Cli Ch G i h C l RClimate Change Governance in the Coastal RClimate Change Governance in the Coastal RClimate Change Governance in the Coastal RS stainaSustainaSustaina

1Mehdi AZAM1 andMehdi AZAM and

1E i t l G P U i it f F ib G1Environental Governance Programme University of Freiburg GermanEnvironental Governance Programme, University of Freiburg, Germanf S t i bl E t i G iffith U i it Afor Sustainable Enterprise Griffith University Aufor Sustainable Enterprise, Griffith University, Au

Abstract 3 STUDY AREAAbstract 3. STUDY AREATh i t f li t h ti l l i B l d h d t it t lThe impacts of climate change are particularly severe in Bangladesh due to its extreme • S‐W Coastal Regionp f g p y gpoverty and economic dependency on climate sensitive sectors like agriculture food and

S W Coastal Regionpoverty and economic dependency on climate‐sensitive sectors like agriculture, food, and • Special focus: Five sub‐districtsfisheries Geographical location frequent disasters changes in precipitation and

Special focus: Five sub districts   fisheries. Geographical location, frequent disasters, changes in precipitation and of Khulna and Bagerhat districttemperature, and man‐made local environmental changes have dramatically reduced the of Khulna and Bagerhat districttemperature, and man made local environmental changes have dramatically reduced the

bili f h l i Thi d i i h i f li h • Main Occupation: Agriculturestability of the coastal environment. This study investigates the impacts of climate change Main Occupation: Agriculture y f y g p f gon the two most vulnerable coastal districts (Khulna and Bagerhat) of Bangladesh between farmer fish farmer day labour theon the two most vulnerable coastal districts (Khulna and Bagerhat) of Bangladesh between farmer, fish farmer, day labour, the 2008 and 2009 by analyzing recent and predicted changes to the coastal environment and Sundarban forest dependent2008 and 2009 by analyzing recent and predicted changes to the coastal environment and Sundarban forest dependent livelihood patterns. In particular, it examines what climate change adaptation strategies • Zone of multiple vulnerabilitieslivelihood patterns. In particular, it examines what climate change adaptation strategiesh b d d h l l i h h i f i i d i

• Zone of multiple vulnerabilities have been adopted at the grass‐roots level, with the aim of proposing improved strategies and opportunitiesp g , f p p g p gfor mainstreaming climate change adaptation and mitigation in order to achieve climate

and opportunitiesfor mainstreaming climate change adaptation and mitigation in order to achieve climate‐

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proof development and sustainability in Bangladesh The study finds that the southproof development and sustainability in Bangladesh. The study finds that the south‐western coastal region of Bangladesh currently experiences livelihood and food insecurity

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western coastal region of Bangladesh currently experiences livelihood and food insecurityl f h h i f li d h i d d i i i i h l

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Kas a result of the changing pattern of climate and human‐induced activities in the natural Koyf g g p fi t C t li t h d t ti i iti ti i d t t thenvironment. Current climate change adaptation initiatives are inadequate to secure the

livelihood of the huge number of people affected by climate change This ultimately meanslivelihood of the huge number of people affected by climate change. This ultimately meansthat people are being displaced to urban areas The study concludes by suggesting athat people are being displaced to urban areas. The study concludes by suggesting af fframework for development, involving multi‐stakeholder engagement through lessframework for development, involving multi stakeholder engagement through less

l i d ff ti i t t d ti b t iti i il i toverlapping and more effective integrated actions between communities, civil societypp g ff g yorganizations NGOs and various local government departments to build at the grass rootsorganizations, NGOs and various local government departments to build, at the grass rootslevel a sustainable community that is resilient to the impacts of climate changelevel, a sustainable community that is resilient to the impacts of climate change.

