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New Vision for Civil EngineeringNew Vision for Civil Engineeringwith Nanotechnologywith Nanotechnology
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Physical scale and Examples inPhysical scale and Examples in
Civil Engineering SystemCivil Engineering System
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What is Nanoscale Science andWhat is Nanoscale Science and
EngineeringEngineeringa One nanometer (one billionth of a meter) is
a magical point on the dimensional scale.
a Nanoscale science and engineering here
refer to the fundamental understanding
and resulting technological advances
arising from the exploitation of newsystems that are intermediate in size,
between isolated atoms and molecules and
bulk materials.
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What is NanotechnologyWhat is Nanotechnology
a Nanotechnology is the
creation and utilization of
functional materials, devices,and systems with novel
properties and functions that
are achieved through the
control of matter, atom-by-atom, molecule-by-molecule,
or at the nanoscale or
macromolecular level.
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The Complete Process
Tip Preparation Work piecePreparation
Positional ControlFinal Product
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What Nanotechnology Can DoWhat Nanotechnology Can Do
a Create functional materials, devices and systemsCreate functional materials, devices and systems
with novel functions and properties through thewith novel functions and properties through the
control of matter at the nano-scale.control of matter at the nano-scale.a Exploit properties and phenomena developed atExploit properties and phenomena developed at
the nanometre scale.the nanometre scale.
a Consider a scale in which matter shows a specialConsider a scale in which matter shows a special
behavior due to both the quantum effectsbehavior due to both the quantum effects
(prevailing up to 10 nm) as well as the high(prevailing up to 10 nm) as well as the high
surface/interface effectssurface/interface effects
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Nanotechnology Application inNanotechnology Application in
Civil EngineeringCivil Engineeringa Materials:
ultra-high strength and ductility of steels
polymers composite and concrete
multifunctional materials
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Nanotechnology Application inNanotechnology Application in
Civil EngineeringCivil Engineeringa Coatings:
new composite materials, photocatalytic
coatings;
corrosion protection coating
and self cleaning coating
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Nanotechnology Application inNanotechnology Application in
Civil EngineeringCivil Engineeringa Sensors:
intelligent aggregates and coatings acting as
wireless sensors and actuators
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Nanotechnology Application inNanotechnology Application in
Civil EngineeringCivil Engineeringa Durability:
self-healing structural polymer composite,
pavements
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Nanotechnology Application inNanotechnology Application in
Civil EngineeringCivil Engineeringa New designs:
infrastructure taking advantage of much
stronger materials, ductile concrete and otheradvances, as such multifunctional or smart
materials
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Nanotechnology Application inNanotechnology Application in
Civil EngineeringCivil Engineeringa New tools:
giving new understanding of basic materials
structure-property relations, especially forcement
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Future Vision for Civil Engineering withFuture Vision for Civil Engineering with
NanotechnologyNanotechnology
a cracked bridges and potholes in pavement
repair on their own;
a guardrails re-align automatically after
impact;
a bridges adjust their shapes to control
movement caused by winds;
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Future Vision for Civil Engineering withFuture Vision for Civil Engineering with
NanotechnologyNanotechnology
a coatings make metal structures self clean
to avoid corrosion, and make road sign
never need to be washed;a rearranging and combining alloy particles
could make bridge steel many times more
durable and stronger;
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Future Vision for Civil Engineering withFuture Vision for Civil Engineering with
NanotechnologyNanotechnology
a MEMS/NEMS sensors could be embeddedMEMS/NEMS sensors could be embedded
into highways or coat an entire bridge forinto highways or coat an entire bridge for
monitoring the processes of deterioration,monitoring the processes of deterioration,and allowing to fix them long before theyand allowing to fix them long before they
are apparent to human inspectorsare apparent to human inspectors
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Apply Nanotecnology to ImproveApply Nanotecnology to Improve
Construction MaterialConstruction Material
a high performance steel for bridges.
With copper nanoparticles forming at the steel
grain boundary, the resulting microstructureschanges make the steel tougher, easier to weld
and more corrosion-resistance
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Nanomaterials Modified ConcreteNanomaterials Modified Concrete
a Concrete is a porous material, ranging from air
voids to nanometers scale pores
a these nanoscale pores control the properties ofthe calcium-silicate-hydrate hydration product,
or C-S-H colloids
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a Exploring and modifying these
nanoscale pores can result in
improved concretea Nano-engineered cement
materials with nano-sized
reaction modifier and
reinforcing materials areunder development
Nanomaterials Modified ConcreteNanomaterials Modified Concrete
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a These addition could compensate for its
weakness in tension and result in concrete
with greatly improved stress-strainbehavior
a Possibly result in the range of newly
introduced smart properties, such aselectrical conductivity, sensing abilities
Nanomaterials Modified ConcreteNanomaterials Modified Concrete
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Nanoscale Silica Fume Modifier
a De-icing chemicals could penetrate
concretes porous structure and
oxidize the reinforcing steel andcause cracking and deterioration to
the structure.
a The addition of nanoscale silica
fume operates at a nanoscale andcan improve durability of concrete
structures exposed to de-icing salts.
