Clearwater Systems
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The Hytronic System Dolphin
Clearwater Systems, LLCAdvanced Water Treatment Equipment
Clearwater Systems
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Company Profile Technology developed at a University
Chief subcontractor is ISO 9002 approved
Excellent track record • 500 installations• Over 5 years of service
New patented technology unique in the marketplace
Clearwater Systems
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Electronic Water Treatment
ELIMINATES USE OF ALL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS, AND THEREFORE THEIR RELEASE TO
THE ENVIRONMENT VIA BLOWDOWN AND DRIFT
&
PREVENTS SCALE FROM FORMING
&
CONTROLS MICROBIAL GROWTH
Degrades and removes old scale, encrustation and bio-film Creates conditions that stop localized and uniform corrosion Allows potentially significant water savings
Clearwater Systems
4Hardware
transformer panel and spool piece
no obstructions in pipe
9 sizes from 3/4” to 12”
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Microbial Control
Corrosion Control
Scaling Control
Cooling System Treatment
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Typical Cooling Tower
Evaporation = 1% circulation rate
Blowdown = Evaporation/(CC-1)
DT = 10 oF
Clearwater Systems
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Scale Prevention
Scale Formation
on
Surface
Particle Formation
in
Bulk Solution
Calcium Carbonate
(CaCO3) Scale
Calcium Carbonate
(CaCO3) Particles
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8Corrosion Performance in Cooling Towers
• No Localized Attack
• No pitting or microbial induced corrosion (MIC)
• Uniform Corrosion• Benign alkaline chemistry with high hardness (pH 7.5
to 9.0)
• No attack on copper/galvanized
• 2 - 5 mpy on steel
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Microbe Control Microbes controlled by incorporation Pulsed-Power FDA approved for Pasteurization
Microbes
Encapsulated Microbes
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Bio-Film Control
Bio-Film in Cooling Towers
7/13 7/15 7/17 7/19 7/21 7/23
Bio
-Film
Gro
wth
Dolphin Control Chemical Control
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Biological Control - 1000 ton @ 5 cycles
TBC at PA Hospital (CFU/ml)
05,000
10,00015,00020,000
06/0
1/99
07/0
1/99
08/0
1/99
09/0
1/99
10/0
1/99
11/0
1/99
12/0
1/99
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Biological Control - 175 ton @ 8 cycles
Figure 2 - TBC at 175-ton CT Tower (CFU/ml)
05,000
10,00015,000
20,000
07/0
1/99
08/0
1/99
09/0
1/99
10/0
1/99
11/0
1/99
12/0
1/99
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Biological Control - 600 ton @ 5.5 cycles
Figure 1 - TBC at 600-ton PA Tower (CFU/ml)
05,000
10,00015,000
20,000
6/30/1998
8/30/1998
10/30/1998
12/30/1998
2/28/1999
4/30/1999
6/30/1999
8/30/1999
10/30/1999
12/30/1999
Clearwater Systems
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Biological Control
Only blowdown needs to be controlled
Requires constant monitoring and adjustment
Little or no bio-film presentLimited effectiveness on bio-film
Not species specificBiocides are often species specific
No corrosives usedBiocides are often corrosive
Typical TBC of 1,000 to 2,000 CFU/ml
Typical TBC of 20,000 to 50,000 CFU/ml
Dolphin SystemChemical Treatment
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Boiler Installation
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Boiler Application
Carbonates precipitate as a powderEliminates need for water softener and phosphates
Precipitation lowers alkalinity of boilerEliminates formation of CO2 and need for amines
Old scale will flake off over timeImproves heat transfer efficiencies
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17Corrosion Performance in Boilers
No Localized Attack • No pitting
• Less CO2 generation avoids acid corrosion in boiler condensate return lines (pH of 7.0 to 8.4)
Uniform Attack • Boiler operates at a pH of 10.5 where iron and steel develop
a passive magnetite surface resulting in negligible uniform corrosion
Clearwater Systems
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Scale Removal Scale removal by crack propagation
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Pollution Prevention
• Biocides can cause problems in sewer treatment plants
• Some anti-corrosion additives contain heavy metals (Zn and Mo)
• Many chemicals in concentrated form fall under OSHA regulations
• Phosphates and brine are a concern in discharges
• Drift carrying chemicals can cause employee relations issues
Clearwater Systems
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Cost Savings
Savings on the cost of chemicals & softener
Savings on fuel
Savings on maintenance (tower, heat exchanger, boiler)
Savings on water purchase and disposal
Savings on regulatory compliance
Clearwater Systems
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Conclusions
• The Dolphin is an alternative to chemical treatment on cooling towers and boilers.
• The Dolphin is in commercial use under a variety of water conditions.
• The Dolphin is a rugged system that is tolerant of some neglect.
Clearwater Systems
22Appendix Zeta Potential
•Tiny, non-symmetric crystals (proto-crystals) with strong surface
charges develop high zeta potentials (diffuse counter-ion charge).
•Proto-crystals repel due to this high zeta potential
•Vibrating the particles at their resonant frequency with an electro-magnetic field, homogenizes the diffuse counter-ion charges, lowers the zeta potential and allows agglomeration .
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23Appendix Distinction from Magnets
•Range of field strengths cover all water variations
•Coils “ring” yielding harmonics into the kilohertz to megahertz range
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24AppendixInactivation of Microbes
Water sample from Dolphin treated tower with 106/ml microbes added
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Hours
CF
U/m
l
1 day storage 21 day storage
Clearwater Systems
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Boiler ChemistryCa++ + CO3
= + H2O <-> Ca++ + 2OH- + CO2 Dominates at low pH
Ca++ + CO3= + H2O <-> CaCO3 + H2O Dominates at high pH
(typical equilibrium at 10.0 to 10.5 pH)
Cooling Tower ChemistryCa++ + 2HCO3
- <-> Ca++ + 2OH- + 2CO2 Dominates at low pH
Ca++ + 2HCO3- <-> CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Dominates at high pH
(typical equilibrium at 8.2 to 9.0 pH)
AppendixpH Control Reactions
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26 Appendix Boiler Chemistry - Water Softening
Incoming Water with
Ca/Mg HCO3
Regenerate with
NaCl
Flush to drain with CaCl & NaClWastes water and sewer issues with high salts
Softened Water Containing:
NaHCO3 - Causes carbonic acid in condensate
Residual NaCl - Causes enhanced pitting
Residual Ca & Mg - Causes scale formation
Softener
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27Appendix Sidestream for Large Pipes
Designed to take 30% of the flow per pass withminimal pressure drop (3 psi)
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28Appendix Water Savings
With a Dolphin the cycles of concentration can be increased to 8 or more. (Typically chemically controlled towers are run at 2 to 4 cycles.)
On a 1000 ton cooling tower, going from 3 cycles to 8 can save up to 10,000 gals/day.
Typical cost of water and disposal in most areas is $3.50 per 1000 gals ($35 per day).