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Chapter 1
Introduction:Matter and Measurement
John . !oo"sta#er
$t. Charles Communit% Colle&eCottle#ille, M'
Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition
(heodore ). !ro*n+ H. u&ene )eMa%, Jr.+
and !ruce . !ursten
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Chemistr%
In this science *e
stud% matterand the
chan&esitunder&oes.
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$cientiic Method
(he scientiic method is simpl% a s%stematic
approach to sol#in& prolems.
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Matter
/e deine matter as an%thin& that has mass
and ta"es up space.
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Matter
tomsare the uildin& loc"s o matter.
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Matter
tomsare the uildin& loc"s o matter. ach elementis made o the same "ind o atom.
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Matter
tomsare the uildin& loc"s o matter. ach elementis made o the same "ind o atom.
compoundis made o t*o or more dierent "inds oelements.
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$tates o Matter
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Classiication o Matter
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Classiication o Matter
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Classiication o Matter
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Classiication o Matter
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Classiication o Matter
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Classiication o Matter
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Classiication o Matter
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Classiication o Matter
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Classiication o Matter
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Classiication o Matter
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Properties and
Chan&es o
Matter
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(%pes o Properties
Ph%sical Properties3 Can e oser#ed *ithout chan&in& a
sustance into another sustance.
!oilin& point, densit%, mass, #olume, etc.
Chemical Properties
3 Can onlye oser#ed *hen a sustance is
chan&ed into another sustance. 4lammailit%, corrosi#eness, reacti#it% *ith
acid, etc.
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(%pes o Properties
Intensi#e Properties
3re independent o the amount o the
sustance that is present.
ensit%, oilin& point, color, etc.
5tensi#e Properties
3 epend upon the amount o the sustance
present. Mass, #olume, ener&%, etc.
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(%pes o Chan&es
Ph%sical Chan&es
3 (hese are chan&es in matter that do not
chan&e the composition o a sustance.
Chan&es o state, temperature, #olume, etc.
Chemical Chan&es
3 Chemical chan&es result in ne* sustances.
Comustion, o5idation, decomposition, etc.
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Chemical 6eactions
In the course o a chemical reaction, the
reactin& sustances are con#erted to ne*
sustances.
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Compounds
Compounds can e
ro"en do*n into
more elementalparticles.
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$eparation o
Mi5tures
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istillation
istillation uses
dierences in the
oilin& points osustances to
separate a
homo&eneous
mi5ture into itscomponents.
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4iltration
In iltration solid
sustances are
separated rom li7uids
and solutions.
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Chromato&raph%
(his techni7ue separates sustances on the
asis o dierences in soluilit% in a sol#ent.
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8nits o
Measurement
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$I 8nits
Systme International dUnits
dierent ase unit is used or each 7uantit%.
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Metric $%stem
Prei5es con#ert the ase units into units that
are appropriate or the item ein& measured.
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olume
(he most commonl%
used metric units or
#olume are the liter );and the milliliter m);.
3 liter is a cue 1 dm
lon& on each side.
3 milliliter is a cue 1 cmlon& on each side.
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8ncertaint% in Measurements
ierent measurin& de#ices ha#e dierent
uses and dierent de&rees o accurac%.
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(emperature
!% deinition
temperature is a
measure o thea#era&e "inetic
ener&% o the
particles in a
sample.
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(emperature
In scientiicmeasurements, theCelsius and
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(emperature
(he
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(emperature
(he 4ahrenheit
scale is not used in
scientiic
measurements.
4 > 9BC; ? A2
C > B94 D A2;
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ensit%
ensit% is a ph%sical propert% o a
sustance.
d >m
V
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8ncertaint% in
Measurement
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$i&niicant 4i&ures
(he term si&niicant i&uresreers to
di&its that *ere measured.
/hen roundin& calculated numers, *epa% attention to si&niicant i&ures so *e
do not o#erstate the accurac% o our
ans*ers.
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$i&niicant 4i&ures
1. ll non=ero di&its are si&niicant.
2. Eeroes et*een t*o si&niicant i&ures
are themsel#es si&niicant.
A. Eeroes at the e&innin& o a numer
are ne#er si&niicant.
F. Eeroes at the end o a numer are
si&niicant i a decimal point is *ritten
in the numer.
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$i&niicant 4i&ures
/hen addition or sutraction isperormed, ans*ers are rounded to theleast si&niicant decimalplace.
/hen multiplication or di#ision isperormed, ans*ers are rounded to thenumer o di&its that corresponds to theleastnumer o si&niicant i&uresinan% o the numers used in thecalculation.
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ccurac% #ersus Precision
ccurac%reers to the pro5imit% o a
measurement to the true #alue o a
7uantit%.
Precisionreers to the pro5imit% o
se#eral measurements to each other
"urasi men&acu pada "ede"atan
pen&u"uran den&an nilai seenarn%a
dari "uantitas.
Presisi men&acu pada "ede"atan
eerapa pen&u"uran satu sama lain.
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imensional nal%sis
/e use dimensional anal%sis
to con#ert one 7uantit% to
another. Most commonl% dimensional
anal%sis utili=es con#ersion
actorse.&., 1 in. > 2.BF cm;
1 in.
2.BF cm
2.BF cm
1 in.or
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imensional nal%sis
8se the orm o the con#ersion actor
that puts the sou&ht-or unit in the
numerator.
Gi#en unit = desired unitdesired unit
&i#en unit
Con#ersion actor
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And
imensional nal%sis
4or e5ample, to con#ert .00 m to inches,
3 con#ert m to cm
3 con#ert cm to in.
.00 m100 cm
1 m
1 in.
2.BF cm= A1B in.