle cost vs. 59% onshore
Electrical
Infrastructure
15%
Oper ation and
Maintenance
25%
Support
Structure
24%
Engineering
and
Management
3%
Turbine
33%
derived from NREL cost model and CA-OWEE report 2001
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SeaCon Phases Phase 1 Baseline para etric studies-FY06
Phase
2 Co ponent Scaling FY
07
Phase 3 Syste Opti ization and Scaling FY08
0
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Water epth ( eters)
Su
structureCost
MonopilesGravity Foundations
Tripods, Jackets, Trusses
Floating Structures
Shallow WaterTechnology
TransitionalTechnology
DeepWaterTechnology
Phase 1 Example: What foundations work best at various depths?
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eep a er n ur neDevelopment
Offshore Wind TechnologyDevelopment
90.1 GW >500 GW183.2 GW
DOE Goal:
30 to 60-m Class 6 winds
5 cents/kWh by 2016
DOE Goal:
0 to 30-m Class 6 winds
5 cents/kWh by 2014
Shallow Transitional Deep
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Transitional Depth Foundations30-m to 60-m Depths
TripodTube
Steel
Guyed
Tube
Spaceframe,Jacket, or
Truss
TalismanEnergyConcept
Suction
Bucket
183.2 GW potential
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Floating Foundations>60-m Depths
Dutch
tri-floater
Barge Spar Mono-hullTLP
ConceptMarine
AssociatesConcreteTLP
SWAY
>500 GW potential
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Offshore Component Costs are LowRelative to Total Project
BOS
66%
Blades4%
Other Rotor
2% Drive trai
Nacelle
18%
Marinization
4%
Tower5%
Controls
1%
All of the energy
Cost of Energy
Can we afford more expensive rotors?
Most of the loads
4% of the cost
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Summary Near term US offshore projects needed
Environmental, regulatory, and public perceptions
are drivers in US.
Significant R&D is necessary to lower costs
Offshore O&G industry experience and collaborationsare essential
Three technology pathways identified
Shallow water pathway has begun
Wind can potentially supply
20% of electric energy in United States