Chemistry11OrganicChemistryIV
Name:Date:Block:
1. FunctionalGroups
FunctionalGroupsTherearenumerousfunctionalgroupsthatcanbefoundinorganiccompounds.Oftentherearemorethanoneincomplexorganiccompounds.
• Functionalgroupscanbeanatom,groupofatomsortypeofbondinanorganicmoleculethatreactinapredictablemanner.
• Symbol“R”isusedtorepresentthehydrocarbonfragmentoftheorganicmolecule.
1.AlkylHalides(asbranches)
Ingeneral..WhereX=F= Cl= Br= I=
Practice#1.
1. ParentChain.
2. Numbertheparentchain.
3. Namethebranches.
4. Namethecompound
Practice#2.
1. ParentChain.
2. Numbertheparentchain.
3. Namethebranches.
4. Namethecompound
organiccompoundscontaining halogens arecalledalkylhalideF CI Br I group17
fluoro chloro bromo iodo alphaorder
pentane 004 2
5 3 I
2 bromo4 chloro2 bromo 4 chloropentane
benzene
l chloro
1 chlorobenzene Chlorobenzene
2.Alcohols
• Organiccompoundscontainingahydroxyl(-OH)grouparecalledalcohols.Namingalcohols:
a) Theparentchainmustcontaintheatomattachedtothe–OHgroup.Numberthecarbonatomsintheparentchainsothatthe–OHgroupisgiventhelowernumber
b) Thenameoftheparentchainendswith“-ol”insteadof“-e”.
#ofCAtoms Prefix Alcohol Formula1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
c) Nameandidentifypositionsofthebranches.d) Namethecompound
Practice#1.
1. ParentChain.
2. Numbertheparentchain.
3. Namethebranches.
4. Namethecompound
Practice#2.
1. ParentChain.
2. Numbertheparentchain.
3. Namethebranches.
4. Namethecompound
Meth Methanol CH3OHeth ethanol CzH50Hprop propanol CzHy0Hbut butanol C4HaOHperf pertanol CsHn0Hhex hexanol C6HB0Hkept heptanol CHIS OHOct octanol CsHnOHnon nonanol CathaOHdec decanol Ciotti OH
ethanol z INIA
1 ethanol of ethanol
butanol I4 3 2 I3 methyl
3 methyl l butanolor
3 methylbutanol
Practice#3.
1. ParentChain.
2. Numbertheparentchain.
3. Namethebranches.
4. Namethecompound
Forthefollowingfunctionalgroups,itisexpectedthatyoucanrecognizetheminvariousmolecules.Youwillnotberequiredtoknowhowtonameordrawthem.3.Ethers
• TwohydrocarbonfragmentsconnectedbyanoxygenatomIngeneral..Examples:
4.Aldehydes
• Anorganiccompoundcontainingacarbonatomdoublebondedtoanoxygenatomattheendofacarbonchain.
• Carbonylgroup=carbonatomdoublebondedtoanoxygen
Ingeneral..Examples:
5.Ketones
• Anorganiccompoundcontainingacarbonatomdoublebondedtoanoxygenatom• Unlikeanaldehyde,thiscarbonylgroupisnotattheendofthecarbonchain
Ingeneral..
propanolz
I 3NIA
2 propanol
R hydrocarbon
RIO R
HELCH CHICH3 0413
eO
rIcargbonip
otheatatty
H c tf
tearsRITR
Examples:
6.CarboxylicAcid
• Anorganiccompoundcontainingacarboxylgroup(-COOH)andfoundattheendofcompounds• Sometimescalledorganicacids
Ingeneral..Examples:
7.Esters
• Anorganiccompoundinwhicha–COO-groupconnectstwootherhydrocarbonfragments• Strongfruityodors–usedinperfumesandflavourings
Ingeneral..Examples:
8.Amines
• Anorganiccompoundcontainingonlysinglebondsandnitrogenatomsattachedtoacarbonatom
Ingeneral..Examples:
the at that a
rE caging
Ctb H
R R
CHzCHzCHz
CH3CHzO
R R
HHz
9.Amides
• Anorganiccompoundcontaininganitrogenatombondedtoacarbonylgroup
Ingeneral..Examples:
Classifythefollowingmoleculesaccordingtotheirfunctionalgroup.
Thefollowingmoleculesarecommonorganiccompounds.Foreachmolecule,circleandidentifyeachfunctionalgroup.Thesemoleculescontainmorethanonefunctionalgroup.
1. Vanillin(afoodflavouring)
OR
C O
R lR
now E
amideamine
aldehyde
carboxylic esteracid alkylhalide
ketonealcohol
aldehyde
Canning
00
2. Ibuprofen(apainkiller)
3. Morphine(apainkiller)
4. Capsaicin(usedinpepperspray)
5. PenicillinG(anantibiotic)
aninglic
caraboixylic
andin
aalcohol
a arming
Oamide
00Carbagixdylic
6. Caffeine
7. Theobromine(foundinchocolate)
tore
anCanine
0amin
a Oamine