Regional workshop on “Community-baSED Integrated Coastal Management: Best Practices and Lessons Learned in the Bay of Bengal, South Asia” , BOBLME-FAO/IUCN, 28-29 July 2010, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

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Md. Jahangir AlamChief Scientific Officer

Bangladesh Fisheries Research InstituteMymensingh 2201, Bangladesh

Coastal zoneContinental shelves & adjacent land area up to 100 km inland from the coast

Transition area where terrestrial & marine environment interact

Natural resource base supports fisheries, aquaculture & agriculture

Ecologically dynamic with diversified production system

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Bangladesh coastal zone

19 districts out of 64; 11 meet sea or lower estuary directly

133 upazilas out of 484; 48 are exposed to coast

BD CZ covers 32% (47,200 km2) of total land area

Coastal population is about 40 million (28% of country total)

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Bangladesh coastal zoneB  F  R  IB  F  R  I

710 km long coast

Eastern region (Pacific type)

Central region (Active delta): the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna jointly flow through this region

Western region (Atlantic type)

Livelihoods of coastal community has been relying since long on -

FisheriesNatural trapping-holding-growing fish productionAgricultureSunderbans mangrovesSalt production

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Lately since 70s, following coastal polderization

Aquaculture, brackishwater shrimp farming in particular

Contribution to national economyB  F  R  IB  F  R  I

Total fisheries sector 2007-08(3396.38 Cr. Tk.)

Employment & livelihoods brood hatchery farm transportationprocessing packaging marketing & so on

Marine fisheries production (capture)

0.5 million mt (20% of country’s total) Artisanal boats provides >90%- inshore (<10 m depth): non-mechanized boats– 22,527- near-shore (10-40 m depth): mechanized boats- 21,433 Trawlers provide <10%- off-shore waters (40-100 m)- 133 boats- further off-shore (100-200 m) ????

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Central region: the most dynamic region

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185 chars and islands

Detached (21)Attached with the mainland (92)Marine and estuarine (72)—located within 2-6 m of tidal surge

Coastal community and risk3 million live in 185 chars and islandsPeople live seasonally in 35 marine and estuarine islands—fishing

being the only livelihoodOnly 2 cyclone shelters in 72 islandsOnly 14 islands are protected by embankment

Western region: potential aquaculture-agriculture region

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Khul

na

Satk

hira

Bage

rhat

Gopa

lgon

j

Narai

l

Jessore

ShrimpRice

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Coastal vulnerability•Cyclone and storm surge•Floods, drainage congestion and water logging•Drought and salinity intrusion•Erosion•Ecosystem degradation•Climate change above all exacerbate vulnerabilities•Livelihood and food security threatened•More population and less socio-economic development in the exposed zone would cause high risk

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Policies pertaining to coastal zoneCoastal Zone Policy 2005Coastal Development Strategy 2006Integrated Coastal Resources Database 2005Priority Investment Programme 2006National Water Management Plan 2004Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-II 2009-2011National Adaptation Programme of Action 2005Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009Sixth Five Year Plan (2010-2015)Outline Perspective Plan: Vision 2010-2021

All above policies attach due importance for CZM for eradication of poverty, inequity and deprivation.

Highly supportive policy environment exists for an integrated coastal development programme.

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ICZM initiative in Bangladesh (1986-2010)

Since ICZM got shape in 1980 and following the Rio Earth Summit 1992

ESCAP Secretariat and GoB Planning Commission 1986Follow up study by UNDP and Planning Commission 1993GoB Policy Note on ICZM issued Feb 1999Joint Donor Mission (IDA-NEDA-WFP) March 1999Joint Mission (IDA-NEDA) Oct 1999ICZMP Project (2000-2005)- CZPo 2005, CDS 2006, PIP 2005, ICRD 2005 Coastal land zoning for 19 coastal districts being implemented

ICZM Identification Mission 2009-Suggested revival of ICZM and phased implementation

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Funding coastal development—BangladeshUS$ 1.45 billion during 2005-06—2009-10

Bangladesh CC Trust Fund

US$ 100 million 2009-10US$ 100 million 2010-11

Multi donor climate resilience Green Trust Fund US$ 110 million

NGO funding in the coastal zone US$ 145 million 2009-10

Funding coastal fisheries (11 projects)2007-08—2011-12 funding: US$ 67 million2010-11 funding: US$ 12.5 million

