Chatham Islands Biosecurity: A Snapshot
2011 – 2017
AcknowledgementsJan Crooks, Hannah Eastgate, Hayley Hillock and Katrina Sinclair, without whom this book would still be an idea. They made sense of the handwritten notes and did a great job with the text and formatting.
Paul Bradbury from SPS Biosecurity who provided much of the Border Control section, and whose company provides invaluable technical advice to our team along with the border control activities, which are often not as visible on the Chatham Islands.
Kerri Moir and Robin Seymour (our resident Biosecurity Officers) who “do the business” on the Islands. They are the people that have identified worthwhile projects and see them through to successful outcomes. They really are two brilliant staff members.
Laurence Smith (Environment Canterbury Principal Biosecurity Advisor) for answering my questions about Regional Pest Management Plans and providing input.
Graham Sullivan (my manager) for his advice and allowing me the freedom to propose and carry out projects that fall outside the norm of Environment Canterbury’s usual business.
Finally, but foremost, Owen Pickles (CEO), Alfred Preece (Mayor) and the Chatham Islands Council for their unwavering support of our biosecurity activities, and for thinking outside the square, beyond what’s required by legislation, for the good of the Chatham Islands.
Thank you all.
Steve Palmer
Biosecurity Advisor Special ProjectsEnvironment Canterbury
Disclaimer
While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this report is accurate, Environment Canterbury does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decision based on this information.
ForewordThe Chatham Islands Council is a district council with most regional council functions. These include biosecurity and border control.
Environment Canterbury is engaged under contract to assist the Chatham Islands Council to meet its regional council obligations, with biosecurity being a significant part of this.
The Council is looking to control unwanted plants and animals found on the Chatham Islands and to prevent new ones establishing.
This publication explains how this is being achieved and how you can help.
The Chatham Islands have a unique biodiversity which the Council is serious about protecting.
I commend this publication to you and hope you can assist Steve, Kerri, Robin and the team with the work they do.
Owen Pickles
Chief Executive OfficerChatham Islands Council
1
Photo: Ngaire Lawson
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Contents
Introduction.............................................................................................................................4
Border Control ........................................................................................................................6
Special Programmes ............................................................................................................8
Border Control – Chatham Islands..................................................................................10
Recent Incursions ..................................................................................................................12
Pest Management Programmes .......................................................................................13
Eradication Programme – Plants .....................................................................................15
Eradication Programme – Animals .................................................................................31
Sustained Control Plants ....................................................................................................37
Site-led Programmes – Plants .........................................................................................43
Site-led Programmes – Animals.......................................................................................57
Exclusion Programme ..........................................................................................................61
Chatham Islands Council/Environment Canterbury Initiatives ............................66
Appendix - Marine Pest ID Guide (Ministry for Primary Industries) ....................74
3
IntroductionEnvironment Canterbury is contracted to the Chatham Islands Council to carry out a variety of services. This is a unique situation within New Zealand where a regional council is contracted to a district council.
One of the functions Environment Canterbury carries out on behalf of the Chatham Islands Council is biosecurity.
In very broad terms the biosecurity portfolio covers:
1. Surveillance and control of plant and animal pests already on the Chatham Islands
2. Border control – preventing new pests from arriving on the Chatham Islands
There are numerous subsections of both 1 and 2 which are detailed further within this document.
Our guiding document for everything we do is the Chatham Islands Pest Management Strategy 2008 – 2018, copies of which can be obtained from the Chatham Islands Council or the website.
Initially the Pest Management Strategy provided a good regulatory framework but over the years some sections have become redundant. As new pests have arrived the Council has adopted a number of initiatives which are unique and beneficial to Chatham Islanders.
In some cases, in consultation with the Council, we have stepped outside the original brief outlined in the Strategy document.
While Environment Canterbury does carry out other functions for the Chatham Islands Council, the purpose of this book is to give the reader a better appreciation of what the biosecurity team actually does on the Islands.
The current Strategy is up for review, so now is the optimum time to look at updating it to reflect our activities.
4
StaffThere are a multitude of people and organisations that support our biosecurity activities, both on and off the Islands.
The people most directly involved with Chatham Islands biosecurity are:
Steve PalmerBiosecurity Advisor Special Projects Christchurch Environment Canterbury
027 742 6126 [email protected]
Kerri MoirBiosecurity Officer Chatham Islands Environment Canterbury
03 305 0013 [email protected]
Robin SeymourBiosecurity Officer Chatham Islands Environment Canterbury
03 305 0013 [email protected]
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Border ControlIt goes without saying that keeping pests off the Chatham Islands is far more cost effective than trying to deal with them once they have become established.
We subcontract a portion of our border control work to SPS Biosecurity. Their primary role is to identify and minimise the risk pathways of pests transported to the Islands. Most of this work is carried out in New Zealand and focuses on freight handler training, transportation (sea/air/human), retail supplier pest awareness, port/supplier site checks, and diagnostic services.
Chatham Islands Border Quarantine and Biosecurity
Stopping new pests establishing on the Chathams thanks to SPS Biosecurity
The border biosecurity programme (No Pests Please) uses a risk-pathway approach to manage a wide range of pest and disease threats to the Chatham Islands.
The programme is science based and uses strategies aimed at achieving biosecurity outcomes outlined in the Chatham Islands Pest Management Strategy. These strategies cover pest risk to the environment and primary productive sectors.
The border programme strategies fall into three broad areas of work:
• Quarantine and risk site management
• Science and surveillance
• Training and increasing biosecurity awareness within key sectors and the general population
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Quarantine and risk site management
Pest management programmes are maintained at key sites to reduce pest load and help prevent ‘hitch hiker’ pests travelling to the Chatham Islands and also from Chatham to Pitt Island. (A distinction is made between the New Zealand – Chatham Islands border and the Chatham – Pitt border).
Additional inspections and surveillance occurs at up to 150 sites of interest and includes:
• Key freight suppliers and cargo consolidation locations for the Chathams
• Targeted surveillance for known serious pests
• Specialised biosecurity treatments and inspections of up to five vessels in 2016 -2017
‘High risk’ goods Pest or contamination of interest
Timber and posts Weeds and weed seed
Construction and farm materials Rodents and lizards
Garden and landscaping products Ants and wasps
Aggregate, soil and potting mix Soil
Vehicles and machinery Animal diseases
Vessels and marine equipment Marine fouling
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Special ProgrammesLarge events, major construction works or one-off shipments can present unique biosecurity risks. Inspection, cleaning and training occurs before any risk is transferred to the Chathams.
The Waitangi wharf construction has required the shipment of significant volumes of materials and equipment. A tailored biosecurity plan was developed with the construction company MPA to address marine and terrestrial pest risks associated with the project. MPA cover the cost of any additional treatments.
Vehicle and machinery cleaning and treatmentA pest risk analysis of vehicles and machinery imported by the general population found these items were often contaminated and efforts to get cleaning done by the importer sometimes failed due to purchasers using sites like TradeMe, and the ‘last minute’ nature of delivery to shipside.
Specific assessment, cleaning and treatment has been arranged with shipping companies to deal with contaminated vehicles and timber. Where possible, all cleaning costs are recovered for these activities.
Science and surveillance Decisions about Chatham Islands biosecurity have a solid scientific foundation by using key science partners – Landcare Research, AgResearch, and Scion. Reports and recommendations from these organisations are developed into operational outputs and delivered by SPS Biosecurity Ltd. Risk site monitoring and surveillance activities used by SPS Biosecurity are based on the Ministry for Primary Industries ‘best practice’ and internationally recognised protocols.
A formal twice-yearly surveillance programme to update pest baseline information is undertaken at designated risk sites on the Chathams and a similar programme occurs at sites on the New Zealand mainland with frequency based on a risk site ranking.
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Risk factors considered:
• Type and volume of freight sent and stored
• Commercial activity and visitor numbers (Chathams)
• Storage of imported goods (Chathams)
• Nature of special projects i.e. construction work (Chathams)
• Sentinel sites that have a good representation of flora and fauna
Training and awareness A key approach of the programme has been to change public and commercial behaviours around biosecurity. Groups and individuals receive training on basic biosecurity and are encouraged to notify biosecurity staff of pest issues. Biosecurity guides, workbooks and other information material has been developed to support the training activities.
