Community Water
Quality Monitoring
Programme in
Malaysia
WEPA International Forum
Water Environmental Governance in Asia
14-15 March 2007 Bangkok
Dr Kalithasan Kailasam
IRBM Programme
Structure
• Introduction
• River Basin
• River Pollution
• River Monitoring Programme
• Community Water Quality Programme
• Case Study – Sungai Pencala
• Challenges
Introduction
• Water is the basic element of life • The usage for water increases as population grows
until the demand sometimes overshoots the supply or availability
• Every watershed is affected by what takes place on the land.
• Rivers reflect the health of the surrounding land• Therefore acquiring knowledge on the ecosystem,
especially river basins will ensure efficient and effective management of rivers and water
Irrigation Scheme
Upper Course of River
Man-made Lake(Reservoir)
Middle Course of River
Lowland River
MangrovesCoral Reef Drop Off
Mudflats
River BasinHead Water
(spring)
River mouth (Delta & Estuary)
SEA/OCEAN
Why are river basins important?• We live, play, and raise our children in river basins. • Our drinking water comes from river basins. • Our river basins provide resources for the economy, recreation,
and wildlife. • Everything that we do on the land is within a river basin.• Protecting our river basins means clean water in our streams.
• A geographic area defined by the flow and movement of surface water.
• All water flows to the same water body (stream, lake) due to elevation and contours of the land.
• Water flow sets the boundaries of a river basin.
What is a river basin?
Rivers in Malaysia
• Malaysia is blessed with abundant rainfall – about 2,000-5,000 mm/year
• This is the source of life to our 189 river systems -150 are major river systems, (Peninsular Malaysia – 100 and Sabah and Sarawak – 50).
• These river systems consist of 1800 major rivers with a total length of 38,000km.
• 30 water reservoirs
• Rivers are important as they support:– Life forms; Economic development; Social and cultural
needs; Religious beliefs; Natural environment
The functions and benefits of rivers in Malaysia
Rivers provide water for:
• Drinking and therefore life
• Agriculture- the rice, fruit and vegetables we eat
• Industry- the car and computers we use
• Domestic use- washing and bathing
Other services:
• Breeding areas for fish, birds and mammals
• Home to many different plants or animals & microorganisms.
• The main mode of transport for some local communities
• Recreational areas for boating, rafting, picnics, swimming and fishing
• Hydropower
Significant increase in demand for water for diverse purposes in the last 50 years :
Current status of water/rivers in Malaysia
Water Demand
• demand is growing at 4% annually
• projected to reach 20 billion m3 by the year 2020.
• rivers form 97% of our fresh water resource
What is the current status of rivers in Malaysia?
River Basin 2002 2003 2004
59 58
53
9
52
9
Clean 63 (53%)
Slightly Polluted 43 (36%)
Very Polluted 14 (12%)
2. Malaysian Water Quality on the Basis of River Basins
*WATER FOR PEOPLE, WATER FOR LIFE – THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD WATER DEVELOPMENT REPORT by UNESCO-WWAP 2003
1. Malaysian Water quality indicator values *.
Indicator Value Country Rank-0.3 Malaysia 87
Business (Industry or Factories) Agriculture
Source of Pollution
Pesticide & Fertilizers
Industrial waste
Sedimentation / siltation
Commercial waste
Solid waste
Organic waste•Human sewage,•Animal waste,•food waste-restaurant•food stall•Car workshop / wash•Oil
HOMES
WATER POLLUTION
UNTREATED INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
SiltationSewage
Organic Food Waste
Solid Waste
Pollution Effect & Impact
• bioavailability of portable water– Water Supply
• Flooding– Due to volume of water & retention time
• Ecology – (aquatic life forms )habitat – food supply, breeding site destroyed
• Economy – food production, productivity, cost of production & processing, export market (green consumerism)
• Social – natural behaviors, community livelihoods, our youth’s discipline and crime problems
• Health – wellness of people, human’s productivity,
• Aquatic animal – fish population
The Bottom Line• Pollution affects every living thing
• You can make a difference
If the cause is
HUMAN
then the solution is
HUMAN too
River Management
Cooperation between the government , private sector and community is the key to successful river management
Government
CommunityPrivate Sectors
• Major group of stakeholder
• Who constitutes communities?– all
• Can play a key role in: – pollution prevention– polluter monitoring – water quality monitoring
River Monitoring Programme
Goal• Ultimate goal of river monitoring is to sustain or
improve the health of its ecosystem for the use of inhabitants of the earth
Purpose• Survey streams and water sources to assess its physical
condition.• Identify areas where water quality degradation exist
and investigate its causes and sources.• Provide a comprehensive database to analyze trends in
water quality.• Indicate areas where water quality needs improvement
and how this can be achieved
Awareness Knowledge Skill
Exhibition, posters, Talk, workshop, seminar
Book, CD,website, newsletter
Training, Demonstration
Pollution PreventionPolluter MonitoringWater Quality
HOW?
