Classifying
State
s of
Matter
Solid• Definite shape
and volume• Particles tightly
packed together• Expands when
heated• Incompressible
(not compressible)
Liquid• Fluid in shape• Takes the shape
of the bottom of a container
• Incompressible(not
compressible)
• Expands when heated
Gas• Particles can
move freely in all directions
• Diffuse to fill container
• Take the shape of the container
• Particles are far apart
• Easily compressed
Gas vs Vapor
Gas• Substance in the gaseous
state at room temperature• Example: Oxygen
Vapor• Gaseous state of a
substance that is solid or liquid at room temperature
• Example: water vapor
Classification of Matter
Substance• Matter that
has a constant composition and distinct properties
Element• Substance that
cannot be separated into simpler substances
• Most occur naturally on Earth (118 to date)
• Ex: Gold, Carbon, Hydrogen
Atomic number
Chemical symbol
Atomic massChemical Name
**The first letter in ALL chemical symbols is ALWAYS capitalized, the second letter is ALWAYS lowercaseEx. Ca for Calcium and Fe for Iron
Compound• Two or more elements chemically combined• Has properties different than its components• Can be separated only by chemical means (electricity &
heat)• Subscripts denote number of atoms• Mg3N2
• __Mg, __N
• Mg3(PO4)2
• __Mg, __P,__O
• Numbers outside of the parentheses get multiplied in
Mixture• Combination of
two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual identities
• Do not have fixed proportions
• Can be created or separated by physical means
Homogeneous• Composition of
the mixture is the same throughout
• Also called a solution
• Mixed at the molecular level and has a single phase
Heterogeneous• Does not have uniform composition and the individual substances
remain distinct• Does not have fixed proportions (Air samples differ depending
on aspects of location, altitude, population, etc or seawater samples differ upon location)
• Can be created or separated by physical means
Matter
Mixture
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Pure Substance
Compound Element
Separate Physically
Separate Chemically
(Page 3 of NTs)
Separation Techniques
Physical vs Chemical
Dissolving• Homogeneous solid-liquid mixtures where the liquid
phase is retained
Distillation• Separates homogeneous
liquid-liquid mixtures using differences in boiling points
Chromatography
• Separates homogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures based on differences in solubility and tendency to travel across the surface of another material
Evaporation
• Allowing a solution (solid dissolved in a liquid) to “dry”
• Typically the liquid evaporates into the air
Crystallization• Separates
homogeneous solid-liquid mixtures
• Results in a pure solid substance
Filtration• Separates
heterogeneous solid-liquid mixtures
Decant• To pour a liquid, from
one container to another, gently to not disturb the sediment