1 INTRODUCTION 4 RESULTS: VULNERABILITY1. INTRODUCTION 4. RESULTS: VULNERABILITY• LMFs and non farm households are increasing• Climate change is recognized as a threat to environmental security and • LMFs and non farm households are increasingClimate change is recognized as a threat to  environmental security and  • Production hampered: natural disaster and insustainability • Production hampered: natural disaster and insustainability p• Agriculture sector 21% of GDP and 50% of lab

C t l i ’ hi l l ti d l bilit• Agriculture sector: 21% of GDP and 50% of lab• Coastal region’s geographical location and  vulnerability

gSh i f i l d t i t l d d• Shrimp farming leads to environmental degrad

• Failure of adaptation leads to migrationp g g

E t f d i id J l t N M h t• Failure of adaptation leads to migration • Extreme food crises: mid July to Nov.; March ty ;T i i ( 1 d 6 h• Opportunities are high but weak governance structure • Temporary migration (range 1 day to 6 monthOpportunities are high but weak governance structure Temporary migration (range 1 day to 6 month

k b d• This study aims to assess performance of existing adaptation • Drinking water situation become worse and w• This study aims to assess performance of existing adaptation  Drinking water situation become worse and wstrategies impoverish sectoral adaptation and focus on further • About 20‐30 mil environmental migrants withstrategies,  impoverish sectoral adaptation  and focus on further  About 20 30 mil. environmental migrants withstrategies prioritizing grass‐root involvement for adaptation relatedstrategies prioritizing grass root involvement for adaptation related 

j l i d i l i 5 RESULTS: CHALLENGES TOWARDS ADproject planning and implementation.  5. RESULTS: CHALLENGES TOWARDS ADp j p g pN b f ff t d l t di t j t• The study also discusses the policy gap and current governance • Number of affected people get direct project • The study also discusses the policy gap  and current governance  p p g p jRi id j t it istructures for successful adaptation • Rigid project criteriastructures for successful adaptation g p jLi it d ll ti f b d t f li lih d t• Limited allocation of budget for livelihood stra

2 METHODOLOGYimited allocation of budget for livelihood straL k f i i b NGO d L l G2. METHODOLOGY • Lack of integration between NGOs and Local GLack of integration between NGOs and Local G

h ff dFi ld b ti i t i ith l l l • More initiatives in the worse affected areas, t• Field observation interview with local people More initiatives in the worse affected areas, tp pmedium or less affected areas: regional conflic

• Interviews with farmers fisherman local govt official and NGOmedium or less affected areas: regional conflic

• Interviews with farmers, fisherman, local govt. official and NGOpersonnel 6 SECTORAL ADAPTATIONpersonnel 6. SECTORAL ADAPTATIONC it lt ti d FGD • Water Resources: demand based technological inco• Community consultation and FGDs • Water Resources: demand based technological incoy

safe drinking water preservation and efficient strate• Analysis of policies institutional framework project related documents

safe drinking water , preservation and efficient strate• Analysis of policies, institutional framework, project related documents management in polders and drinking water supply (T

and implementation strategiesmanagement in polders and drinking water supply (T

and implementation strategies • Coastal Protection: technology and capacity improvCoastal Protection: technology and capacity improvll d i i f G S S b d l i fwall and incorporation of GIS‐RS based planning for p p g

Li lih d di ifi i d di i i f li• Livelihood: diversification and dissemination of livei t f lti l k t iti t han environment for multiple work opportunities at hop pp

floating agriculture/hydroponics vegetable cultivatiofloating agriculture/hydroponics, vegetable cultivatioland crab fattening mat making poultry apiculture &land, crab fattening, mat making, poultry, apiculture &

• Health: strengthening public health prevention strateHealth: strengthening public health prevention strateimprovement replication of NGO initiatives at commimprovement, replication of NGO initiatives at comm

R i f B l d h R d dRegion of Bangladesh: Roadmap towardsRegion of Bangladesh: Roadmap towardsRegion of Bangladesh: Roadmap towards bilitbilitybilityy

2Tapan SARKER2Tapan SARKERp

E il hdi @ i f ib d 2A i P ifi C tny E‐mail: mehdi azam@uranus uni‐freiburg de; 2Asia Pacific Centreny, E mail: mehdi.azam@uranus.uni freiburg.de;  Asia Pacific Centre t li E il t k @ iffith dustralia E‐mail: tapan sarker@griffith edu auustralia, E mail: tapan.sarker@griffith.edu.au.