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Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
Reinforced Cement/Concretea A carbon nanotube is a one-A carbon nanotube is a one-
atom thick sheet of graphiteatom thick sheet of graphite
rolled up into a seamlessrolled up into a seamlesscylinder with diameter of thecylinder with diameter of the
order of a nanometer.order of a nanometer.
Single-walled carbon nanotube
Multi-walled carbon nanotube
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Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
Reinforced Cement/Concretea They are one-dimensional nanostructure whereThey are one-dimensional nanostructure where
the length-to-diameter ratio exceeds 10,000.the length-to-diameter ratio exceeds 10,000.
a The Young's modulus of CNTs can be as high asThe Young's modulus of CNTs can be as high as1000 GPa ,5 times higher than steel.1000 GPa ,5 times higher than steel.
a The tensile strength can be up to 63 GPa, 50 timesThe tensile strength can be up to 63 GPa, 50 times
higher than steel.higher than steel.
a They exhibit unique electrical properties, and areThey exhibit unique electrical properties, and are
efficient conductors of heat.efficient conductors of heat.
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Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Reinforced
Cement/Concretea CNTs hold great promise for the next generation
of high performance and multi-functional
composite materials.a Much research activities have focused on CNTs-
reinforced polymer or ceramic composite
a
Exploration of applications of this new material incement/concrete is underway
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Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
Reinforced Cement/Concretea Plain concrete itself is a
brittle material that is
much stronger incompression than in
tension.
a carbon nanotubes may be
applied to improvemechanical performance of
cement/carbon-nanotube
composite
evidence of reinforcing
mechanisms of CNT in
cement
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polymeric polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)polymeric polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
fiberfibera nanoscale coating that
controls the chemical
bonding betweenreinforcing PVA fibers and
the mortar matrix
a This nano-enabled
concrete is 500 times
more resistant to cracking
and makes concrete tough
EngineeredCementitious
Composites (ECC)
bending test
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Apply Nanotechnology to ImproveApply Nanotechnology to Improve
sensor for Civil Engineeringsensor for Civil Engineeringa Nanotechnology-based Devices forNanotechnology-based Devices for
Quality Control and Durability MonitoringQuality Control and Durability Monitoring
of Concrete Materialof Concrete Material understanding of the cement hydrationunderstanding of the cement hydration
process, strength development, and damageprocess, strength development, and damage
evolutionevolution
detecting crack initiation under loading, asdetecting crack initiation under loading, as
well as pressure, temperature, chemical,well as pressure, temperature, chemical,
stress, strain for both nondestructivestress, strain for both nondestructive
evaluation and condition-based maintenanceevaluation and condition-based maintenance
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Sensor examplesSensor examples
a A sensor was developed to measure theA sensor was developed to measure the
density and viscosity of uncured concretedensity and viscosity of uncured concrete
in mixing and pumping equipment duringin mixing and pumping equipment duringpouring concrete.pouring concrete.
fresh concrete workability is important andfresh concrete workability is important and
improper workability will prevent concreteimproper workability will prevent concretefully flowing into form and result in porousfully flowing into form and result in porous
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Sensor ExamplesSensor Examples
a NSF currently supports a research of strainNSF currently supports a research of strain
and corrosion sensors for civil structuresand corrosion sensors for civil structures
by exploring the fabrication of carbonby exploring the fabrication of carbonnanotube-polyelectrolyte thin filmsnanotube-polyelectrolyte thin films
a Another NSF funded research is toAnother NSF funded research is to
develop embedded strain sensors, usingdevelop embedded strain sensors, usingnanoscale engineering of ultra-sonicnanoscale engineering of ultra-sonic
consolidationconsolidation
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Sensor ExamplesSensor Examples
a Smart dustSmart dust
a wireless sensor builta wireless sensor built
on a small silicon chip,on a small silicon chip,is currently developedis currently developed
these fine particle-sizethese fine particle-size
sensors could besensors could be
distributed over adistributed over a
structure to form astructure to form a
network and monitornetwork and monitor
the entire structurethe entire structure
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Sensor ExamplesSensor Examples
a some embedded sensors have beensome embedded sensors have been
developed and applied to verify designsdeveloped and applied to verify designs
a these sensors do not constitutethese sensors do not constitute
nanotechnology, they do illustrate the usenanotechnology, they do illustrate the use
of embedded sensors and give a indicationof embedded sensors and give a indication
of what can be accomplished in the futureof what can be accomplished in the futureas the nanotechnology reduces the sensoras the nanotechnology reduces the sensor
sizesize
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Sensor ExamplesSensor Examples
a the Golden Gate Bridge now has anthe Golden Gate Bridge now has an
experimental sensor network ofexperimental sensor network of
approximately 200 small MEMS sensors,approximately 200 small MEMS sensors,a Each sensor can measure movement suchEach sensor can measure movement such
as traffic, wind, or seismic loads.as traffic, wind, or seismic loads.