• Skill checks and awareness training for freight and shipping companies
• Pest management training for Chatham Islands biosecurity staff
• Biosecurity training for construction company staff
• Inspection and treatment training for freight company staff
• Chathams biosecurity treatment training for commercial pest control companies
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Border Control – Chatham IslandsIf, for some reason, ‘dirty’ freight slips through the New Zealand controls, our next back stop is to check as much freight as we can before it is dispersed after unloading on the Chathams.
This can be frustrating for people waiting to take possession of their goods and machinery. As you can imagine, pests come in many forms and even an untrained eye can spot a big one. At the other end of the scale we are dealing with seed, larvae, small insects and reptiles.
The following photo spread is a snapshot of some of the things that have slipped through the New Zealand controls and arrived on the Islands. Some have turned out to be non-invasive but you can see how easy it would be for a new pest to arrive if everyone isn’t vigilant.
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Border Control – PeopleVirtually every pest we have in New Zealand and the Chatham Islands arrived with the help of people (Canada geese would be the exception).
The Chatham Islands is regarded as a domestic port and therefore is not subject to customs or immigration checks before arrival. We endeavour to keep public awareness of biosecurity issues high through various media but sadly some people still aren’t aware, or worse, don’t care about protecting such a unique environment.
Border Control – Pitt IslandOf the 11 islands that make up the Chathams group, Pitt Island is the only other inhabited island aside from the main Chatham Island.
Where humans go, unwanted pests often follow. Pitt Island is no exception, although incidences of introduced pests are remarkably low.
Pitt Island is in a unique situation where we operate a biosecurity ‘border within a border’ as there are numerous pests that are present on the main Chatham Island but not present on Pitt Island.
The most notable of these are;
• Rats
• Possums
• Hedgehogs
• Feral goats
As well as all of the plants in the Chatham Islands Eradication Programme list (see p15).
Unfortunately, gorse has started to become established in and around Flower Pot Bay, and while total eradication is an optimistic aim, in the past we have carried out progressive control.
As long as constant pressure is maintained, it is possible the ‘seed bank’ will be reduced over time and we may be in a position to deem it an ‘eradication pest’ on Pitt Island in the future.
The results of the Pitt Island ‘Gorse Free’ initiative are depicted on the helicopter spraying map in the Chatham Islands Council/Environment Canterbury Initiatives section of this book.
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Recent IncursionsThere have been several new pest incursions to the Chatham Islands recently, which are described below.
German wasp (Vespula germanica)German wasps are a nuisance to the general public, and of particular concern to those working in forestry or the tourism industries. They are unwelcome guests at summer picnics and barbeques. The venom from a wasp sting contains several toxins that can cause a hypersensitive or allergic reaction in some people.
Wasps also eat huge numbers of native insects and have even been seen killing newly hatched birds.
Black ants (Lasius niger)Black ants are social insects that can be a considerable nuisance pest when they enter the home. They can also be a significant biodiversity pest when exotic species are introduced to vulnerable habitats.
CockroachesCockroaches are a common household pest in New Zealand. While they are only a low-level health risk, cockroaches thrive in unhealthy environments and can transmit a number of diseases.
Tree lupin (Lupinus arboreus)Tree lupin grows and matures quickly, producing many long-lived seeds. It is taller than competing coastal species and can quickly form a canopy, reducing light levels in open habitats and causing subsequent invasion by weedy shrubs and vines.
It is most likely to invade short tussockland, bare land, riverbeds, coastal areas, and sandy, well-drained areas.
(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
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Pest Management ProgrammesEach pest included in the Chatham Islands Pest Management Strategy is included in a management programme appropriate to infestation levels and based on achievable goals.
Eradication Progressive Containment ExclusionSustained
Control Site-led
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Photo: Ngaire Lawson
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Eradication Programme – PlantsThe Eradication Programme refers to plants that are present in the Chatham Islands territory but are of low or limited distribution. The aim is to eradicate these pest plants from the Islands.
To be included in the Eradication Programme, eradication must be an achievable goal. New incursions are treated as eradication plants until it is determined that they don’t meet the criteria.
Eradication Programme plants are:
• Banana passionfruit (Passiflora tripartita and P.tarminiana)
• Broom: common (Cytisus scoparius), montpellier (Genista monspessulana) and white (Cytisus multiflorus)
• Chilean rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria)
• Reed sweet-grass (Glyceria maxima)
• Old man’s beard (Clematis vitalba)
• Ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris)
• Tree lupin (Lupinus arboreus)
More information on each of these plant pests is included on the following pages.
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Banana passionfruit (Passiflora tripartita and P.tarminiana)
DescriptionBanana passionfruit is a tall climbing vine with large pink tubular flowers producing pale green oval fruit throughout the year which turn yellow to orange when ripe.
HabitatBanana passionfruit can be found along forest and shrubland margins, on stream sides and coastal cliffs, on consolidated sand dunes, and in domestic gardens.
ImpactThe layering vines of banana passionfruit dominate the canopy and smother desirable species.
SpreadBanana passionfruit is mainly spread by birds and people.
Banana passionfruit (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
Banana passionfruit spread
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Distribution - Chatham Island
N
0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Banana passionfruit
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Common broom, montpellier broom and white broom (Cytisus scoparius, Genista monspessulana, Cytisus multiflorus)
DescriptionBroom is a multi-branched perennial shrub up to 2.5 metres tall. Common and montpellier broom have bright yellow flowers while white broom is smaller and has white flowers with a red fleck.
HabitatBroom can be found in developed pasture, river gravels, coastal dunes, tussock grasslands, road verges, and in domestic gardens.
ImpactBroom grows rapidly, establishing dense stands and shading out desirable species including pasture. Tolerant of dry conditions, broom is a prolific seed producer with seed remaining viable for many years.
SpreadSpread by stock, vehicles, machinery and water.
Montpellier broom flowers Young broom at Tioriori
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Distribution - Chatham Island
N
0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Common broom, montpellier broom and white broom
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Chilean rhubarb(Gunnera tinctoria)
DescriptionChilean rhubarb is a large clump-forming perennial herb with large leaves (up to 1m x 1m). Hairy on the underside and on the leaf veins, both leaves and stout stems are covered in rubbery red prickles. Tiny, densely packed green flowers are produced in summer on long erect conical spikes which can be up to a metre long. They develop into reddish oblong fruit, each containing a single oval orange seed.
HabitatChilean rhubarb prefers moist leached soils in high rainfall areas, in full sun or dappled shade. It inhabits forest and forest margins, wetlands and drains, unfertilised farmland, stream sides and bluffs, and coastal cliffs.
ImpactChilean rhubarb can form dense stands shading out and suppressing native vegetation and altering the habitats of birds, insects, and lizards. It can block drains, streams, and access to natural and recreational areas. It also contributes to erosion on slip-prone banks.
SpreadSeeds are spread by birds, water, soil movement and by deliberate planting. Chilean rhubarb can also spread vegetatively by growth of rhizomes and regrowth of rhizome fragments.
The large leaves of a Chilean rhubarb plant(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
Chilean rhubarb
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Distribution - Chatham Island
N
0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Chilean rhubarb
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Reed sweet-grass(Glyceria maxima)
DescriptionReed sweet-grass is a bright green mat-forming, rhizomatous perennial aquatic grass up to 2 metres tall with shiny hairless leaves and rough leaf edges. It produces a multi-branched flowerhead with numerous spikelets containing many seeds.
HabitatReed sweet-grass inhabits wetlands, bogs, freshwater margins, lakes, streams, and open, frost-free areas.
ImpactTolerant of damage and grazing, reed sweet-grass grows rapidly to maturity, forming dense mats on water and in damp areas replacing most other species. It degrades habitat for native flora and fauna and can cause silt accumulation and flooding.
SpreadReed sweet-grass can be spread by water, machinery, livestock, or in soil or dumped vegetation. It can also be transported into new catchments in eel nets, or on boats and trailers.
Reed sweet-grass in flower Reed sweet-grass invading a water body at Nigel Ryan’s
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Distribution - Chatham Island
N
0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Reed sweet-grass
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Old man’s beard (Clematis vitalba)
DescriptionOld man’s beard is a deciduous, climbing, layering vine. It has long woody stems with prominent ribs and pale bark which is easily rubbed off. Leaves are made up of five widely spaced leaflets that fall in autumn. Creamy white flowers are produced from December to May followed by grey, hairy seeds in dense fluffy clusters which persist over winter.