Support to Sustainable Management of the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project (BFRI) (1/09/2008—31/08/2013)

Total cost: US$ 0.71 million, 2010-11 budget: US$ 62,000 `

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Current status of community based coastal fisheries & ecosystem management

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Besides CCFM development -

•Bangladesh has potential of coastal aquaculture development for livelihood improvement

•Opportunity of community involvement

• Resource availability and integration

Economic gainEconomic gain Food securityFood security ConservationConservation

Shrimp

Fish

Crab

Rice

Shrimp

Fish

Crab

Rice

Shrimp

Fish

Crab

Rice

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Two crop

One crop

Ricc-fish-Shrimp

SeedFertilizerPesticide

Fish-shrimp-prawn

WildCulture

Stock management

Feed

Seed

Semi-intensive

Imroved extensive

Feed

SeedCulture

Fattening

Seed

CrabFishRice Shrimp

Underground Upstream in-flow

Marine in-flow Rainfall

Water sources(sluice-gate operation)

Total production

Freshwater quantity & quality

Saline/brackish water quality & quantity (chemical & organic pollution, acidity, salinity, temp., etc.)

Soil quality

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Wet seasonDry season

Gher preparation

• Water depth- 60-80 cm• Single stocking: @ 3-5/m²• Yield: 350-550 kg/ha• NR: 0.75-1.00 lakh/ha

(1:1.9)

Golda GIFT

5,000-10,000/ha at 1:1 ratio

Yield:• Rice: 4-5 t/ha.• Fish: 200-250 kg/ha• Prawn: 70-90 kg/ha

Seedling

BagdaRice

Improved riceImproved rice--shrimp systemshrimp system

HYVs: BR 23/40/41

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Increased rice yield

Additional crop of fish/prawn

Maximizeland-water

use for Increased food

production &income

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• Risk of reduced rice yield is there in case of prolonged water logging in ghers with higher depth

• Integrated effort is required for improving water supply system in coastal polders

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• HYV rice can also be grown in dry season by adopting innovative water management approach

• Non-saline river water & rainfall can be conserved for improving productivity and livelihood

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

HYV Rice HYV Rice

From river

From reservoir

Seedling

Rainfall

Seedling

Improved riceImproved rice--rice systemrice system

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Item Traditional cropping

Modified cropping

Rice yield (t/ha) 2.0-2.5 8.0-9.0Production cost (Tk/ha)

5000 25000

Profit (Tk/ha) 15000-20000 32500-37500

Improved riceImproved rice--rice systemrice system

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• Rice BRRIdhan 41: 4.8 t/ha• Fish: Carp: 600 kg/ha; bagda: 40 kg/ha;

galda:65kg/ha

Net benefit: Rice - Tk. 27,000/ha (1:1.8)Aquaculture – Tk. 36,000/ha (1:1.4)

» BRRIdhan 47 has shown a great promise production in integration with shrimp (bagda), prawn (Golda) and carps (ruhu, catla & mrigal)

Dry season riceDry season rice--aquaculture systemaquaculture system

Integrated mud crab fattening-fish culture

• Increased income• Improved nutrition

Fattening duration: 7-12 days

Fattening duration: 14-18 days

9-10 kg/dec/180 days

Crab@ 

2/m2 

Crab@ 16/m2 

GIFT@ 

1/m2 

Maximum resource utilization

• Waterlogged saline areas can potentially be utilized by growing GIFT in pens and crab fattening

• BRAC has undertaken some aquaculture rehabilitation programme, at different AILA affected areas with BFRI technology and technical advice

ImplicationsImplications…………..an adaptation success ..an adaptation success

Crab fatteningGIFT culture

Integrated hydoponic agricultureIntegrated hydoponic agriculture--aquacultureaquaculture

• Introduce hydroponic agriculture, non-saline and/or salinity tolerant vegetables

• Integrate fish culture in pen encircling the hydroponic bed area – periphytonic advantage

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RecommendationsRecommendations

• Study strength and weaknesses of post ECFC projects in the light of lessons learned from post CBFM projects in freshwater inland areas.

• Institutionalization of CBFM approach in coastal areas• Provision of endowment fund for sustainable operation of

CBOs.• Government should pay immediate attention to implement

strategies and action plans outlined under coastal and marine fisheries sub-strategies.

• Need political will for coastal and marine fisheries, as has been visible for hilsa fisheries resources management.