a All sensor readings are correlated, a three-All sensor readings are correlated, a three-dimensional picture is created which maydimensional picture is created which may
portray structural abnormalitiesportray structural abnormalities
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Sensor ExamplesSensor Examples
a IntelliRockIntelliRock and iBottom canand iBottom can
be embedded in concrete tobe embedded in concrete to
record the temperature ofrecord the temperature ofcuring concrete.curing concrete.
a Strength of concrete can beStrength of concrete can be
quickly monitoredquickly monitored
a It can speed constructionIt can speed construction
and save cost by removingand save cost by removing
forms earlier, loading theforms earlier, loading the
concrete earlierconcrete earlier
IntelliRock
iBottom
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Sensor ExamplesSensor Examples
a Chloride corrodes theChloride corrodes the
reinforcing steel rebarreinforcing steel rebar
in concretein concretea expand the rebarsexpand the rebars
volume and cause thevolume and cause the
surrounding concrete tosurrounding concrete to
crackcrack
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Sensor ExamplesSensor Examples
a Smart PebbleSmart Pebble, a long-life, a long-life
wireless sensor can checkwireless sensor can check
chloride ingress and relaychloride ingress and relaythe information wirelesslythe information wirelessly
a This sensor is poweredThis sensor is powered
remotely, so no lifetime-remotely, so no lifetime-
limiting batteries arelimiting batteries arerequiredrequired
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Sensor ExamplesSensor Examples
a Smart AggregatesSmart Aggregates,,
contains wireless powercontains wireless power
receiver and datareceiver and datatransmission coilstransmission coils
a A data reader mountedA data reader mounted
on a car powers theon a car powers the
sensors as it passessensors as it passesover them and collectsover them and collects
the sensor datathe sensor data
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Apply Nanotechnology forApply Nanotechnology for
nanocompositenanocompositea Nanomaterials-by-design can deliberatelyNanomaterials-by-design can deliberately
creating materials with uniquecreating materials with unique
functionality for target applicationsfunctionality for target applicationsa Nanocomposites can possess the ability toNanocomposites can possess the ability to
repair themselves after major damage.repair themselves after major damage.
a Nanosensors and multifunctional materialsNanosensors and multifunctional materialscan be built into composite materials tocan be built into composite materials to
produce smart buildingproduce smart building
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Self-Healing NanocompositeSelf-Healing Nanocomposite
a Inspired by biologicalInspired by biological
systems in whichsystems in which
damage trigger andamage trigger anautonomic healingautonomic healing
responseresponse
a A polymer compositeA polymer composite
material that can healmaterial that can healitself when crackeditself when cracked
has been developedhas been developed
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Self-Healing NanocompositeSelf-Healing Nanocomposite
a Incorporate aIncorporate a
microencapsulatedmicroencapsulated
healing agent and ahealing agent and acatalytic chemicalcatalytic chemical
trigger within an epoxytrigger within an epoxy
matrixmatrix
a a structural polymerica structural polymericmaterial can have thematerial can have the
ability to self-healability to self-heal
crackscracks
Microcapsules on computer chip
Ruptured Microcapsules
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Self-Healing NanocompositeSelf-Healing Nanocomposite
a An approaching crackAn approaching crack
ruptures embeddedruptures embedded
microcapsules, releasing amicrocapsules, releasing ahealing agent into thehealing agent into the
crackcrack
a Polymerization of thePolymerization of the
healing agent is triggeredhealing agent is triggeredby contact with theby contact with the
embedded catalyst and willembedded catalyst and will
bond the crack facesbond the crack faces
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Self-Healing Concrete
a The concrete could beThe concrete could be
self-healingself-healing
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Self-Healing Concrete
a The high fraction ofThe high fraction of
unhydrated cementunhydrated cement
left after the hydrationleft after the hydrationcould be a reservoircould be a reservoir
for further hydrationfor further hydration
Unhydarated
cement grain Cracked
surface
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Self-Healing Concrete
a When a crackWhen a crack
develops anddevelops and
anhydrous surfacesanhydrous surfacesare soaked in water,are soaked in water,
hydration startshydration starts
again and seal theagain and seal the
crackcrack
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Self-Sensing ConcreteSelf-Sensing Concrete
a The inclusion of electricallyThe inclusion of electrically
conducting short fibers can makeconducting short fibers can make
concrete sense elastic andconcrete sense elastic and
inelastic deformation and fractureinelastic deformation and fracturenecessarynecessary
a The electrical resistance (ER)The electrical resistance (ER)
increase is due to conducting fiberincrease is due to conducting fiber
pullout in the elastic regime,pullout in the elastic regime,conducting fiber breakage in theconducting fiber breakage in the
inelastic regime, and crackinelastic regime, and crack
propagation at fracturepropagation at fracture
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Self-Sensing ConcreteSelf-Sensing Concrete
a Correlations existCorrelations existbetween concrete ERbetween concrete ERand its strain or damageand its strain or damagecondition:condition: Reversible change in ERReversible change in ER
is for elastic deformationis for elastic deformation
Irreversible change in ERIrreversible change in ER
is for inelasticis for inelasticdeformationdeformation
Irreversible dramaticIrreversible dramaticchange in ER is forchange in ER is forfracture.fracture.