HabitatOld man’s beard can be found in disturbed and open forest and forest margins, shrublands, fernlands and tussock grassland, riverbeds, cliffs, on roadsides, vacant land, and in hedgerows.
ImpactCapable of smothering and killing all plants to the highest canopy, old man’s beard prevents the establishment of desirable/native seedlings and moves readily over the canopy by layering. It is tolerant of shade, frost, wind, salt, and most soil types.
SpreadSeed is spread by water or wind, and both seed and stem fragments are spread in dumped vegetation.
Old man’s beard Old man’s beard in flower
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Distribution - Chatham Island
N
0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Old man’s beard
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Ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris)
DescriptionRagwort is a biennial or perennial plant up to 1.5 metres tall, with slightly furry leaves and purplish rigid stems. Producing bright yellow daisy-like flowers from November to April, ragwort has an unpleasant smell when crushed.
HabitatRagwort can be found in disturbed forest, shrubland, short tussockland, fernland and herbfields. It will invade wetlands, inshore and offshore islands, river systems, bare land, and coastal areas.
ImpactMaturing quickly, ragwort produces massive numbers of viable, long-lived, widely dispersed seeds and will rapidly colonise bare spots, light gaps and margins in full or partial light. It is tolerant of very hot to very cold temperatures, very wet to moderately-dry conditions, most soil types, and a little shade. Ragwort forms dense stands in disturbed and grazed areas and can prevent the establishment of seedlings of native plant species.
SpreadThe wind spreads ragwort seeds over great distances. They are also spread by water, soil movement, contaminated machinery, livestock, lime, clothing, and hay.
Ragwort at the Wharekauri Mairangi boundary Ragwort in flower
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Distribution - Chatham Island
N
0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Ragwort
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Tree lupin (Lupinus arboreus)
DescriptionTree lupin is a short-lived, perennial shrub up to 2-3 metres tall with tough, branching stems which have silky hairs when young, and soft, woody hairs when mature. The grey-green leaves are hairless on top and silky underneath with 5-11 leaflets spreading like fingers from one point. Tree lupin produces pale yellow or white sweetly scented pea-like flowers from October to May, followed by stout, soft-haired seed pods that split explosively.
HabitatTree lupin can be found in short tussockland, on bare land, in riverbeds and in coastal, sandy, well drained areas.
ImpactGrowing and maturing quickly, tree lupin produces long-lived seeds. It is taller than many coastal species so can form a canopy and is tolerant of wind, salt, hot and cold temperatures, damage and grazing (not readily eaten), drought, fire and low fertility (fixes nitrogen) and causes sand and gravel build up. Increased cover prevents some birds from nesting and increases predation by cats and mustelids of birds that do nest.
SpreadSeeds are spread by explosive pods, water, and soil movement.
An infestation of tree lupinTree lupin at Vaughn Hills
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Distribution - Chatham Island
N
0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Tree lupin
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Photo: Ngaire Lawson
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Eradication Programme – AnimalsThe eradication programme refers to animals that are present in the Chatham Islands territory but are of low or limited distribution. The aim is to eradicate these pest animals from the Islands.
To be included in the eradication programme, eradication must be an achievable goal. New incursions are treated as eradication animals until it is determined that they don’t meet the criteria.
Eradication programme animals are:
• Canada geese (Branta canadensis)
• Feral goats (Capra aegagrus hircus)
More information about each of these species is contained in the following pages.
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Canada geese (Branta canadensis)
Canada geese on the Chatham Islands were first reported to Environment Canterbury staff in 2013. The initial estimated population was only 29 birds. Since that time, biosecurity staff have culled 232 birds using helicopter shooting and ground sniping control. We now estimate there are approximately 40-50 birds remaining but we do stress this is an estimate. Total eradication is entirely achievable but these last few birds could prove relatively costly. The intent is to locate them during the ‘molt’ when they are more reluctant to fly and easier to control.
DescriptionCanada geese have brown and grey plumage, and a black head and neck with white patches on their faces which are sometimes referred to as chinstraps. Their body length ranges from 75 to 110cm, they have a wingspan of up to 185cm, and a mature male can weigh up to 6.5kg. An average nest contains five eggs.
HabitatPastoral land adjacent to a lake or large pond provides preferred habitat, but geese may also be found in well-forested valleys and around alpine tarns. Communal molt gatherings are at secluded or very large lakes with grazing available at the immediate margins.
ImpactCanada geese are largely herbivores, eating a range of grasses and grains but also consume small fish and insects. Five geese can eat the same amount of grass as one sheep and they impact on farming by fouling paddocks. In the water, Canada geese feed from bottom sediments aquatic plants, but it is defecation from large numbers of birds that is the greatest threat to aquatic life. They introduce bacteria and nutrients into waterways and compete with other waterfowl for wetland resources.
Canada geeseCulled Canada geese
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Distribution - Chatham Island
N
0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Canada geese
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Feral goats (Capra aegagrus hircus)
There are four known locations of the feral goats on Chatham Island. Extensive control by sniping and helicopter shooting commenced in 2013. We believe we have eradicated the goats from the largest of these areas (1156 shot) and are working with the landowners towards total control on the remaining three areas.
DescriptionFeral goats can be white, brown or black, or any combination of these colours, and both sexes have horns. All males and some females are bearded as adults.
HabitatRanging from sea level to the alpine zone, feral goats can be found in introduced and native grasslands, scrub and forest. They are agile and able to reach areas deer cannot reach and prefer sunny sides of slopes close to the shelter of forest or scrub.
ImpactHerding browsers such as goats cause two-fold damage by eating native plants and by trampling large areas of vegetation and compactable soils. They will eat the foliage of most trees and plants and quickly destroy all vegetation within their reach, eating seedlings, saplings, and litter fall, and will strip bark from trees. Loss of vegetation can also lead to increased erosion.
Feral goat in steep country Goat control on the Chathams
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Distribution - Chatham Island
N
0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Feral goats
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Akeake tree
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Sustained Control PlantsThe Sustained Control programme aims to provide for ongoing control of the subject, or an organism being spread by the subject, to reduce its impacts on biodiversity values and spread to other properties on the Chatham Islands.
Sustained Control plants are:
• Gorse (Ulex europaeus)
• Variegated thistle (Silybum marianum)
• Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense)
More information about each of these species is contained in the following pages.
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Gorse(Ulex europaeus)
DescriptionGorse is a sharp, spiny shrub up to 3-4 metres tall with woody, erect or spreading stems. Yellow pea-like flowers are produced from May to November and sometimes the plant may flower twice a year. Flowers are followed by hairy seedpods which turn black when mature and explode to release seeds.
HabitatGorse will establish in river systems, shrublands, along forest margins and coastlines, in tussockland, fernland, wetland, on consolidated sand dunes, on cliffs, in disturbed forest, on exotic plantations, poor pasture and on bare land.
ImpactProducing large numbers of long-lived seeds, gorse matures and grows rapidly. It is tolerant of both hot and cold temperatures, high to low rainfall, wind, salt, grazing and damage, and all soil types.
SpreadExplosion of seed pods spreads seed up to 5 metres from the parent plant. Seed is also spread by contaminated machinery, soil movement, animals, people, and in stock food.
Gorse visible from the air due to its distinctive yellow flowers Sprayed gorse
38
Variegated thistle (Silybum marianum)
DescriptionVariegated thistle can grow up to 2.5 metres tall and a metre or more wide. Leaves are very shiny and have a distinctive variegated appearance due to white veins and blotches. Large purple flowers grow on stout hollow stems. Each flower can produce up to 200 black to brown seeds.
HabitatVariegated thistle tends to prefer coastal regions but it is frequently inland. It can be found on alluvial flats, stockyards, sheep camps, and other areas of high nitrogen soil levels. It may also invade pasture areas with summer drought and moist, mild winters.
ImpactVariegated thistle can form dense clumps, significantly reducing stock carrying capacity. It can kill the grass beneath and creates ideal cover for rabbits and hares.
SpreadSeeds are spread by stock, machinery, and birds.
