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Local Air Quality Study
Etobicoke-Lakeshore
Wards 5 & 6
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Agenda
Welcome Mike Logan, Supervisor, Public Consultation
Introduction
Mark Bekkering, Manager of Implementation & Support,
Environment & Energy Division
Air Quality Study
Christopher Morgan, Air Quality Program Manager,
Environment & Energy Division
Health Analysis & Findings
Stephanie Gower, Research Consultant, Toronto Public Health
Next Steps
Christopher Morgan, Air Quality Program Manager,
Environment & Energy Division
Q & A
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Introduction
Jim BaxterDirector, Environment & Energy Division
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Purpose of the Study
1. Identify the sources and concentrations of 30 substances thathave the most impact on local air quality.
2. Compare concentrations of the 30 substances with air quality
standards.
3. Assess the cumulative health impacts of all 30 substances,
grouped by category:
carcinogens;
non-carcinogenic toxics; and
criteria air contaminants.
4. Set priorities and determine strategies to reduce exposure and
improve the health of Toronto residents.
5. Report to Parks and Environment Committee on March 3, 2014.
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Local Air Quality StudyMethod & Findings
Christopher Morgan, PhDEnvironment & Energy Division
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Outline
Air Quality Modelling
30 Pollutants Examined Results & Findings
Conclusions
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Local Air Quality Model
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AIR EMISSIONS
- Data
MODELS -
Meteorological &
Air Quality
CONCENTRATIONS
of 30 Air Contaminants
Mapped
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3 Nested Modelling Areas
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Emissions Data Used
Areas:
NE USA
Ontario
Toronto
Types:
Industrial POINTSources
Mobile LINESources
Stationary AREASources
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Modelling, Monitoring &
Mapping
Modelling Data verified very well against Data
from fourMOE Monitoring Stations
Model produced 1,048 equivalent data points(Virtual Monitoring Stations) - 200m apart
Data of 1,048 virtual monitoring stationsis the Basis of High Quality Mapping & Analysis
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MOEs 4 AQ Monitoring Stations
in Toronto
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Emissions Concentrations:
Area
Emission amounts DO NOT relate directly toresultant concentration amounts
Large emission amounts from distant upwind sources
are often less significant than small emissionamounts from nearby smaller sources
Distant sources typically contribute evenly to the
background levels of downwind concentrations
Nearby smaller sources typically contribute to local
specific areas (on top of the background)13
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Emissions Concentrations:
Height
e.g. High Stacks versus Low Tailpipes
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High
Stack
Low Car
Exhaust NBAlso few high sources versus
many low sources
S f T t
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Sources of Torontos
Pollution
Northeast US
39%
Southern
Ontario
25%
16%
12%
4%
4%
Toronto
36%
Residential + Commercial
Mobile
Non-Road Mobile
Industrial
NB - Air pollution at ground level
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Local Air Quality Model
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AIR EMISSIONS
- Data
MODELS -
Meteorological &
Air Quality
CONCENTRATIONS
of 30 Air Contaminants
Mapped
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30 Priority Air Contaminants
1. Acetaldehyde
2. Acrolein
3. Benzene
4. 1,3-Butadiene
5. Cadmium
6. Carbon Monoxide7. Carbon tetrachloride
8. Chloroform
9. Chloromethane
10. Chromium
11. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene12. 1,2-Dichloroethane
13. Dichloromethane
14. Ethylene dibromide
15. Formaldehyde
16. Lead
17. Manganese
18. Mercury
19. Nickel compounds
20. Nitrogen Oxides
21. PAHs (as B[a]Ps)22. PM1023. PM2.524. Tetrachloroethylene
25. Toluene
26. Trichloroethylene27. Vinyl Chloride
28. Sulfur Dioxide
29. VOCs (Anthro. & Biogenic)
30. Ozone
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Map Types [ potentially 480 Maps]
COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENT MAPS show: Comparison to MOEs Desirable Ambient Air Quality Criteria
(AAQC) standards of our modelled concentrations for 30
contaminants
ANALYSIS MAPS show: Local emission sourceseffectively link Sources + Specific
Areas
Worst Case 24-Hour Maps
98thPercentile Maps [re Worst Case]
Annual Average Maps
CUMULATIVE HEALTH RISK MAPS
Consider the health risks of exposure to multiple contaminants18
A bi Ai Q li C i i
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Ambient Air Quality Criteria
(AAQC)
An AAQC is a desirable concentration of a contaminant
in air, based on protection against adverse effects on
health or the environment.
The term ambient is used to reflect general air quality
independent of location or source of a contaminant.
AAQCs are most commonly used in environmental
assessment of general air quality in a community and
annual reporting on air quality across the Province.
