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COMMON ERRORS IN SPOKEN ENGLISH
OBJECTIVE
By the end of this course participants will be more aware of Englishpronunciation, articulation, intonation and the rhythm patterns ofEnglish.
Content:
Phonetics
Word Stress
Common errors in spoken English
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Task 1
Look at the pair of words below. Say them loudly. Can you hear the difference?
Vowel
1. chip - /p/ cheap - /i:p/2. bed - /bed/ bad - /bd/3. pot - /pt/ port - /p:(r)t/4. full - /fl/ fool - /fu:l/
Consonants
Say the words loudly. Which do you find difficult?
1. pin - /pn/ bin - /bn/
2. cap - /kp/ cab - /kb/
3. train - /tren/ drain - /dren/
4. coat - /kt/ goat - /gt/
5. back - /bk/ bag - /bg/
6. price - /pras/ prize - /praz/
7. sell - /sel/ shell - /el/
8. lease - /li:s/ leash - /li:/
9. treasure- /tre(r)/ casual - /kl/
10. sheep - /i:p/ cheap - /i:p/
11. cash - /k/ catch - /k/
12. fail - /fel/ veil - /vel/
13. leaf - /li:f/ leave - /li:v/
14. vest - /vest/ west - /west/
15. ear - /(r)/ hear - /h(r)/
16. tin - /tn/ thin - / n/
17. tank - /tk/ thank - /k/
18. sheet - /i:t/ sheath - /i:/
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19. taught - /t:t/ thought - /:t/
20. breeze - /bri:z/ breathe - /bri:/
21. close - /kls/ clothe - /kl/
22. size - /saz/ scythe - /sa/23. day - /de/ they - /e/
24 doze /dz/ those - /z/
Words Commonly Mispronounced
Look at the following pairs of words. Say them aloud. Can you hear thedifference between them?
A. Vowels
1. Sheep ship 7. bean bin
2. bread Brad 8. said sad
3. cup carp 9. hut heart
4. cot caught 10. spots sports
5. pull pool 11. fool full
6. walker worker 12. what ward
B. Diphthongs
1. tell tail 9. pepper paper
2. heart height 10. red raid
3. all oil 11. ball boil
4. brew brow 12. grass grouse
5. fern phone 13. work woke
6. caught coat 14. bought boat
7. bead beard 15. pea pier
8. tear tear 16. hear hair
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Key to Phonetic Symbols
Vowels and diphthongs
1. i: as in see /si: /2. as in sit /st/3. e as in ten /ten/4. as in hat /ht/5. : as in :rm /:m/6. as in got /gt/7. : as in saw /s:/8. as in put /pt/9. u: as in too /tu:/10. as in cup /cp/
11. : as in fur /f:r/12. as in ago /g/13. e as in page /pe/14. as in home /hm/15. a as in five /fav/16. a as in now /na/17. as in join /jn/18. as in near /nr/19. e as in hair /he(r)/20. as in pure /pj(r)/
Consonants
1. p as in pen /pen/2. b as in bad /bd/3. t as in tea /ti:/4. d as in did /dd/5. k as in cat /kt/6. g as in got /gt/7. as in chin /n/8. as in June /u:n/9. f as in fall /f:l/10. v as in voice /vs/11. as in thin /n/12. as in then /en/
13. s as in so /s/14. z as in zoo /zu:/15. as in she /i:/16. as in vision /vn/17. h as in how /ha/18. m as in man /mn/19. n as in no /n/20. as in sing /s/21. l as in leg /leg/22. r as in red /red/23. j as in yes /jes/24. w as in wet /wet/
/'/ represents primary stress as in about /'bat //,/ represents secondary stress as in /,kdemk/(r) An r in parentheses is heard in British pronunciation when it is
immediately followed by a vowel-sound.Otherwise it is omitted. In American pronunciation an r of the phoneticspelling or of the ordinary spelling is omitted.
/-/ Hyphens preceding and/or following parts of a repeated transcriptionindicate that only the repeated part changes
A full explanation of the phonetic information is given in Using the Dictionarysection in the OALD.