Variegated thistle leaves Variegated thistle in flower
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Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense)
DescriptionCalifornian thistle is a perennial thistle with underground creeping roots from which many shoots emerge. Purple to mauve clusters of flowers occur from December to February with the male and female flowers produced on separate plants. Patches of this thistle are often a single plant, the flowers arising from the same root.
ImpactCalifornian thistle reduces pasture availability. Sheep, and to a lesser extent cattle, avoid grazing infested areas in a paddock, reducing carrying capacity. It can also increase stock susceptibility to scabby mouth when abrasions from thistle spines create entry points for the disease. Seed heads can contaminate wool.
SpreadPlants are spread by wind, stock and machinery, but also by underground creeping roots.
Californian thistle seed headsCalifornian thistle in flower(Photo courtesy of AgResearch)
40
Ponga frond
41
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Site-led Programmes – Plants The Site-led Programme aims to control a plant in a specified place to an extent that protects the natural values and character of that place.
Plants included in the Site-led Programmes for the Chatham Islands are:
• Buddleia (Buddleja davidii)
• Chilean flame creeper (Tropaeolum speciosum)
• Chilean guava (Ugni molinae)
• Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster glaucophyllus and Cotoneaster franchetii)
• Himalayan honeysuckle (Leycesteria formosa)
• Ice plant (Carpobrotus edulis)
• Kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum) and yellow ginger (Hedychium flavescens)
• Montbretia (Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora)
• Tutsan (Hypericum androsaemum)
• Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)
• Wilding conifers
More information about each of these species is contained in the following pages.
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Buddleia (Buddleja davidii)
DescriptionBuddleia is a deciduous, open, multi-stemmed shrub over 3 metres tall with willow shaped leaves and is white or grey and hairy on the underside. Buddleia produces distinctive, dense, cone-shaped clusters of fragrant purple or white flowers with orange insides from December to February.
HabitatBuddleia can be found in riverbeds, along stream sides, in disturbed forest and shrubland margins, in short tussockland, on pumice, lava, and stony and bare ground.
ImpactEstablishing and growing quickly, buddleia, forms self-replacing thickets. It is extremely versatile tolerating a wide range of soils (especially poor), hot to cold (likes frosts), wet to moderately dry conditions, deep shade or open areas, damage and wind. In riverbeds buddleia can alter water flow, causing silt build up and flooding.
SpreadSeeds are spread by wind and water, soil movement, and dumped vegetation.
Buddleia flower spike (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
Self-sown buddleia(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
44
Chilean flame creeper (Tropaeolum speciosum)
DescriptionChilean flame creeper is a climbing perennial vine which has slender stems and curling tendrils. Dull, soft green leaves with five leaflets and single tubular scarlet flowers (from November to April) are followed by a thin, fleshy deep-blue seed capsule made up of three round parts.
HabitatChilean flame creeper is likely to be found in disturbed forest and shrubland.
ImpactClimbing to the canopy, Chilean flame creeper alters light levels of bush areas and can prevent the establishment of native species. It is tolerant of warm to cold temperatures, salt, wind, many soils types, and damp to dry conditions.
SpreadSeeds are spread by birds.
Climbing Chilean flame creeper (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
Chilean flame creeper flower(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
45
Chilean guava(Ugni molinae)
DescriptionChilean guava is an aromatic, bushy perennial shrub, 1-2 metres tall. Shoots are often reddish when young, then deep brown later with shiny green leaves, ovate in shape with reddish margins. Small pale pink flowers hang singly or in small clusters from November to April. The round fruit can reach 14mm in diameter and become purplish red when ripe. The flesh is white and sweet.
HabitatChilean guava can be found in low shrub and fernlands on peaty soils on Chatham Island.
ImpactChilean guava will out-compete low growing native species and establishes quickly. It produces many seeds in each fruit, suckers readily and re-sprouts after damage including fire. Tolerant of wet soils with high acidity, Chilean guava also tolerates cold temperatures and frosts.
SpreadSeeds are spread by birds.
Chilean guava leaves and berries (Photo by Sciadopitys)
Chilean guava infestation
46
Cotoneaster(Cotoneaster glaucophyllus and Cotoneaster franchetii)
DescriptionCotoneaster is a spreading evergreen tree or shrub, 2-5 metres tall with erect stems covered in downy hairs when young, but hairless and dark reddish-purple when mature and often covered in sooty mould. Clusters of white flowers appear from October to January and are followed by scarlet or orange berries from February to August.
HabitatCotoneaster can be found in most coastline habitats, inshore islands, dry forest and shrubland, forest margins, dry gullies, bluffs, rocky sites, slips, and riverbeds.
ImpactOvertopping and replacing native shrub species, cotoneaster will become the sole understorey shrub species and will completely prevent the establishment of other species except weedy vines. It is extremely tolerant of damp and drought conditions, hot and cold temperatures, salt, and a range of soil types.
SpreadSeeds are spread widely by birds.
Cotoneaster glaucophyllus (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
Cotoneaster franchetti(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
47
Himalayan honeysuckle (Leycesteria formosa)
DescriptionHimalayan honeysuckle is a deciduous or semi-evergreen, many-stemmed perennial shrub up to 2+ metres tall. It has straight, green, hairless round stems that are hollow and green when young but become woody with age. Its leaves are heart shaped and its flowers white and funnel-shaped with delicate reddish-purple bracts. Flowers appear from December to May and are followed by juicy, dark brownish-purple berries.
HabitatHimalayan honeysuckle can be found in wet forest, shrublands and margins, stream sides and damp gullies.
ImpactColonising light wells, slips and other gaps, Himalayan honeysuckle quickly forms dense thickets replacing native species that are trying to establish. It is tolerant of moderate to deep shade, frost, damage, damp and most soils, but is not long-lived so is eventually succeeded by other species.
SpreadThe few seeds produced are well dispersed by birds and water.
Himalayan honeysuckle flowers and fruit Monoculture of Himalayan honeysuckle
48
Ice plant (Carpobrotus edulis)
DescriptionIce plant is a low growing, mat-forming perennial with fleshy, succulent, three-angled leaves. It has many-petalled yellow flowers that turn pinkish-orange with age, and fleshy fruit containing seed are produced all year round but are most common from October to February. Not to be confused with the native Chatham Island ice plant which is smaller, has flattened two-angled stems and produces pink flowers from November to January only.
HabitatIce plant can be found on coastal cliffs and sand dunes, and open, but frost free areas such as roadsides.
ImpactSpreading rapidly, ice plant forms impenetrable mats up to 50 metres in diameter and over 50cm deep on sand dunes and in open areas. Aggressively competing with native species and displacing other vegetation, it alters the structure of sand dunes by preventing sand movement and hindering the natural change in dune environments.
SpreadSpread by seed produced in abundance and stem fragments.
Chatham Island ice plant (Disphyma papillatum) (Photo courtesy of Phil Bendle)
Ice plant (Carpobrotus edulis)(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
49
Kahili ginger and yellow ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum and Hedychium flavescens)
DescriptionBoth kahili and yellow ginger are non-woody, ginger scented perennials up to 2+ metres tall. Leaves are shiny on both gingers but while the leaves on yellow ginger point upwards, on kahili they hang slightly. Yellow ginger produces cream flowers from May to June, but these do not bear fruit. Kahili ginger produces many fragrant, lemon-yellow flowers with red stamens from January to March which develop into fleshy orange fruits containing bright scarlet seeds.
HabitatBoth yellow and kahili ginger can be found in most habitats except dry rocky areas. Both are frost tender but will grow under the canopy in cool forests.
ImpactLong-lived and fast growing, both gingers form deep rhizome beds. They are extremely shade tolerant and tolerate most soil types, good or poor drainage, and are frost tolerant once established. Rhizomes sprout from any fragment and can survive immersion in the sea, crushing, and years away from soil. Nothing can grow up through the mats of tubers, and native species are soon out-competed.
SpreadBoth yellow and kahili ginger spread outward slowly from clumps. New plants can establish from rhizome fragments in dumped vegetation and fill and by soil movement, flooding and contaminated machinery. Kahili ginger seeds are spread by birds and possibly possums.