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Use ECC for Concrete Self-HealingUse ECC for Concrete Self-Healing
a Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC)Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC)
are developed and reinforced by polymericare developed and reinforced by polymeric
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber or other fiberspolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber or other fibersa It results in smaller crack in concreteIt results in smaller crack in concrete
a Hollow fibers with sealing agent couldHollow fibers with sealing agent could
repair cracks after fibers break due torepair cracks after fibers break due tocrackingcracking
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Use ECC for Concrete Self-HealingUse ECC for Concrete Self-Healing
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Advanced Smart ConcreteAdvanced Smart Concrete
a Sensing strain and damageSensing strain and damage
a Self-healing after crackingSelf-healing after cracking
Electrically conducted hollowed fibersElectrically conducted hollowed fibers
inclusion for sensinginclusion for sensing
Fill hollowed fiber with sealing agent forFill hollowed fiber with sealing agent for
sealing the crackssealing the cracks
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Self-Cleaning Nano-CoatingSelf-Cleaning Nano-Coating
a In some Eastern
cultures, the lotus
plant is a symbol ofpurity.
a Even lotuses emerge
from muddy ponds or
lakes, its leaves andflowers remain
uncontaminated and
pure.
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Self-Cleaning Nano-CoatingSelf-Cleaning Nano-Coating
a lotus leaves have a fine surfacelotus leaves have a fine surface
with wax crystals of around 1 nmwith wax crystals of around 1 nm
in diameterin diametera The contact area between theThe contact area between the
water and surface is reduced towater and surface is reduced to
only 2-3% of the droplet-coveredonly 2-3% of the droplet-covered
surfacesurfacea Dirt and grime can be collectedDirt and grime can be collected
by water drops and rinses offby water drops and rinses off
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Self-Cleaning Nano-CoatingSelf-Cleaning Nano-Coating
a Nanotechnology isNanotechnology is
being used to mimicbeing used to mimic
the lotus leaf surfacethe lotus leaf surfaceand create new no-and create new no-
stick painting orstick painting or
coatingcoating
(C) treated surface with silica
nanoparticles. (D) Water droplet
on this surface. (Zhai et al.)
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Self-Cleaning Nano-CoatingSelf-Cleaning Nano-Coating
a Development of lotus-effect aerosolDevelopment of lotus-effect aerosol
spray is underwayspray is underway
a It combines nanoparticles withIt combines nanoparticles withhydrophobic polymers and propellanthydrophobic polymers and propellant
gas, and develops a nanostructuregas, and develops a nanostructure
through self-assembly.through self-assembly.
a It particularly suits rough surfacesIt particularly suits rough surfaces
such as paper, leather, textiles andsuch as paper, leather, textiles and
masonrymasonry
Treated wood
surface with
waterrepelling
capacity
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Self-Cleaning Nano-CoatingSelf-Cleaning Nano-Coating
a The Lotus-Effect exteriorThe Lotus-Effect exterior
coating or paint oncoating or paint on
traffic signs or controltraffic signs or controldevices:devices:
require no labor-require no labor-
intensive and periodicintensive and periodic
washing to remove roadwashing to remove roadgrimegrime
enhance visibility andenhance visibility and
safetysafety
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Self-Cleaning Nano-CoatingSelf-Cleaning Nano-Coating
a The commercial Lotus-EffectThe commercial Lotus-Effect
exterior coating or paint areexterior coating or paint are
available in U.S. for buildingavailable in U.S. for buildingfacades:facades:
Water and dirt flow offWater and dirt flow off
immediatelyimmediately
Resists the growth of mold,Resists the growth of mold,mildew, and algaemildew, and algae
The facade remains dry andThe facade remains dry and
attractiveattractive Sto Lotusan
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A Schematic View of a Smart Bridge
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