Post WWII EuropePost WWII Europe

• 1945 - war ends1945 - war ends• Alliance unravelsAlliance unravels• Soviet Union expands into Eastern Soviet Union expands into Eastern EuropeEurope

• Elections in Hungary and PolandElections in Hungary and Poland• Satellite nationsSatellite nations

• Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria Romania, Bulgaria

• Threatened by Western powers, Threatened by Western powers, Soviet Union wanted a “buffer” on Soviet Union wanted a “buffer” on its western borderits western border

• Forced Eastern European Forced Eastern European countries to remain as alliescountries to remain as allies

Differences in MotiveDifferences in Motive

Soviets protecting from Soviets protecting from future attack or just future attack or just empire-building? empire-building?

West sees it as the Soviet West sees it as the Soviet Union trying to take over Union trying to take over all of Europeall of Europe

The Iron CurtainThe Iron Curtain

Split between Western Europe and Split between Western Europe and Eastern Europe following WWIIEastern Europe following WWII

1946 Winston Churchill speech in Fulton, Missouri

Warns of the influence of the Warns of the influence of the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Very unpopular at the timeVery unpopular at the time Ends up being one of the most Ends up being one of the most

famous speeches of the centuryfamous speeches of the century ““Iron Curtain” would be used to Iron Curtain” would be used to

describe Soviet policy in Europe describe Soviet policy in Europe from 1945-1989from 1945-1989

ContainmentContainment

Truman’s answer was containmentTruman’s answer was containment To prevent the further spread of To prevent the further spread of

communismcommunism Brainchild of George Kennan who Brainchild of George Kennan who

will be known as “the father of will be known as “the father of containment”containment”

Many thought this was too soft Many thought this was too soft Columnist Walter Lippmann coins Columnist Walter Lippmann coins

the term “Cold War” at this timethe term “Cold War” at this time

The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine Containment began in Containment began in

Europe in Greece and Europe in Greece and TurkeyTurkey

1947 – Great Britain tells 1947 – Great Britain tells the U.S it can’t afford to the U.S it can’t afford to keep troops in Greece or keep troops in Greece or aid Turkeyaid Turkey

These are hot areas for These are hot areas for communist takeoverscommunist takeovers

Truman felt the U.S. must Truman felt the U.S. must act by providing military act by providing military and economic aid to Greece and economic aid to Greece and Turkeyand Turkey

Passed by Congress, known Passed by Congress, known as the Truman Doctrineas the Truman Doctrine

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan 1948-1952 economic aid to Europe1948-1952 economic aid to Europe

Secretary of State George Marshall Postwar Europe still in shamblesPostwar Europe still in shambles Shortages of food, fuel, and raw Shortages of food, fuel, and raw

materialsmaterials U.S. feared troubles in France, Italy, U.S. feared troubles in France, Italy,

and other European countries could and other European countries could lead to communist takeoverslead to communist takeovers

Also feared a poor European economy Also feared a poor European economy would soon affect U.S. marketswould soon affect U.S. markets

U.S. offers money, supplies, and U.S. offers money, supplies, and machinery to every nation in Europemachinery to every nation in Europe

Western Europe welcomes itWestern Europe welcomes it Eastern Europe/Soviet Union turn it Eastern Europe/Soviet Union turn it

downdown Many tariffs and trade laws are Many tariffs and trade laws are

dropped throughout Western Europedropped throughout Western Europe U.S. gives $13 billion in relief during U.S. gives $13 billion in relief during

this timethis time Comparable to approximately $121 billion Comparable to approximately $121 billion

today.today.

The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift Germany is split into 4 sections Germany is split into 4 sections

following WWIIfollowing WWII U.S., Great Britain, France, Soviet U.S., Great Britain, France, Soviet

UnionUnion Berlin was also split up into 4 sectionsBerlin was also split up into 4 sections

In 1948 the Western powers announce In 1948 the Western powers announce that their 3 sections will form an that their 3 sections will form an independent, democratic nationindependent, democratic nation

Angers the Soviet Union, so they close Angers the Soviet Union, so they close off all traffic from West Germany into off all traffic from West Germany into Berlin, hoping to take full control of Berlin, hoping to take full control of BerlinBerlin

One of the first major crises of the Cold One of the first major crises of the Cold WarWar