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Phonetics: Task 2
a. List the words below according to the sounds.
bean bit pack bin bet bad Puck Ben bat bud
park ban but bard bun Bart beat bid peck beadbarn pick peak
1 2 3 4 5 6
/i:/ // /e/ // // /:/
b. List the words below according to the sounds.
Polly fall could wooed Paul full cooed word Pearl poolcord furl cod fool ward would folly curd what pull
1 2 3 4 5
// /: / // /u: / /: /
c. List the words below according to the sounds.
isle point bay phone loud Ow! rice ale found aboutoil Oh! pint paint Royce load now buy no boyrace a boat
1 2 3 4 5
/e/ /a/ // /a/ //
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Task 3
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Task 4
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Task 5
Phonetic sound differentiation
1 2 3
4 5
6 7
8
9
Across
2 (4)
4 (4)5 (3)
6 (6)
8 (6)
9 (5)
Down
1 (3)
2 (4)
3 (6)
5 (4)
7 (4)
8 (5)
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Task 6
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Task 7
Words that look alike are not always pronounced in the same way. Which ofthese pairs of words rhyme?
1. cough - rough 6. dough - though
2. bough - tough 7. fought - thought
3. pint - mint 8. great - meat
4. pear - dear 9. fear - hear
5. thief - chief 10. achieve - sieve
Look in the dictionary to see if you are right.
Task 8
Match the words with the phonetic symbols.
a. hum i. /ht/
b. ham ii. /hp/
c. hen iii. /ht/
d. high iv. /hen/
e. hot v. /ha/
f. hat vi. /hm/g. hope vii. /h/
h. here viii. /hm/
Task 9
A. Walk or Work /:/ or /:/
Decide which sounds is in each word
WalkTurkeyTalkingPaulShirtsBirdBurnSportsWorm
WorkWoreShirleyPearlShortsPortWorst
AwfulWarm
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B. The Carp and the Worm /:/ or /:/
Heart
HurtMarchBernieParkDirtyBarGuitarFur
Perth
PathSardineSurgeonSurnameDarkBurstMurkyScarf
C. Consonants: /l/ or /r/
Look at the following pairs of words. Say them aloud. Can you hear thedifference between them?
Limb
Lot
Spool
Light
Free
Rim
Rot
Spoor
Right
Flee
Berry
Jelly
Raw
Bowling
climb
Belly
Jerry
Law
Boring
Crime
Task 10
Transcribe the following passage.
:strelns prnans s:n sands dfrntl frm iglppl. hrz
st:r ws. n glshmn n :strel wz tkn tu: hsptl
nkns ftr mt ksdnt. h hd knkn, bt wz nt
waz srsl h:t. nekst de h rkved knsns, nd wz
r: fra:tnd bat hs kndn. s wen n:s kem n h :skt,
hv a bn br:t h tde? sed, jestda.
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Task 11: COMMON ERRORS
Transcribe the following words.
Pronunciation Spelling Pronunciation Spelling1 bfe 21 : (r)
2 bke 22 bekn
3 bri: 23 br
4 24 n (r)
5 dedketd 25 h:mn
6 rend 26 kenl
7 p:ps 27 mr
8 bl 28 ld
9 emprs 29 k: (r)
10 elu:m 30 w:we
11 pi:ts 31 prnans
12 f: 32 fntk
13 ri: 33 fntk
14 kli:g 34 ntr:15 test 35 rezvw: (r)
16 tel 36 vin
17 pep 37 mljne(r)
18 pras 38 brs (r)
19 lez 39 mal
20 prnnsen 40 gzekjtv
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Task 12
Below are some commonly mispronounced words. Transcribe them.
