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CMP 101 Fundamentals of
Computer and programming in C
Professor Pervez Ahmed
Ph. D. Computer Science (1986)Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
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Revision: You must remember and
comprehend the following terms
Compute:- Calculate (Perform arithmetic and
logical operations)
Computer:-A device that computes and
stores, processes, and retrieves data. Here
process data means produces information
from data. Hence, it is referred to as data
processor.
Computing:- Use computers to perform a task.
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Revision: You must remember and
comprehend the following terms
Data processing Task means capturing input
data, organizing captured data, processing the
organized data to produce information, and
displaying the information and related data in
a human defined suitable format.
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What characteristics computers have?
Automatic: It is automaticbecauseacomputer works by itself without muchhuman intervention.
Speed :As compared to human, a computerworks at a very high speed. Speed is measuredin millisecond(10-3) but in microseconds (10-6),nanoseconds (10-9),picoseconds (10-12). Acomputer can perform several billions (109)operations like +, -, / per second.
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What characteristics computers have?
Accuracy : Computers are very accurate but
accuracy depends on their hardware and
software design, and the correctness of the
input data. Remember! Garbage in garbage
out.
Diligence: Computers work diligently meaning
they perform their task , from start to end,with uniform accuracy and speed.
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What characteristics computers have?
Versatility: Computers are versatile becausethey can perform different types of tasks.
Power of remembering: Computers can store
and recall (retrieve) a large number of dataand extract information from them.
No I.Q. (intelligence quotient): Computers do
not have intelligence yet. No Feeling or emotions: Computers do not
have feeling or emotions yet.
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Computers EvolutionYear Machine Inventor
1642 Mechanical adding machine Pascal B. (France)
1671 First calculator for multiplication Leibniz B. G. W. (Germany)
1880 Keyboard machines USA.
1880-
1970
Punch card Hollerith H. , USA
1882 Difference Engine to produce table. Charles Babbage
1937-
44
Mark I Computer: Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator. It was an electromechanical device.
Size: 5 long and 8 high
Switches: 3000 switches to control its operations.Operations: + (0.3 Sec.) , -, (4.5 Sec.), and table
reference.
Max number size: 23 digit long numbers.
Howard A. Aiken
1939-
42
Atanasoff-Berry Computer(ABC) :
Vacuumtubes: 45 for internal logic
Capacitors : for Storage.
Dr. John Atanasoff
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Computers Evolution
Year Computer Inventor
1943-
46
ENIAC: The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator.
Type: Electronic
Vacuum Tube: 18,000
Speed: + (200 microsecond) and (2000 microsecond)
Programming: Hardwired (analog)
A Team lead by J.
Presper Eckert and
John Machuly
1946-
52
EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.
Similarities: Hardware was almost similar to ENIAC computer.
Differences: Programming was using stored program in which
data and instructions were stored in binary (0 or 1).
Dr. John Von
Neuman
introduced the
idea ofstored
program. (USA)
1947-49
EDSAC: Electronic Delay Storage Automatic CalculatorSpeed: + (1500 microsecond) and (400 0 microsecond)
Prof. MauriceWilkes, Cambridge
University, UK
1951 UNIVAC I: Universal Automatic Computer.
The fist digital computer. It operated for 10 days continuously.
The first business use.
USA
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Computers Evolution
Year Computer Inventor1953 IBM 650
Sold over 1000 computers
IBM
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Computer Generations
Generation
A leap into hardware
and software
development.Vacuum tube
Core
TransistorsIntegrated Circuit
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Computer Generations
First Generation (1942-55)
They were the fastest calculating devices of their time.
They were too Bulky.
They used thousands of vacuum tubes. They generated a lot of heat.
They consumed a lot of power.
Their hardware failed frequently because the vacuum tube filamentfailure.
They required frequent maintenance due to low-mean timebetween failure.
Their commercial production was difficult .
Hardwiredprogramming was used to program them.
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Computer Generations
Second Generation (1955-1964)
In these computers transistors replaced the vacuum tube.
Transistors made them ten times faster than Ist generationcomputers.
They should be kept air-conditioned room. They consumed power less than 1st generation computers.
They were realizable and less prone to failure.
They had larger and faster primary & secondary memories.
They were easier to program using programming language
(FORTRAN, COBOL, RPG, ALGOL, SNOBOL, ) Commercial production was difficult.
They used batch operating systems.
They had increased commercial use.
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Computer Generations
Third Generation (1964-75)
They performed more than amillion instructions per second.
They were of smaller size.
They needed air-conditionedrooms.
The consumes less power.
They were very reliable andneeded less maintenance.
They had larger and faster
primary and secondarymemories.
They were general purposecomputers (scientific andcommercial use).
Their commercial production waseasier and cheaper.
There software were portable.
They used timesharing operating
systems. They supported Interactive usage.
They supported on-linecomputing.
Timesharing improved the
programmers productivity. Supported unbundling of
hardware and software.
Minicomputers were introduced.
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Computer Generations
Fourth Generation (1975-89)
Personal computers (PC) weresmaller.
Mainframe were more powerful.
No AC for PC.
Much less power consumption.
Extremely reliable.
Much faster and bigger primaryand secondary memory.