(MOE Standards Branch, 2012)
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C li M
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Compliance Maps
as % of AAQC
For each of the 30 contaminants we set theMOEs AAQC (or equivalent) to 100% and map
concentrations against that [between 0% and
150%]
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C li M
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Compliance Maps:
Colour Coded by Significance
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Purple(2)
No AAQC standard established
Blue
(3)
Far Below 1% of AAQC
(i.e. < 0.000,000,000,000,000,01)
Yellow
(17)
Less than 10% of AAQC
Green(3)
Greater than 10% but Less than 100% of AAQC
Red
(5)
Greater than 100% AAQC
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1. Acetaldehyde
2. Acrolein
3. Benzene
4. 1,3-Butadiene
5. Cadmium
6. Carbon Monoxide7. Carbon tetrachloride
8. Chloroform
9. Chloromethane
10. Chromium
11. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene12. 1,2-Dichloroethane
13. Dichloromethane
14. Ethylene dibromide
15. Formaldehyde
16. Lead17. Manganese
18. Mercury
19. Nickel compounds
20. Nitrogen Oxides
21. PAHs (as B[a]Ps)22. PM1023. PM2.524. Tetrachloroethylene
25. Toluene
26. Trichloroethylene27. Vinyl Chloride
28. Sulfur Dioxide
29. VOCs (Anthro. & Biogenic)
30. Ozone
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30 Priority Air Contaminants
H l th
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How we analyze the
maps & data
Identify areas of high concentrations (on maps)
Identify emission source areas (tier maps)
Identify emission source type (on databases)
Confirm currency of data type (2006 & 2012)
Liaise with MOE and Stakeholders
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Si ifi C i E i i
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Significant Contaminant Emissions
by Source Type
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Cars &
Trucks
Residential
Commercial
Airports Industrial
Nitrogen Oxides o o oBenzo[a]pyrene o oPM10 o o oPM2.5 o o
Benzene o1,3 Butadiene oAcrolein o oCadmium oCarbon Monoxide o oFormaldehyde
o oMercury o oChromium o oAcetaldehyde oManganese oSulphur Dioxide o o
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1. Acetaldehyde
2. Acrolein
3. Benzene
4. 1,3-Butadiene
5. Cadmium
6. Carbon Monoxide7. Carbon tetrachloride
8. Chloroform
9. Chloromethane
10. Chromium
11. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene12. 1,2-Dichloroethane
13. Dichloromethane
14. Ethylene dibromide
15. Formaldehyde
16. Lead17. Manganese
18. Mercury
19. Nickel compounds
20. Nitrogen Oxides
21. PAHs (as B[a]Ps)22. PM1023. PM2.524. Tetrachloroethylene
25. Toluene
26. Trichloroethylene27. Vinyl Chloride
28. Sulfur Dioxide
29. VOCs (Anthro. & Biogenic)
30. Ozone
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30 Priority Air Contaminants
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Compliance Maps as % of AAQC
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1 3 Butadiene &
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1,3 Butadiene &
1,4 Dichlorobenzene
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Acrolein & Sulphur Dioxide
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Compliance Maps as % of AAQC
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RED = 150% and Greater
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Benzo[a]pyrene
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Benzo[a]pyrene
Compliance & Analysis
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PM10
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PM10
Compliance & Analysis
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PM2 5
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PM2.5
Compliance & Analysis
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Air quality conclusions
The significance of larger industrial emissionsources in Wards 5 & 6 (based on NPRI data) is
declining due to manufacturing process
improvements & company closures.
The significance of smaller industrial &
commercial sources (ChemTRAC data) has still
to be modelled & fully evaluated.
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For five substances, levels are elevated and are clearlylinked to vehicle traffic:
Nitrogen Oxides
Benzene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Particulate Matter < 10 microns (PM10)
Particulate Matter < 12.5 microns (PM2.5)
The geographic variation of vehicle emissions is clearly
linked to traffic volumes and vehicle type (i.e. cars versus
trucks).