Pronunciation Spelling Pronunciation Spelling
1 mplmnt 21 inf smnt
2 k n 22 m tndaz
3 dist t 23 regjltr
4 hetri nis 24 knsstnt
5 dvelpmnt 25 dmestk
6kmplans
26ndstri
7 kli g 27 kspens
8 dav st 28 ntrprn (r)
9 si z 29 prtekn
10 nf s 30 prsi(r)
11 prft 31 ktgr
12 mrkt 32 v stal
13 fknlt 33 prdju s
14 mnfesten 34 edju l
15 rek d 35 pras
16 pars 36 mpkt
17 sens(r) 37 flktuen
18 red 38 mten
19 enttenmnt 39 entk
20 kspensv 40 smnz
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Task 13
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Tongue Twisters
1. Betty bought a bit of butter that Betty bought was bitter. To make the
bitter butter better Betty bought a bit of better butter.
2. How many cookies could a good cook cooks if a good cook could cookcookies? A good cook could cook as much cookies as a good cook whocould cook cookies.
3. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper a peck of pickled pepper waspicked by Peter Piper.
4. Mr KnoxKeeps his socks
In a pale pink chocolate boxTheyre orange socksWith spots
And clocks
5. She sells seashells by the seashoreThe shells she sells are surely seashellsSo, if she sells shells on the seashoreIm sure she sells seashore shells
6. Through three cheese trees three free fleas flewWhile these fleas flew, freezy breeze blewFreezy breeze made these three trees freezeFreezy trees made these treess cheese freezeThats what made these three free fleas sneeze
7. I thought a thoughtBut the thought I thought wasnt the thoughtI thought I thought
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SUMMARY: WORD STRESS RULES
l. Stress on first syllableMost 2 syllable nouns and adjectives have stress on the first syllable:
e.g. BUTter PRETty
2. Stress on last syllableMost 2 syllable verbs have stress on the last syllable
e.g. beGIN proDUCE
3. Stress on penultimate syllable (2nd.last)
Words ending in 'ic':e.g. STAtic realistic
Words ending in 'sion' and 'tion':e.g. teleVIsion soLUtion
4. Stress on anti-penultimate syllable (third from the end)
Words ending in 'cy' 'ty' 'phy' 'gy'e.g. deMOcracy reliaBIlity
Words ending in 'al':e.g. CRitical ecoNOmical
5. Polysyllabic words (words with many syllables)
These usually have more than one stress, i.e. a 'primary' and 'secondary'stress:
e.g. interNAtional antibiOticOften they contain a prefix which has a secondary stress.
6. Compound words (words with 2 parts)
If the compound is a noun, stress the first part:e.g. GREENhouse BLACKbird
If the compound is an adjective, stress the second part.e.g. bad-TEMpered old-FASHioned
If the compound is a verb, stress the second part.e.g. underSTAND overLOOK
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WORD STRESS
Task 14
Read the rules for Word Stress. Work in a group. Look at the following words.Identify the stressed syllable, come up with a rule and practise saying the wordswith the correct stress placement.
ramification biology geography recognition
photography conflict prodigal career
electricity psychic cooperation relativity
psychotic present sociology record
characteristic radiology democracy ecology
philosophy recrimination society rarity
atmosphere appreciation illegal bureaucracy
determination negotiation uniformity scientific
similarity sympathetic calendar facilitator
colleague computer government development
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Task 15
Words often have a different stress pattern when they have a differentgrammatical function. Therefore the pattern is a grammatical signal for thelistener. Listen and practise these words.
Verb Noun
inFORM inforMAtion
SPEcialise specialiSAtion
exPORT Export
Now complete the columns below and underline the most stressed syllable.
Verb Noun
present ....................
examine ....................
.................. production
reduce ...................
................ record
insult ...................
Noun Adjective
history .................
................. secretarial
analysis ....................
................. political
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Task 16
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Task 17
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Task 18
Common wrongly stressed words. Complete the table.
Wrong Way Right way
1. rmtik
2. knddets
3. k:mt
4. kmpettz
5. emens
6. eksmnen
7. ntvl
8. reprsentetv
9. sps
10.lstren
11. mstret
12.klend
13.permi:t
14.klk
15. skses
16. sembl
17. devlpmnt
18. lms
19. nl
20.mne