Yellow ginger (Hedychium flavescens)(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
Kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum)(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
50
Montbretia (Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora)
DescriptionMontbretia is a clump-forming, rhizomatous evergreen or summergreen perennial. Its leaves are sword-shaped, all rising from the base with a conspicuous mid-vein. Flattened light brown corms with a fibrous cover form clusters at the stem base. Orange to crimson six-petalled flowers are produced from January to February followed by three-sided reddish-brown seed capsules.
HabitatMontbretia can occupy most low-growing habitats, open shrubland, open or disturbed forest, stream sides, alluvial river systems, fernland, short tussock, and wetlands.
ImpactMonbretia competes with ground covers and small shrubs and inhibits the establishment of desirable species. It tolerates frost and heat, damage and grazing, damp, most soils, and moderate shade.
SpreadAlthough it produces few seeds, montbretia corms and rhizomes multiply rapidly. It also grows from fragments and is spread by water, soil movement, on machinery and vehicles, and in dumped vegetation.
Montbretia monoculture (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
Montbretia flowers (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
51
Tutsan (Hypericum androsaemum)
DescriptionA small perennial, semi-evergreen shrub growing up to 1.5 metres tall, tutsan has reddish, semi-woody stems. Its fragrant leaves are ovalish in shape, have no stalk, are bluish underneath and usually turn red in autumn. Yellow, five-petalled flowers appear from November to February and are followed by round red berries that ripen to black and contain cylindrical or curved seeds.
HabitatTutsan is likely to be found in disturbed forest and shrubland, low-growing habitats, tussockland, bare land, and rocklands, usually in high rainfall areas.
ImpactAn invader of regenerating sites, tutsan forms dense stands and prevents the establishment of desirable seedlings; it is usually succeeded by taller vegetation but is persistent in shorter habitats. It is tolerant of semi-shade, hot or cold temperatures, high to moderate rainfall, and damage.
SpreadTutsan is spread by birds, possibly possums, soil, and water movement.
Tutsan berries (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
Tutsan flowers (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)
52
Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)
DescriptionSycamore is a deciduous tree with smooth grey bark and five-lobed leaves on reddish stems. Flowerheads are narrow drooping clusters of many dense green flowers followed by reddish winged, ‘helicopter’ seed capsules which contain two seeds.
HabitatSycamore is likely to be found in disturbed and intact forest and shrubland, short tussockland, fernland, river systems, and on bare land.
ImpactA long-lived tree, sycamore forms dense stands preventing establishment of desirable species. It produces many long-lived, well dispersed seeds that are shade tolerant. Sycamore tolerates warm to very cold temperatures, moist to dry conditions, most soils, wind, and salt.
SpreadSycamore is mainly spread by wind but also water movement.
Sycamore seedsYoung sycamore leaves
53
Wilding conifers
DescriptionWilding conifers are woody plants that produce cones. They include cedars, pines, firs, cypress, larches and spruces. Wilding conifer is a New Zealand term for introduced conifer that are self-sown and unwanted.
HabitatWilding conifer such as mugo and lodgepole can establish at altitude (above the treeline) in alpine areas, while others prefer open, low shrub and scrubland, tussock grassland and low intensity grazing environments. Douglas fir is shade tolerant and can be found in light wells within native forest, in open shrublands, and in regenerating native forest.
ImpactIn NZ wilding conifers are spreading at a rate of 5% annually, infesting tens of thousands of hectares each year. They can cause loss of native ecosystems and species extinctions, impact iconic landscapes, reduce water yields, and increase fire risk.
SpreadWhen conifer cones mature on the tree, they open to release masses of wind-blown seeds. These seeds can travel kilometres downwind and need no special conditions to take root and grow.
The spread of wilding conifers over a 17 year period(Photos courtesy of Marlborough District Council, Ministry for Primary Industries, and Department of Conservation)
1998 2004 2015
54
55
56
Site-led Programmes – AnimalsThe Site-led Programme aims to control an animal in a specified place to an extent that protects the natural values and character of that place.
Animals included in the Site-led Programmes for the Chatham Islands may include:
• Emu
• Feral cattle and sheep
• Feral pigs
• Possums
• Black swans
More information about each of these species is contained in the following pages.
57
EmuThis is an unusual one in the Chatham Islands context. Environment Canterbury staff have assisted with some control of ‘escapees’ at the landowners’ request. While emu are not deemed a pest, any introduced species running wild is undesirable on the Chathams.
Feral cattle and sheep No formal control undertaken to date and it is highly unlikely we would do so, unless all concerned parties were in agreement i.e. the person who owns the land the animals are on, adjoining landowners if the animals ‘belong’ to them, and only if the Chatham Islands Council endorsed any control.
Feral pigsOften the target of very passionate hunting groups and consequently can be quite contentious if formal control is carried out. Landowners usually carry out their own control when necessary such as lambing time.
It should be noted that OSPRI (formerly TB Free NZ) use pigs as the feral animal monitor species to determine if Bovine Tuberculosis is present in any feral population.
PossumsTo date we have not carried out any possum control even though they are voracious eaters of native vegetation and prey on birds’ eggs. In addition to this, they are also a primary vector if Bovine Tuberculosis becomes established in a feral population.
In the first instance, if Bovine Tuberculosis is found in domestic stock on the Chatham Islands it is highly likely that OSPRI will take the lead to determine the origin and pathways of the disease and implement the appropriate control measures.
There is ample evidence that if any possum population is not subject to sustained control it will increase by 30% every year. Unfortunately, hunters supplying the fur trade barely scratch the surface of any population over a wide area. For biodiversity reasons alone, we should keep possums at the top of any potential ‘hit-list’.
Black swansEnvironment Canterbury staff do carry out the odd cull and sponsor the annual ‘egg hunt’ in an effort to reduce some pasture fouling, water quality issues, and potential aircraft bird-strike.
With no natural predators on the Chatham Islands, the black swan population will continue to grow as long as there is a food source available. As with any excessively high animal population, ecological and environmental damage usually occurs well before any natural reduction starts.
58
Parea Tuku (Chatham Island pigeon)
59
60
Exclusion ProgrammeThe Exclusion Programme aims to prevent a plant or animal species from becoming established in an area where it is not currently known to be.
Species included in the Exclusion Programme for the Chatham Islands are:
• Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera subspecies monilifera)
• Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana)
• Varroa (Varroa destructor)
• Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
More information about each of these species is contained in the following pages.
61
Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera subspecies monilifera)
DescriptionBoneseed is a semi-woody, many-branched shrub or small tree up to 2-3 metres with ribbed and woolly young stems that become smooth as they mature. It has smooth, leathery, bright green leaves (70 x 35mm) with irregularly toothed edges arranged alternately on the stems. Bright yellow daisy-like flowers (25-30mm diameter) are produced from September to February and are followed by hard oval green fruit (6-9mm) which ripen to black and each contain a hard seed.
HabitatBoneseed grows on sand dunes, scrubland, coastal cliffs, offshore islands, and even rocky outcrops. It will tolerate most coastal soil types, salt, fire, wind, poor soils, and drought.
ImpactBoneseed quickly forms an incredibly dense cover that shades out everything else and can limit access to coastal areas. It rapidly replaces virtually all native species under two metres and prevents the establishment of native plant seedlings. Boneseed colonises disturbed sites faster than native species and creates heavy shade where high light levels should occur.
SpreadSeeds are spread by water, birds, and possums, as well as natural spread down cliffs below parent plants.
Boneseed flowersBoneseed infestation visible by its distinctive yellow flowers
62
Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana)
DescriptionChilean needle grass (CNG) is an erect, tufted perennial tussock that can grow up to one metre when left ungrazed. It produces seeds from three points on the plant: the panicle seed, mid-stem seed at leaf joins, and at the base of the plant. CNG is easiest to identify when panicle seeds are present from November to January, and can be identified by their sharp feathery tip and a long twisted tail (awn).
HabitatCNG is more likely to become established on properties where there is less competition from desirable pasture species such as dry, hard hill country, areas with light soil, heavily grazed pasture, and bare ground.
ImpactAn infestation of CNG can reduce pasture and crop yields, reduce availability of stock feed (due to its unpalatability during seeding) and cause animal welfare issues when the sharp panicle seeds become embedded in the skin and eyes of stock animals. Lambs are particularly vulnerable to seeds penetrating their eyes causing blindness. A change in farming practice is often required as stock must be removed from infested areas from late October until March to avoid contact with seeds.