U.S. doesn’t want war, so they don’t U.S. doesn’t want war, so they don’t send troops to Berlinsend troops to Berlin

Instead the U.S. and Britain provide a Instead the U.S. and Britain provide a massive airlift to Berlin’s 2 million massive airlift to Berlin’s 2 million peoplepeople

Food, medicine, clothing, raw Food, medicine, clothing, raw materials, coal materials, coal

Soviet Union calls off the blockade after 11 months

NATONATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization

Formed in 1949Formed in 1949 General Dwight D. Eisenhower was General Dwight D. Eisenhower was

commander of NATO’s forcescommander of NATO’s forces Western European countries coming together Western European countries coming together

for military protectionfor military protection Alliance between U.S., Great Britain, Canada, Alliance between U.S., Great Britain, Canada,

Belgium, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, France, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, West GermanyPortugal, Greece, Turkey, West Germany

““an armed attack against one or more of them an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against all of them.”an attack against all of them.”

Leads to the Soviet Union and its satellite Leads to the Soviet Union and its satellite nations forming the Warsaw Pactnations forming the Warsaw Pact

1949 – Soviet Union develops an atomic 1949 – Soviet Union develops an atomic bombbomb

1952 – U.S. develops a hydrogen bomb1952 – U.S. develops a hydrogen bomb 1955 – Soviet Union develops a hydrogen 1955 – Soviet Union develops a hydrogen

bombbomb Arms race between the two sides is fully Arms race between the two sides is fully

under wayunder way

The Korean WarThe Korean War 1950-531950-53 Following Japanese surrender the Following Japanese surrender the

Soviet Union had troops in Korea Soviet Union had troops in Korea north of the 38north of the 38thth parallel and the U.S. parallel and the U.S. had troops south of the 38had troops south of the 38thth parallel parallel

Soviets set up a communist Soviets set up a communist government and shut off North Korea government and shut off North Korea from the outside worldfrom the outside world

U.S. supports Syngman Rhee in the U.S. supports Syngman Rhee in the south,south,

In 1948 the U.N. recognizes the South In 1948 the U.N. recognizes the South Korean Republic as the government of Korean Republic as the government of all of Koreaall of Korea

1949 – U.S. withdraws most troops 1949 – U.S. withdraws most troops from South Koreafrom South Korea

1950 – North Korea invades South 1950 – North Korea invades South KoreaKorea

U.N. orders North Korea to withdrawU.N. orders North Korea to withdraw Truman appoints MacArthur to Truman appoints MacArthur to

command all U.N. troopscommand all U.N. troops Truman sends U.S. military to Korea Truman sends U.S. military to Korea

without asking Congress to declare without asking Congress to declare warwar

The Korean WarThe Korean War Summer 1950 – North Korea Summer 1950 – North Korea

pushes all the way to Pusanpushes all the way to Pusan Fall 1950 – MacArthur leads Fall 1950 – MacArthur leads

surprise landing at the port of surprise landing at the port of InchonInchon

November 1950 – U.N. troops get November 1950 – U.N. troops get all the way to the Yalu Riverall the way to the Yalu River

200,000 Chinese troops cross 200,000 Chinese troops cross border and push MacArthur backborder and push MacArthur back

MacArthur FiredMacArthur Fired MacArthur wants U.S. to bomb MacArthur wants U.S. to bomb

China and help Chiang Kai-shek China and help Chiang Kai-shek invade Chinainvade China

Truman doesn’t want a war with Truman doesn’t want a war with ChinaChina

April 1951 – a letter is released in April 1951 – a letter is released in which MacArthur criticizes which MacArthur criticizes Truman’s decisionsTruman’s decisions

Truman feels he has no choice but Truman feels he has no choice but to remove MacArthur from his postto remove MacArthur from his post

Incredibly unpopular move with Incredibly unpopular move with American citizensAmerican citizens

MacArthur is a war hero and one of MacArthur is a war hero and one of the most popular men in Americathe most popular men in America

Republicans wanted MacArthur to Republicans wanted MacArthur to run for President in 1952, but he run for President in 1952, but he declines and retiresdeclines and retires

MacArthur addresses the nation

The End of The Korean WarThe End of The Korean War By 1952 no substantial gains had By 1952 no substantial gains had

been made in Koreabeen made in Korea Presidential candidate Dwight Presidential candidate Dwight