Monitoring
• To educate the public (local community & school students) on rivers and river basin management
• Become the eyes & ears of rivers
• practice “Health Assessment of Streams/Rivers”
• Monitoring programme
– River, Water & Drainage mapping,
– River report card
– Water quality testing
– Biomonitoring
Step 1 Identifying 20 people/students as River Ranger core members
Step 2 Formation of RR club and Working committeeStep 3 Training RR members
Step 4 Carry out planned activities inclusive of monthly Water Quality monitoring
Step 5 Data collection & management and upload data in website www.gecnet.info or www.sungaipencala.info
Step 6 Report generation
Step 7 Report and finding submission
River Ranger Monitoring Programme
River Plotting/Mapping
October 2004
Drainage marking
ExhibitionEnvironmental Talk
Teachers Training – RR Web development
Field Training - skill
School students
School students
community
Special children
Media
Water monitoring
1. Environment Camp 2. Environment Education Handbook
A Resource Book for Teachers;A Student Activity Book
3. SMART Ranger4. River Watch
Health Assessment
• To determine the age or level of enrichment of a river/lake, and the degree to which it has been affected by development/pollution
• By checking and caring for the health of your river
• By learning to read the language of the rivers.
• periodically sampling for measuring trends and changes.
• Generally there are 3 ways to check the river condition:
– Physical/Visual Observation,
– Chemical Monitoring and
– Biological Monitoring
RIVER REPORT CARD
Physical observations
• Assess the overall health of our river using our 5 senses
• Hydrology, Ecology & Visual observations
•Turbidity / color of river •Smell
•Erosion •Drainage
•Rubbish •General land use
•Aquatic organism (fish, prawns) •River vegetation (wetland..)
•Stream’s origin & type •Width, depth, water flow
Chemical Monitoring
• Use tests to evaluate and determine the quality of water sampled
• is one of the most accurate and reliable testing methods.
• It is extremely useful for determining sources of pollution, as well as determining specific pollutants.
• temperature, DO, pH, turbidity, nutrients, TSS, COD & fecal coliform bacteria
• They are easy to measure and require relatively inexpensiveequipment.
• River water quality is identified based on the presence of living organisms in that area.
• Two frequent groups of living organisms used:
• fish (vertebrata)
• invertebrate
Biological observations
Biomonitoring
☺
Sign Indicator Water Quality
☺ Very sensitive Excellent
Sensitive Good
Moderate OK
Tolerance Poor
Non-indicator animals None
CASE STUDY
Sungai Pencala Rehabilitation Programme
Sungai Pencala
Sg Klang
K U A L A L U M P U R
P E T A L I N G J A Y A
S U B A N G J A Y A
P U C H O N G
Sg Pencala
Peta Sungai Pencala
• Catchment area : 28 km2 with 31.4 km of trunk drains
• 12 km long urban river
• Two state :
– Federal Territory (23%)
– Selangor (77%)
• 70% of river basin has been developed and has been concrete-lined
• Water Quality : Class IV-V
Sg Pencala River Basin
Project Objectives• Establish partnership with the government, community
and private sector for clean up and management of river
• Reduce pollution by people and industry
• Clean up river and rehabilitation of selected sections
Project TargetsProject management group Rubbish free river
Education programmes Improve access to river
Protection of the river corridor
Construction of River Path
Watershed management plan Ecological restoration
Constant visit to the river Improve water quality
Problem
• Solid waste/Domestic waste/Illegal rubbish dumping
• Siltation/Sedimentation/Erosion
• Sewage partially treated sewage effluent
• Industrial waste
• Food/Kitchen Waste
• Channelisation
Full Board
Committees
President
Secretary
DepartmentsDept. of Development
PlanningUNIT of LA 21 PJ
LA 21 Committee
Unit plays the role as catalyst, facilitator and coordinator
Existing Implementing LA21
LA 21 Working Com. Working Groups
Implementation Mechanism
Communities
