Chemical Control
Chemical ControlThe Endocrine SystemHypothalamus- link between two systems
LHProlactinAnterior PituitaryGHTSHFSHACTHMSHGonadotropinsFollicle stimulating hormone -FSHLuteinizing hormone- LHStimulates the production of gametes in ovaries and testesStimulates the release of gonadal hormones in males and femalesStimulates the ovulation of the egg and the formation of the corpus lutea in the follicle, which will release progesterone- the pregnancy hormoneStimulates the Leydig cells in testes to release androgens, such as testosterone
TheHypothalamus (GnRH) Pituitary (FSH-LH) Testes (T)ConnectionGrowth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin- Milk production inIn mammary glands
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH)Stimulates the thyroid to release its hormone: thyroxine
Influences metabolic rate, growth, and development.Thyroid and Parathyroid
Calcitonin- causes calcium to be stored on bones (decreases calcium in blood)Parathormone- relases calcium stored on bones ( increases calcium in blood)ACTH
Glucocorticoids- cortisol- targets theLiver and other tissues to release Glucose.Mineralcorticoids-aldosterone- increases reabsorption of Na+ in kidneys and excretion of K+, controls volume of ICF and bloodStress!Adrenal CortexAnterior PituitaryNegative feedback
Control of Blood PressureMSH- melanocyte Stimulating HormoneRegulate synthesis of melanin in melanocytes in skin and hair, also linked to appetite and sexual arousal
Posterior PituitaryOxytocinADH- antidiuretic hormone(aka Vasopressin)Hormones made in the HYPOTHALAMUS but stored in theOxytocin
LOVE
Positive FeedbackADH- Antidiuretic Hormone
Stimulus- decreased blood pressure, increased osmotic concentration,dehydrationTarget/Response-Arterial walls/Vasoconstriction for increased pressure,Distal tubule of kidneys/reabsorption of water for increased blood volume and pressure.
Adrenal Medulla-controlled by Hypothalamus, not by releasing hormones,But by NERVES!!Stress!
Epinephrine -Norepinephrineaka Adrenaline
Fight or Flight response
Sudden response to fear, anger, pain, or physical exertion
Causes vasoconstrictionaka Noradrenaline
Rest and Digest response
Responsible for return to homeostasis
However, causes vasoconstriction, too
Pancreas-Insulin and GlucagonAntagonistic hormones that control blood glucose levelsBeta cellsAlpha cellsLocal MediatorsEnzymes affecting nearby tissuesGastrin and Secretin and CCK
Negative FeedbackProstaglandins
Heat MemoryContraction/ relaxation of musclesThymosin in the Thymus
Stimulates the development of T lymphocytesAnd now for something completely different.The Pineal Gland- tHe Third eye
Produces melatonin-Which communicates information on environmental lighting to other tissues in the body
Light detected by the retina of the eye first send the stimulus to the hypothalamus, fibers from the hypothalamus descend to the spinal cord and then to ganglia outside the spinal cord.
From there a post-ganglian neuron relays the information to the pineal gland (similar to the adrenal gland).
Melatonin has important effects in integrating photoperiod and affecting circadian rhythms. It has significant effects on reproduction, sleep-wake cycles and other phenomena showing circadian rhythm.
Are YOU Awake??