SpreadCNG seeds are heavy and will generally fall close to the parent plant, building up a large amount of seed around existing plants. The panicle seed is very sharp and attaches to anything that brushes past the plant, including stock, people, vehicles and machinery. Feeding out hay contaminated with CNG seeds can also spread the plant to new areas.
Chilean needle grass panicle seed Seeding Chilean needle grass
63
Varroa (Varroa destructor)
DescriptionVarroa is an external parasitic mite that attacks honey bees. The disease caused by varroa mites is called varroosis. The adult female is reddish-brown in colour, while the male is white. They are flat and button shaped, up to 1.8mm long and 2mm wide with eight legs.
HabitatThe varroa mite can only reproduce in a honey bee colony.
ImpactA significant mite infestation can lead to the death of a honey bee colony, usually in the late autumn through to early spring. The varroa mite is the parasite with the most pronounced economic impact on the beekeeping industry.
SpreadMites reproduce on a ten day cycle. The female mite enters a honey bee brood cell and lays eggs on the larva. The young mites hatch in about the same time that a young bee develops and when the young bee emerges the varroa mites also leave and spread other bees and larvae.
Varroa mite sucking on the blood of a beeA family of varroa mites found at the bottom of a honey bee brood cell
64
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
DescriptionVelvetleaf is an annual broad-leafed plant that is a member of the mallow family. It has large, heart-shaped leaves which are velvet-soft, and can be clammy to the touch and smelly. Velvetleaf plants can grow 1-2.5 metres in height, although this may be less in cooler regions. Large buttery yellow flowers are present from spring to autumn and only open for a few hours. Seed capsules are large and distinctive, forming a cup-like ring of 13 woody and hairy segments, about 2.5cm across. Each segment releases 1-3 seeds through a slit on top of the capsule.
HabitatIn 2016 velvetleaf seed was accidentally imported with fodder beet seed and planted on over 600 properties throughout New Zealand. It is found mainly in cropland but could also establish on roadsides and in gardens.
ImpactVelveltleaf is one of the world’s most invasive plant pests, damaging arable crops by competing with them for nutrients, space and water. Seeds can remain viable in the soil for up to 60 years. It is known to produce allelopathic chemicals that can inhibit water uptake and chlorophyll production in many crop plants.
SpreadSeeds can be spread by farm machinery (e.g. when harvesting grain), through livestock, and as a contaminant of grain or silage.
Velvetleaf in a maize crop (Photo courtesy of Trevor James, AgResearch)Velvetleaf in a fodder beet crop
Velvetleaf seed pods (Photo courtesy of Trevor James, AgResearch)
65
Chatham Islands Council/Environment Canterbury Initiatives‘Gorse Free’ initiativeGorse is the predominant (and most noticeable) plant pest on the Chatham Islands (main Chatham and Pitt Islands). In 2012, the Chatham Islands Council approved the expenditure of $150,000 towards aerial (helicopter) spraying of scattered gorse. Prior to this, the services of a helicopter were only used if, and when the helicopter company secured enough landowner paid work to warrant getting the machine to the Islands. The cost of just getting a helicopter to and from the Islands with relevant insurance is approximately $35,000. Consequently, the helicopter company needs to secure about $100,000 of paid work to make the trip viable.
In the years prior to 2012, the availability of this service was sporadic and the gorse spread quite happily in the intervening years. While the Chatham Islands Council is under no legal obligation to fund any gorse control, they took the initiative under the premise of ‘where it is cost effective to do so, Council may undertake control’. This allowed the Council contractor (Environment Canterbury) to carry out this control on scattered infestations, aligned to the strategy of ‘keeping the clear areas clear’. With the guaranteed Council funding, this secured the services of a helicopter to the Islands and the landowners have funded additional work each time the helicopter has been on the Islands.
Chatham Islanders have been very fortunate that $150,000 has been approved for this project annually since 2012. At present, it is funding that is applied for each year, so there is no guarantee that it will roll over indefinitely.
The project itself has evolved from just doing scattered plants at Environment Canterbury’s discretion to trying to match landowner funded work on a dollar for dollar basis. Out of the $150,000, we do however set aside $30,000 to help keep the ground we have cleared maintained. Moving forward (and assuming ongoing funding is approved) the model of trying to match landowners’ expenditure on helicopter spraying appears to be the best long term investment of funding i.e. when landowners contribute to the expense of control, they are more likely to maintain the area worked.
Note: There have been occasional enquiries from various helicopter companies and Environment Canterbury advertised a registration of interest in 2015. All enquiries and prices were considered but in the end, Mt Hutt Helicopters have been the sole provider of this service since the project began. It should be noted that in committing to the Chatham Islands work, Mt Hutt Helicopters can, and have been disadvantaged. The quickest they have ever completed our project is 16 days, and the longest seven weeks due to weather. An inactive machine on the Chatham Islands could be generating $10,000 plus per day in New Zealand.
66
The following maps illustrate each year’s spraying completed by Mt Hutt Helicopters. This includes the Council and landowner funded work. Unfortunately, some of the 2012/13 year’s GPS data was lost when the machine’s GPS unit ‘crashed’ before it could be downloaded. A fairly impressive picture regardless!
Spraying of gorse by Mt Hutt Helicopters 2013 – 2016.
Chatham Island
2016
2015
Nov 2014
Mar 2014
2013
0 3 6 12 18 KmN
67
Pitt Island
0 3 6 12 18 Km
2016
2015
Nov 2014
Mar 2014
2013
N
68
The ‘Gorse Contestable’ Fund Helicopter spraying is an excellent tool to deal with isolated, inaccessible, or large infestations of gorse, but there are a lot of small to moderate infestations that are well within the scope of ground control by landowners. With this is mind, the Chatham Islands Council contractor (Environment Canterbury) proposed an annual $30,000 contestable fund that landowners could apply for, in the form of chemical to be supplied.
This fund has now been running since 2012 and is advertised in July/August of each year. Submissions are invited with all applications assessed by a panel of three Chatham Islanders. Once the assessments are done, the chemical is purchased and shipped to the Islands with dispersal to applicants occurring in September.
After a cautious start, we now receive between 30-40 applicants each year and demand exceeds the budget. When assessing the applications the panel place a lot of emphasis on the applicant’s previous allotments and if the work was carried out. Other than the encouragement this fund offers to landowners to control their own gorse, the applicants reap the cost savings of us being able to bulk purchase chemical. Once again, the Chatham Islands Council is under no legal obligation to fund any chemical purchase for gorse control.
Cat de-sexingCats, both domestic and wild, can wreak havoc on indigenous fauna. A vet from New Zealand makes occasional visits to the Islands and carries out a cat de-sexing service. The Chatham Islands Council recognises this is an opportunity to minimise a potential problem and consequently subsidise this service. Since 2012, the biosecurity budget has provided $1000 for each of the three times the vet has carried out this service.
Black swan reductionWith no natural predators, the black swan population is flourishing on the Chatham Islands. From a pest perspective, the fouling of pasture and water quality is of concern. When conditions permit, Environment Canterbury staff carry out occasional culls but for the past two years we have branched into the sponsorship of prizes for the ‘most swan eggs collected’ contest held in conjunction with the annual Chatham Islands pig hunt competition. Other than supplying the ingredients for numerous sponge cakes, this collection has resulted in over 2500 eggs not turning into swans. This sponsorship of prizes is a minimal cost compared to the gains.
18 Km
69
Marine biosecurity This is a relatively new and uncharted space for the biosecurity section. While we have our border controls checking for hitch hikers on the likes of second hand rope, floats, craypots and so on, we knew very little about the presence or absence of marine pests under the water around the Chatham Islands.
Following the identification of undaria in Port Hutt in 2011 and a subsequent de-limiting survey carried out by government appointed NIWA, no systematic underwater surveys have been carried out to determine the presence or absence of marine pests.
In 2014, Environment Canterbury asked the the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) if the Chatham Islands was on its radar to carry out any sort of marine pest surveys. The response was no, as the Chathams are not regarded as a first port of call to shipping, as are 11 New Zealand Ports. But they would be happy to investigate any report of invasive species found.
