WELCOME
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
THINKING
Thinking means changing and
reorganizing the information stored in
memory to create new information.
NATURE OF THINKING
It is essentially a cognitive activity.
It is always directed towards achieving some
purpose.
It is described as a problem-solving behaviour.
It is a symbolic activity.
TYPES OF THINKING
Perceptual or Concrete Thinking
It is based on perception.
Perception is the process of interpretation of
sensation according to one’s experience.
It is also called concrete thinking as it is carried
over the perception of actual or concrete & events.
Conceptual or Abstract Thinking
It does not require the perception of actual objects or
events.
It is also called abstract thinking as it makes the use of
concepts or abstract ideas.
It is superior to perceptual thinking's as it economizes
efforts in understanding & helps in discovery & invention
Language plays an important part in conceptual thinking.
Reflective Thinking
• Reflective thinking is thinking about one’s own thinking.
Creative Thinking
This type of thinking, as the name suggests, is associated with one’s ability to create or construct something new, novel, or unusual.
Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined
process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing,
applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating
information gathered from, or generated by,
observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or
communication, as a guide to belief and action.
Non–Directed or Associative Thinking
It is essentially a directed thinking which pertains to
reasoning and problem solving procedures aimed at
meeting specific goals.
However, there are times when we find ourselves
engaged in a unique type of thinking which is non-
directed and without goal .
Conceptual
Reflective
Creative
Critical
Non-Directed
Perceptual
GARRETT
Reasoning is a step- wise
thinking with a purpose or
goal in the mind.
STEPS
Identification of the goal
Search for the various possibilities.
Selection of the most appropriate possibility
or solution
Testing the validity of the selected possibility
or solution
Reasoning
Deductive
Conditioned
Categorical Linear
Inductive
III. PROBLEM SOLVING
SKINNER
“ Problem Solving is a process of
overcoming difficulties that appear to
interfere with the attainment of a goal. It
is a procedure of making adjustment in
spite of interferences.”
STEPS
Problem Awareness
Problem Understanding
Collection of the Relevant Information
Formulation of Hypothesis
Selection of the Correct Solution
Verification of the Concluded Solution or
Hypothesis
Metacognition is a form of cognition, a second
higher order thinking process which involves active
control over cognitive process.
It can be simply defined as thinking about thinking
or as a person’s cognition about cognition.
John Flavell
1975
METACOGNITIVE SKILLS
Taking conscious control of learning
Planning and selecting strategies
Monitoring the progress of learning
Correcting errors
Analyzing the effectiveness of learning strategies
Changing leaning behaviours and strategies
METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES
Connecting new information to former knowledge
Selecting thinking strategies
Planning, monitoring, and evaluating thinking
process
ADVANTAGES
Metacognition enhances and enriches the
learning experience
Metacognition provides self-monitoring
Metacognition develops higher learning and
problem solving skills
DISADVANTAGES
Poor self-esteem
Difficulty in problem solving
Poor language and communication skills