Totally general purpose.
Much easier production
Portable software.
Used Graphical Interface (GUI),
Office and home
computing.
They were networked soallowed distributed
computing.
Allowed ad-on hardware
and software. Their affordability allowed
individual ownership.
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Computer Generations
Fifth Generation (1989- Present)
Portable PC (Notebook andlaptops)
Desktop and workstation PC.
More faster mainframecomputers.
PCs and laptops operate at roomtemperature.
They consume optimal power.
Extremely reliable and very fast. Hot-pluggable feature (replace
parts without shutting down)
Truly general purpose,
They are automaticallyproduction.
Portable software.
More user-friendly.
Very versatile as they can be usedalmost in every walk of the life.
Internet-based computing.
Unbundled software and ad on
hardware. True user friendly as they are
being used by a variety of usersranging from a child to a scientist.
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Gens.Period Key Hardware Technologies
Key SoftwareTechnologies
Key Characteristics representativeSystems
First
1937-55
Vacuum tube;
Electromagnetic relay
memory; Punch card
secondary storage.
Hardwired, Machine
and assembly Language
Programming. Scientific
and commercial
applications.
Bulky, unreliable,
limited commercial use,
difficult to
manufacture, costly,
and difficult to use.
ENIAC, EDVAC,
EDSAC, UNIVAC I,
IBM 650, 701
Second
1955-64
Magneticcore (main)
memory, Magnetic tape and
disk secondary storage.
Batch operating system
(OS); High level
programming language;
Scientific and
commercial
applications.
Faster, smaller, reliable,
easier to program,
difficult to
manufacture, costly,
and difficult to use.
Honeywell 400,
IBM 7030, CDC
1604, UNIVAC
LARC
Third1964-75 ICs with SSI (Small ScaleIntegration), MSI (Medium
scale Integration)
technologies. Larger Mgc.
Core memory. Larger
capacity disk and tape
secondary storage.
Time Sharing OS.Standardization of high
level languages,
unbundling (separation)
of software from
hardware.
Faster, smaller, reliable,easier and cheaper to
produce. Easier to
program and upgrade.
Scientific, commercial
and interactive on-line
applications.
IBM 360/370,PDP-8, PDP-11,
CDC 6600
Computer Generations
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Computer GenerationsGens.
Period Key Hardware Technologies
Key Software
Technologies
Key Characteristics representative
Systems
Fourth
1975-89
ICs with VLSI technologies;
Microprocessor;
Semiconductor memory;
Larger capacity hard disks as
in-built secondary storage;
magnetic tape and floppy
disk as portable media; CRTmonitor; personal
computers; computer
networks.
PC Os; GUI; Multiple
windows on a single
monitor screen; UNIX
operating System; C
programming language;
PC based and Network
based applications.
Small, affordable,
reliable and affordable
PCs; more powerful and
reliable mainframe
systems; totally general
purpose machines;
easier to producecommercially.
IBM PC and irs
colons; APPLE II;
TRS 80; VAX
9000,CRAY-I, II
and CRAY X/MP.
Fifth
1989-
Present
ICs with ULSI Tec; Larger
capacity main memory;
larger capacity hard disks,
Optical disks as read andwrite portable media; Laptop
and notebook computers;
powerful desktops and
workstations; Very powerful
mainframes; Internet;
Network computing.
Word Wide Web
(WWW); Multimedia
and Internet based
applications.
Portable computers;
more powerful, reliable
and easy to use
desktop machines; varypowerful mainframes;
very high uptime;
totally general purpose
computers; easier to
produce commercially.
IBM notebooks;
Pentium PC; SUN
Workstations;
IBM SP/2, SGI(Silicon graphics
Industries) Origin
2000, PARAM
10000
Next ? ? ? ?
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Questions
What is computer?
Why is it also called as data processor?
What is data processing?
What is data?
What is information?
What are some characteristics of acomputer?
What is the meaning of garbagein-garbage-out?
What is stored program concept?
What is millisecond?
What is nanosecond?
What is batch processing?
What is on-line processing?
What is vacuum tube? What is unbundling of software?
What is computer versatility?
What is meant by generations of acomputer?
What is vacuum tube?
What is transistor?
What is VLSI?
What is IC?
What is SSI?
What is MSI? What LSI?
What is ULSI?
What is microprocessor?
What is microsecond?
What is picoseconds?
What is assembly language?
What is hardwired programming? What is core memory?
What is diligence in computers?
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Questions
What would be the characteristics of the
future generation computers ?
What lessons did you learn by studying the
topic on computer generations?
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Resources
Computer Dictionary ar http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/
Integrated circuit. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPw
Core memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memory
Vacuum tube is a glass tube surrounding a vacuum. When electricalcontacts are put on the ends, then current flows though thevacuum. It's purpose was to act like an amplifierand a switch.
A Transistor is an semiconductor which is a fundamentalcomponent in almost all electronic devices. A transistor acts as a
switch which can open and close many times per second.transistors are typically made ofsilicon and so they are very cheapto produce and purchase.
A capacitor is an electronic component which is used in a widevariety of circuit applications due to its ability to store charge.
http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memoryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/8/4/2019 CMP 101 Set 4 Computer
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