With this response from MPI, we investigated the viability and costs of engaging a suitably qualified New Zealand contractor such as NIWA or Cawthron to carry out surveys at our expense. It was immediately apparent that these costs were prohibitive. With the wealth of diving experience present on the Islands amongst commercial divers, the Chatham Islands Council saw the benefits of training its own team to the required Worksafe NZ Standard (ADAS part 1 restricted scientific diving to 30m) and equipping them.
The main benefits are;
• We have a highly qualified dive team that can carry out two annual dives at each of the four Chathams ports whenever conditions permit, at a fraction of the cost of bringing in contractors.
• This training provides additional employment opportunities for four Chatham Islands residents.
• Chatham Islands take real ownership of their own marine biosecurity.
• Even when not engaged in ‘official’ surveys, the knowledge they have gained means they act as another set of eyes underwater while commercial harvesting.
• This training has already transpired into carrying out a marine pest survey at Lyttelton Harbour on behalf of Environment Canterbury and MPI.
As a preamble to the diver training, we engaged NIWA to identify the ten most likely marine pests we should look for on the Chatham Islands. This list is attached in the appendix on p74.
70
Note: At the time of this book going to print, the Environment Canterbury biosecurity team and divers have just addressed a fairly major potential marine pest incursion on the Chathams. One tug and two barges associated with the MPA wharf project were found to have one (or more) of the following:
• Undaria pinnatifida
• Sabella spallanzanii (Mediterranean fanworm)
• Styela clava (Clubbed tunicate)
• Didemnum vexillum
• Oysters/mussels (that are currently being tested for the Bonamia disease)
A full report will be presented to the Chatham Islands Council by late November 2017.
The dive team is staffed as follows:
• Steve Palmer (Environment Canterbury, Christchurch)
• Robin Seymour (Environment Canterbury, Chatham Islands)
• Nick Cameron (Commercial Diver/Contractor, Chatham Islands)
• Justin Johansen (Commercial Diver/Contractor, Chatham Islands)
• Chase Lanauze (Commercial Diver/Contractor, Chatham Islands)
The marine dive squad, from left to right: Robin Seymour, Nick Cameron, Chase Lanauze, and Justin Johansen
71
Distribution - Chatham Island
N
0 3 6 12 18 Kilometres
August 2017 dive sites searching for undaria and other marine pests
Undaria found
Clean
Chatham Island
72
Extent of undaria spread at Port Hutt August 2017
Chatham Island
N
73
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1
DISEASES OF FISH
2
AND SHELLFISH
ALGAE
Aquarium caulerpa
7
Wakame/Undaria
9
BIVALVES
Asian clam
11
CRABS
Asian paddle crab
13
Chinese mitten crab
15
European shore crab
17
POLYCHAETE WORMS
Mediterranean fanworm
19
SEASTARS
Northern Pacific seastar
21
SEASQUIRTS
Australian droplet tunicate
23
Clubbed tunicate
25
Pyura
27
To report suspected marine pests or diseases call
0800 80 99 66
New
Zea
land
M
arin
e P
est
ID G
uide
Dec
embe
r 201
5
CON
TEN
TS
INTR
ODU
CTIO
N
1
DISE
ASES
OF
FISH
2
AND
SHEL
LFIS
H
ALGA
EAq
uariu
m c
aule
rpa
7 W
akam
e/U
ndar
ia
9
BIVA
LVES
Asia
n cl
am
11
CRAB
SAs
ian
padd
le c
rab
13
Chin
ese
mitt
en c
rab
15
Euro
pean
sho
re c
rab
17
POLY
CHAE
TE W
ORM
SM
edite
rran
ean
fanw
orm
19
SEAS
TARS
Nor
ther
n Pa
cific
sea
star
21
SEAS
QUIR
TSAu
stra
lian
drop
let t
unic
ate
23
Club
bed
tuni
cate
25
Py
ura
27
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
This
gui
de d
escr
ibes
som
e of
the
mar
ine
pest
spe
cies
that
hav
e re
cent
ly ar
rived
in N
ew Z
eala
nd, a
s we
ll as
som
e of
the
wors
t glo
bal m
arin
e pe
sts
that
MPI
is tr
ying
to k
eep
out.
The
guid
e al
so in
clud
es in
form
atio
n on
how
to
reco
gnis
e co
mm
on d
isea
ses
of fi
sh a
nd s
hellfi
sh.
Sinc
e 20
05 w
e ha
ve fo
und
mor
e th
an 3
30 in
trodu
ced
(non
-nat
ive)
spe
cies
, of w
hich
abo
ut h
alf n
ow h
ave
an
esta
blis
hed
popu
latio
n or
pop
ulat
ions
in N
ew Z
eala
nd. T
hese
can
hav
e ne
gativ
e im
pact
s on
our
fish
erie
s, th
e en
viro
nmen
t, th
e aq
uacu
lture
indu
stry
and
be
a co
nsid
erab
le n
uisa
nce
to a
wid
e ra
nge
of re
crea
tiona
l or c
usto
mar
y us
ers
and
mar
ine
indu
strie
s. In
trodu
ced
spec
ies
can
also
brin
g va
rious
new
dis
ease
s an
d pa
rasi
tes.
How
to u
se th
is g
uide
Each
pag
e of
this
gui
de h
as in
form
atio
n on
the
mai
n m
arin
e pe
sts
of c
once
rn a
nd is
ord
ered
alp
habe
tical
ly by
ta
xono
mic
gro
up. P
ages
with
spe
cies
that
are
est
ablis
hed
in s
ome
parts
of N
ew Z
eala
nd a
re g
reen
. Pag
es w
ith
spec
ies
that
hav
e ca
used
pro
blem
s ov
erse
as a
nd w
hich
we
are
activ
ely t
ryin
g to
kee
p ou
t are
red.
Note
: Dis
tribu
tion
as d
epic
ted
in th
e m
aps
is a
ccur
ate
as o
f the
tim
e of
prin
ting
and
shou
ld b
e us
ed a
s a
guid
e on
ly. If
you
want
mor
e in
form
atio
n on
the
upda
ted
dist
ribut
ion
of th
ese
spec
ies
visi
t the
mar
ine
bios
ecur
ity
porth
ole,
www
.mar
ineb
iose
curit
y.org
.nz.
For e
ach
spec
ies,
key
feat
ures
and
the
habi
tat w
here
it is
like
ly to
be
foun
d ar
e ou
tline
d an
d so
me
of it
s im
pact
s ar
e de
scrib
ed. N
ativ
e sp
ecie
s th
at lo
ok s
imila
r are
sho
wn, w
ith k
ey d
istin
guis
hing
feat
ures
labe
lled
to a
ssis
t with
fie
ld id
entifi
catio
n.
Dise
ases
in fi
sh a
nd s
hellfi
sh a
re ju
st a
s im
porta
nt a
s pe
sts,
but
are
har
der t
o de
tect
and
dia
gnos
e, s
o in
form
atio
n on
dis
ease
s in
fish
and
fish
kill
s ca
n be
foun
d in
the
first
sec
tion
of th
is g
uide
.
INTR
OD
UCT
ION
Hab
itat
• Ge
nera
lly s
ubtid
al b
ut a
lso
inte
rtida
l
• Es
tuar
ies
and
shel
tere
d wa
ters
• So
ft se
dim
ents
– s
and,
mud
, cla
y or
seag
rass
bed
s
• A
rang
e of
sal
initi
es fr
om s
alt t
o
fresh
wat
er
• Gr
ows
well
in p
ollu
ted
or n
utrie
nt-r
ich
wate
rs
Impa
ct•
Form
s va
st, d
ense
col
onie
s (>
25
000
per m
2 )
• Fi
lter-f
eede
r tha
t com
pete
s wi
th n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s an
d pr
eys
on la
rvae
of fi
sher
ies
spec
ies
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e, c
omm
erci
al a
nd
recr
eatio
nal fi
sher
ies
spec
ies
• Hi
gh s
elen
ium
con
tent
, whi
ch is
toxic
to
ani
mal
s th
at e
at it
• Di
srup
ts n
atur
al e
colo
gica
l bal
ance
Key
feat
ures
1 T
hin,
sm
ooth
biv
alve
up
to 3
cm
long
2 S
hell
yello
w, ta
n or
dirt
y
white
, fre
quen
tly w
ith
br
own
stai
ning
3 D
istin
ctiv
e “o
verb
ite”
–
on
e of
the
pair
of s
hells
is la
rger
than
the
othe
r
4 O
ld s
hells
may
hav
e
wr
inkl
ed e
dges
ASI
AN
CLA
MPo
tam
ocor
bula
am
uren
sis
‘If fo
und
anyw
here
in N
ew Z
eala
nd, i
mm
edia
tely
cal
l
0800
80
99 6
6
2
3
YHshells; Hao Yang
NIWANIWA US Geological Survey
1 cm
1 cm
2 cm
4
11
1 C
orbu
la h
as a
less
pro
min
ent,
regu
lar,
even
ove
rbite
aro
und
mos
t of t
he p
erim
eter
of t
he s
hell
(Pot
amoc
orbu
la h
as a
n ov
erbi
te
arou
nd 1
/4–1
/3 th
e pe
rimet
er)
2 G
ener
ally
smal
ler (
<1.