Private
NGO
Agencies
Media
Academia
Pilotproject
Kelana Jaya & Pencala River Rehabilitation Programme
SK 1- R
SK 2- R
SK 3- RSK 4- L
SK 5- LSK 6- RSK 8- L
SK 7- RSK 9- R
SK 10- LSK 11- L SK 12- L
SK 13- L
SK 14- L
SK 15- LSK 16- L
SK 17- LSK 18- L
SK 18- R
SK 19- R
SK 20- L SK 21- L
SK 22- LSK 22- R –Johnson Suisse
SK 23- R
SK 24- LSK 25- L
SK 26- R
SK 27- R
SK 28- L
PETUNJUK
SK-L Salur Keluar KiriSK-R Salur Keluar KananKS Kawasan SetingganPS Perangkap SampahKL Kawasan Lanskap
Bil Kawasan Punca Pencemaran
1. SK1-R KAWASAN PERUMAHAN & PEMBANGUNAN
2. SK2-R3. SK3-R4. SK4-L5. SK5-L6. SK6-R7. SK7-R8. SK8- L KAWASAN PERINDUSTRIAN
9. SK9-R
10. SK10-L11. SK11-L12. SK12-L13. SK13-L14. SK14-L15. SK15-L16. SK16-L17. SK17-L18. SK18-L19. SK18-R20. SK19-R21. SK20-L22. SK21-L23. SK22-L24. SK22-R25. SK23-R26. SK24-L27. SK25-L28. SK26-R29. SK27-R30. SK28-R31. SK28-L32. SK29-L33. SK30-R34. SK31-R35. SK32-R36. SK33-R37. SK34-L38. SK35-R39. SK36-R40. SK37-L41. SK38-R42. SK39-R KAWASAN PERINDUSTRIAN
43. SK39-L44. SK40-L KAWASAN PERUMAHAN 45. SK41-L46. SK42-L47. SK42-R48. SK43-R49. SK44-R50. SK45-R51. SK46-L52. SK47-R 53. SK48-R54. SK49-L KAWASAN PERUMAHAN 55. SK50-R KAWASAN PERINDUSTRIAN56. SK50-L57. SK51-L58. SK52-L59. SK52-R60. SK53-L61. SK54-L62. SK55-L63. SK56-L64. SK57-L65. SK58-L66. SK58-R67. SK59-L68. SK59-R69. SK60-L70. SK60-R 71. SK61-L KAWASAN PERINDUSTRIAN72. SK62-L KAWASAN PERUMAHAN DAN SETINGGAN73. SK63-L74. SK63-R75. SK64-L76. SK65-L77. SK66-L78. SK66-R79. SK67-L80. SK67-R81. SK68-L82. SK69-L83. SK70-R84. SK71-L85. SK72-L 86. SK73-L87. SK73-R89. SK74-L90. SK74-R91. SK75-R92. SK76-L93. SK77-R94. SK78-L95. SK79-L96. SK79-R97. SK80-L98. SK81-L99. SK82-R100. SK82-L101. SK83-L102. SK84-R103. SK85-R104. SK86-R105. SK87-R106. SK88-R107. SK89-R108. SK90-R109. SK91-L KAWASAN PEMBANGUNAN
SK 29- L
SK 28- RSK 30- R
SK 31- RSK 32- R
SK 33- RSK 34- L
Sampah Sarap di Kg Damansara Dalam
Sampah Sarap di Kg Damansara Dalam
SK–37L - Amway
SK2-R – Kg Penaga
SK 35- R
SK 36- R
SK 38- R
SK 39- L
SK 39- RSK 40- L
SK 41- LSK 42- R
SK 42- LSK 43- R
SK 44- R
SK 45- R
SK 49- L
SK 46- L
SK 47- R
SK 48- RSK 50- LSK 50- R
SK 51- LSK 52- RSK 52- L
SK 59- LSK 58- L
SK 57- LSK 56- LSK 55- LSK 54- L
SK 53- LSK 59- R
SK 58- R
SK 60- R
SK 60- LSK 63 - RSK 61 - L
SK 62- LSK 63- LSK 64- LSK 65- LSK 66- L
SK 67- LSK 68- L
SK 69- L
SK 66 - R
SK 67 - R
SK 68 - R
SK 70 - R
SK 71 - L
SK 72 - LSK 73- L
SK 74 - LSK 76 - L
SK 79 - LSK 78 - L
SK 80 - LSK 81 - L
SK 82 - LSK 83 - L
SK 73- RSK 74- R
SK 75- R
SK 77- RSK 79- R SK 81- R
SK 82- RSK 84- R
SK 85- RSK 86- R
SK 87- RSK 88- R
SK 91 - L
SK 89- RSK 89- R
Pollution Mapping
3
8
107
6
5
2
9
12
14
13
1
4
Sungai Pencala Water Sampling Sites
11
W1 : Stream upon Bukit Kiara W2 : After KLGCC before Rimba Kiara W3 : Behind TTDI market W4 : After the bridge Caltex petrol station
W5 : A long Section 19 W6 : Near GEC’s office W7 : Bridge behind BAT W8 : NAZA showroom
W9 : Tributary from Taman Aman W10 : Tributary from Taman Jaya W11 : Tributary from JlnTempler/Tandang
W12 : Tributary from Sg Way (guinnes)
W13: After the Federal Highway (AVON) W14 : Kg Medan (Sg Klang)
Biological Monitoring Water Quality Testing
Construction of wetland cell to treat sewage effluent
Local actions
RA Sect 19
FMM Selangor & MBPJ
Friends of TamanAman
Friends of BukitGasing
Friends of Bukit
Kiara
Bukit KiaraLong House
RA
Kg Medan/ATHMA
DID Wilayah;
DBKL;
YAWA
DID Selangor
DID Petaling
MBPJ;
LOVE from China
OUR VISION
• We envisage to have clean and living rivers again
• River banks are covered with native vegetation and are home to many native animals.
• People live harmoniously with rivers
• The river will again be an attractive place and enjoyed by the public
• Sustainable irrigation and agriculture practices that benefits all including the environment
Challenges
• Effective and analytical monitoring of environmental indicators
• How their results can help or support government agencies efforts to protect the environment
• Funding
healthier environment; better economy;
more cohesive society