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Air quality conclusions
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Assessment of Cumulative HealthImpacts
Stephanie GowerToronto Public Health
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Air Pollution and Health
Air pollution is amixture of manydifferent types ofchemicals
Our exposuretothese pollutantsdepends on factorssuch as
how much isemitted
the wind andweather
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Air Pollution and Health
Different chemicals canhave different kinds ofhealth impacts, dependingon how they interact withour body: Neurological,
developmental,immunological
Cancer
Heart disease and lungdisease
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Air Pollution and Health
Different chemicals
also have different
levels of toxicity
Some can beharmful at low levels
of exposure, while
others are only a
concern at higherlevels of exposure
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Vulnerability
Some people are morevulnerable to the healthimpacts from air pollutionthan others
Young children The elderly (seniors) Pregnant women People with asthma People with heart and lung
conditions
Smokers People who work or exercise
outdoors
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30 Priority Air Contaminants Studied
1. Acetaldehyde2. Acrolein
3. Benzene
4. 1,3-Butadiene
5. Cadmium
6. Carbon tetrachloride
7. Chloroform
8. Chloromethane
9. Chromium
10. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
11. 1,2-Dichloroethane
12. Dichloromethane
13. Ethylene dibromide
14. Formaldehyde
15. Lead
16. Manganese17. Mercury
18. Nickel compounds
19. Nitrogen Oxides
20. PAHs (as B[a]Ps)
21. PM2.5
22. Tetrachloroethylene
23. Toluene
24. Trichloroethylene
25. Vinyl Chloride
26. Carbon Monoxide
27. PM10
28. Sulfur Dioxide
29. VOC (anthropogenic/Biogenic)
30. Ozone
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Non-carcinogens
Non-carcinogens are toxicsubstances that may beassociated with health effectssuch as Developmental
Neurological
Reproductive.
Non-carcinogens have athresholdfor effects.
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Non-carcinogens
Considered
together, the 22
non-carcinogensincluded in the study
are not expected to
be present at levels
that pose a health
concern.
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Carcinogens
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Carcinogens are toxic
substances that are associated
with a risk of cancer.
There is some level of risk even
at low levels of exposure.
C
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Carcinogens
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Considered together, thecarcinogens included inthe study may bepresent at levels thatpose a health concern.
The risk from allcarcinogens together is44 in one million(excluding benzo[a]pyrene)
Further validation isneeded forbenzo[a]pyrene
Main source of cancerrisk is transportation
C i i Ai C i
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Criteria Air Contaminants
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Criteria Air Contaminants are
pollutants that are associated
mainly with higher risks of heart
and lung diseases.
These effects can occur at any
level of exposure.
C it i Ai C t i t
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Criteria Air Contaminants
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Considered together, the
criteria air contaminants
may increase the risk of
premature mortality by
7.4 per cent.
Risk is consistent with
Toronto Public Healths
estimate that air pollution
is associated with about
1,700 premature deaths
a year in Toronto.
Transportation and
industry are main
sources of risk.
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Next Steps
Christopher Morgan, PhDEnvironment & Energy Division
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N t St
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Next Steps
Transportation EmissionsIn 2007, Toronto Public Health estimated that traffic across Toronto
contributes to 400 premature deaths and 1700 hospitalizations
Advocate for improved transportation emissions standards
Work with various ministries (Environment, Health, Transportation)
and within the City of Toronto (Toronto Public Health, City Planning,
TTC and Transportation) regarding vehicle emissions, especially
trucks.
Connect with other major Canadian cities, all experience similar
issues.
Collectively advocate for improved emissions standards across Canada
& North America.
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NO A l & PM A l
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NOxAnnual & PM2.5 Annual
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N t St
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Next Steps
Urban Planning & Urban Design
Input was provided to Provincial Policy Statement and the Citys
Official Plan to support:
active transportation and an efficient transit system
mixed-use planning and safety for all road users
urban and street design to encourage mode shift climate adaptation
Improve building design to encourage better ventilation of vehicle
pollution in urban canyons as well as adjacent to highways.
Toolkit for urban planners. (in progress) Test & develop concepts. standards
Develop appropriate designs & configurations from
3-dimensional AQ modelling & technical analysis of downtown tall
buildings & streets.57
N t St
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Next Steps
Improve air modelling: Re-run ozone model (observation based model) to better
address smog issues
Model ChemTRAC data
Emissions from small/medium sized businesses
Add as another single layer and sum together
Mobile neighbourhood AQ monitor
Integrate within 18 neighbourhoods approach Community update
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N t St
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Next Steps
Community Facilitator: Connect community organizations, residents,
businesses, industries, associations and City
divisions. Assist the community with identifying projects and
building capacity to take action.
Provide information and resources on sustainable
transportation, energy conservation, pollutionprevention (ChemTRAC) etc.
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N t St
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Next Steps
Tell us how the Community Facilitator can help you
improve local air quality.
Information
Support
Examples of projects:
Community and food gardens
Tree planting and park naturalization
Renewable energy
Waste and water reduction Eco events
Cycling
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Actions to improve air quality
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Actions to improve air quality
Reduce natural gas consumption
Clean furnace filters, lower thermostat settings.
Upgrade insulation in your home.
Use less hot water.
Drive less
Leave the car at homebike, walk or take transit
Smart Commute
Green your homes, schools and neighbourhood.
Visit the Live Green Toronto display or livegreentoronto.cafor more information.
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Questions & Answers
www.toronto.ca/localairquality
Mike Logan
Public Consultation