Eisenhower promised to “go to Eisenhower promised to “go to Korea” and resolve the issueKorea” and resolve the issue

1953 – cease-fire is declared1953 – cease-fire is declared Korea left divided at the 38Korea left divided at the 38thth

parallelparallel 2.5 mile DMZ “buffer zone” created 2.5 mile DMZ “buffer zone” created

More than 3 million total casualtiesMore than 3 million total casualties 54,000 U.S. troops killed54,000 U.S. troops killed Lasting effectsLasting effects

Proxy warProxy war China left protected with a “buffer” China left protected with a “buffer”

statestate China and Soviet Union become China and Soviet Union become

close alliesclose allies May 2009 – North Korea withdraws May 2009 – North Korea withdraws

from the armisticefrom the armistice

The Cold War in AmericaThe Cold War in America 1945 – fear of a depression with the 1945 – fear of a depression with the

war overwar over American jobs actually increasedAmerican jobs actually increased

Farm income high – feeding the Farm income high – feeding the whole worldwhole world

Rationing during war led to Rationing during war led to Americans saving $30 billionAmericans saving $30 billion

$6 billion in wartime tax cuts $6 billion in wartime tax cuts Defense spendingDefense spending

1949 - $15 billion1949 - $15 billion 1953 – $50 billion1953 – $50 billion

Marshall Plan restored markets in Marshall Plan restored markets in Europe for American goodsEurope for American goods

Fear of Communism at HomeFear of Communism at Home

The Cold War and the Korean War The Cold War and the Korean War heighten fear of communism in U.S.heighten fear of communism in U.S.

Communist spy ring sending nuclear Communist spy ring sending nuclear secrets to Soviet Union is secrets to Soviet Union is discovered in Canadadiscovered in Canada

Americans believed this was why the Americans believed this was why the Soviet Union was able to develop the Soviet Union was able to develop the atomic bomb so earlyatomic bomb so early

Fallout – arrest and execution on Fallout – arrest and execution on Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in 1953Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in 1953

First execution of civilians for First execution of civilians for espionage in U.S. historyespionage in U.S. history

Still highly controversialStill highly controversial

Leads to mass suspicion of other Leads to mass suspicion of other communist sympathizers and spies communist sympathizers and spies in the government, universities, the in the government, universities, the press, and Hollywoodpress, and Hollywood

How to spot a communistHow to spot a communist

Loyalty Oaths and SubversivesLoyalty Oaths and Subversives

Following the loss of China to the Following the loss of China to the Communists and the stalemate of Communists and the stalemate of the Korean War, America entered a the Korean War, America entered a 22ndnd Red Scare Red Scare

Critics accused Truman of not doing Critics accused Truman of not doing enough to save Chinaenough to save China

Allegations that his advisers were Allegations that his advisers were CommunistsCommunists

Communist fear led to the Communist fear led to the popularity of loyalty oathspopularity of loyalty oaths

Controversial, but Supreme Court Controversial, but Supreme Court found state loyalty oaths to be found state loyalty oaths to be constitutionalconstitutional

Subversives – individuals attempting Subversives – individuals attempting to overthrow the governmentto overthrow the government

House Committee on Un-American House Committee on Un-American Activities becomes popular, leading Activities becomes popular, leading anti-communist investigations anti-communist investigations throughout the late ’40s and ’50sthroughout the late ’40s and ’50s

McCarthyismMcCarthyism Senator Joe McCarthy of WisconsinSenator Joe McCarthy of Wisconsin

1947-571947-57 McCarthyism – the use of unfounded McCarthyism – the use of unfounded

political accusations to destroy the political accusations to destroy the character of opponentscharacter of opponents

1950 speech – “I have here in my hand 1950 speech – “I have here in my hand a list of 205 names of Communists”a list of 205 names of Communists”

Becomes face of Cold War fear at Becomes face of Cold War fear at homehome

Gains incredible power in early ’50sGains incredible power in early ’50s nobody wants to challenge him for fear nobody wants to challenge him for fear

of being accused of Communist of being accused of Communist sympathiessympathies

Growing hysteria leads to “witch-hunts”Growing hysteria leads to “witch-hunts” 1954 – decline in popularity1954 – decline in popularity

1954 Army-McCarthy Hearings1954 Army-McCarthy Hearings Edward R. Murrow vs. McCarthyEdward R. Murrow vs. McCarthy

McCarthyismMcCarthyism