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DacopeMongla

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Sharonkholayra Sharonkhola

bb9 MULTI STAKEHOLDER GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK9. MULTI‐STAKEHOLDER GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK

I tit tiInstitutions Revision

(GO & NGO)(GO & NGO)NoNo

g (54% are landless)g (54% are landless)Multi‐Stakeholder Local Projects

crease of saline areasMulti‐Stakeholder Local Projects 

Evaluation CommitteeProject Concept Note Clearancecrease of saline areas Evaluation Committeej p

Yes

bour force (are dropping)[Sub‐District Executive Officer, Project 

Yes

bour force (are dropping) Implementation Officer, Respective ( pp g)d ti

Department Heads, Local Elected di i il i ]8 POLICY & INSTITUTIONSdation Bodies, NGOs, Civil Society]8. POLICY & INSTITUTIONS

t id A il • Mainstreaming of climate change risk hasto mid April • Mainstreaming of climate change risk has p) l i l k not integrated into development policiess): multiple works not integrated into development policies s): multiple works g p p

and strategiesworse and strategiesworseProposal Preparation

gP li i hi hl biti b th 1m SLR (landloss:17%) • Policies are highly ambitious but h 1m SLR (landloss:17%) g yi l t ti l l i d t

limplementation level is poor due to 

DAPTATION P l S b i i fGovt. Approval 

p pi d fi iDAPTATION Proposal Submission for 

F di(Clearance for any Projects)inadequate financingb fit i li ibl

Funding(Clearance for any Projects)inadequate financingi l dbenefit is negligible • Zero grass‐root involvement andg g

AcceptanceZero grass root involvement and 

Acceptancedecision‐making power by local

t i l tidecision making power by local 

ategic solution Implementationgovernment institutionsategic solutionG i i i i

pgovernment institutionsGovt. initiatives • Ministerial coordinationGovt. initiativesh l

Ministerial coordination hus neglecting Evaluation Report• No specific action plan to addresshus neglecting 

l

Evaluation Report• No specific action plan to address cts Monitoring & Evaluationenvironmental/climate migrantscts environmental/climate migrants

10 CONCLUSIONSorporation to access

10. CONCLUSIONSorporation to access egies for water • No other alternatives for Bangladesh except adaptation and strengthen the household resilience capacityegies for water   No other alternatives for Bangladesh except adaptation and strengthen the household resilience capacityTable) P t ti l t d t h l i & t t i d it i ti i t th d l tTable)   • Potential sectors need technologies & strategies, and its incorporation into the development processesvement in building sea

g g , p p pvement in building sea 

• Building institutional capacity for climate proof development initiatives is imperativeDRR • Building institutional capacity for climate proof development initiatives is imperative

lih d ilihood options to create  • Regional cooperation with neighboring countriesph ld l l h

• Regional cooperation with neighboring countriesousehold level such as:on in marginal • Grass‐root involvement is mandatory and empower local government institutions in terms of projecton in marginal  Grass root involvement is mandatory and empower local government institutions in terms of project 

& honey processing l i d d i i ki& honey processing planning and decision making poweregies sanitation

p g g pegies, sanitation 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Th th ( ) k l d th t f W ld Cli t R h P (WCRP) f idi fi i l t d thmunity level ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The  author(s) acknowledges the support of  World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) for providing financial support and the munity levelfloor to present the study results. The author(s) are also grateful to Prodipan (NGO, Bangladesh) for  providing  local support to carryout the study.p y ( ) g p ( , g ) p g pp y y