5 cm
)3
Not
foun
d in
est
uarie
s or
she
ltere
d wa
terw
ays
1 N
o ov
erbi
te2
Not
foun
d in
est
uarie
s3
Sm
alle
r she
ll (<
1.5
cm)
1 C
yclom
actra
has
no
over
bite
2 L
arge
r she
ll (to
6 c
m)
Cor
bula
zel
andi
ca
BA
SKET
SH
ELL
How
to d
iffer
entia
te P
otam
ocor
bula
am
uren
sis
from
:
Mao
rim
actr
a or
dina
ria
SUR
F C
LAM
Cyc
lom
actr
a tr
isti
s SU
RF
CLA
M
11
Kate Neill
Kate Neill
YHshells; Hao Yang
Kate Neill
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
5 m
m5
mm
1 cm
1 cm
12
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
Key f
eatu
res
Defin
ing
feat
ures
of
the
pest
are
nu
mbe
red
here
Habi
tat
Like
ly pl
aces
yo
u m
ight
find
th
e pe
st a
re
liste
d he
re
Bann
erRe
d ba
nner
; pe
st n
ot
pres
ent i
n NZ
Gree
n ba
nner
; pe
st p
rese
nt
in N
Z
Impa
ctOu
tline
s im
pact
s th
e pe
st
may
ha
ve
Nam
ePe
st
spec
ies’
co
mm
on
and
Latin
na
me
Map
Show
s lo
catio
ns
the
pest
is
kno
wn
from
Pest
spec
ies
Phot
o of
the
feat
ured
pes
t
Nativ
e sp
ecie
sPh
otos
of n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s th
at
look
sim
ilar
Key f
eatu
res
Defin
ing
feat
ures
of
nat
ive
orga
nism
s th
at
diffe
rent
iate
th
em fr
om
the
pest
1
How
you
can
hel
p:
be o
ur u
nder
wat
er e
yes
If yo
u se
e an
ythi
ng o
ut o
f the
ord
inar
y inc
ludi
ng
unus
ual m
arin
e pl
ants
and
ani
mal
s, o
r unu
sual
nu
mbe
rs o
f dea
d fis
h or
aqu
atic
life
, cal
l 08
00 8
0 99
66.
INTR
OD
UCT
ION
Take
a p
hoto
Colle
ct a
sam
ple
Reco
rd lo
catio
n an
d la
ndm
arks
Call
08
00 8
0 99
66
to
repo
rt fi
nd
1 3
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
If yo
u co
me
acro
ss a
sus
pect
non
-nat
ive
mar
ine
plan
t or
anim
al o
utsi
de o
f its
kn
own
rang
e (a
s sh
own
on th
e m
aps
in
this
gui
de),
or a
larg
e nu
mbe
r of
dea
d
or d
isea
sed
fish
or s
hellf
ish:
Rem
embe
r, d
on’t
spr
ead
or
intr
oduc
e m
arin
e pe
sts
or
dis
ease
s:•
Chec
k an
d cl
ean
any e
quip
men
t (e.
g. p
ots,
net
s,
fishi
ng o
r div
ing
gear
) bef
ore
mov
ing
to a
new
lo
catio
n, to
ens
ure
it is
cle
an a
nd fr
ee o
f mar
ine
life.
Use
fres
h wa
ter a
nd d
eter
gent
or s
oak
in
a 2%
ble
ach
solu
tion
for 3
0 m
inut
es, o
r use
a
spec
ific
biol
ogic
al tr
eatm
ent p
rodu
ct. A
ltern
ativ
ely,
dry y
our e
quip
men
t the
n le
ave
it fo
r >48
hou
rs
befo
re u
sing
it in
a d
iffer
ent a
rea.
• In
spec
t and
cle
an yo
ur b
oat’s
hul
l, ni
che
area
s an
d ot
her p
lace
s th
at re
tain
wat
er b
efor
e m
ovin
g to
a
new
loca
tion.
Thi
s in
clud
es a
ncho
r wel
ls, l
iveb
ait
wells
, bilg
es, b
alla
st ta
nks,
etc
. Rem
ove
and
treat
an
y mar
ine
life
cont
aine
d wi
thin
thes
e ar
eas
and
disp
ose
of a
ny m
arin
e fo
ulin
g to
an
appr
opria
te
rubb
ish
bin
asho
re.
• Se
afoo
d wa
ste
and
offa
l and
bai
t fro
m n
on-lo
cal
sour
ces
can
be v
ecto
rs fo
r tra
nsfe
rring
pes
ts a
nd
dise
ases
, so
disp
ose
of th
em th
ough
tfully
. A la
nd-
base
d ru
bbis
h bi
n is
bes
t.
• Re
gula
rly a
pply
antif
oulin
g pa
int t
o yo
ur m
oore
d ve
ssel
’s hu
ll.
• Us
e th
is g
uide
to m
ake
your
self
awar
e of
pes
ts
that
are
like
ly to
occ
ur in
your
are
a, a
nd e
nsur
e yo
u do
n’t s
prea
d th
ese
furth
er.
• If
disp
osin
g of
aqu
ariu
m p
lant
s, a
nim
als
or
othe
r mat
eria
ls, t
reat
them
as
a bi
osec
urity
risk
. Di
spos
e of
them
to a
land
fill o
r (if
your
sew
erag
e go
es to
a tr
eatm
ent p
lant
) you
can
flus
h th
em
down
the
toile
t.
2
This
gui
de d
escr
ibes
som
e of
the
mar
ine
pest
spe
cies
that
hav
e re
cent
ly ar
rived
in N
ew Z
eala
nd, a
s we
ll as
som
e of
the
wors
t glo
bal m
arin
e pe
sts
that
MPI
is tr
ying
to k
eep
out.
The
guid
e al
so in
clud
es in
form
atio
n on
how
to
reco
gnis
e co
mm
on d
isea
ses
of fi
sh a
nd s
hellfi
sh.
Sinc
e 20
05 w
e ha
ve fo
und
mor
e th
an 3
30 in
trodu
ced
(non
-nat
ive)
spe
cies
, of w
hich
abo
ut h
alf n
ow h
ave
an
esta
blis
hed
popu
latio
n or
pop
ulat
ions
in N
ew Z
eala
nd. T
hese
can
hav
e ne
gativ
e im
pact
s on
our
fish
erie
s, th
e en
viro
nmen
t, th
e aq
uacu
lture
indu
stry
and
be
a co
nsid
erab
le n
uisa
nce
to a
wid
e ra
nge
of re
crea
tiona
l or c
usto
mar
y us
ers
and
mar
ine
indu
strie
s. In
trodu
ced
spec
ies
can
also
brin
g va
rious
new
dis
ease
s an
d pa
rasi
tes.
How
to u
se th
is g
uide
Each
pag
e of
this
gui
de h
as in
form
atio
n on
the
mai
n m
arin
e pe
sts
of c
once
rn a
nd is
ord
ered
alp
habe
tical
ly by
ta
xono
mic
gro
up. P
ages
with
spe
cies
that
are
est
ablis
hed
in s
ome
parts
of N
ew Z
eala
nd a
re g
reen
. Pag
es w
ith
spec
ies
that
hav
e ca
used
pro
blem
s ov
erse
as a
nd w
hich
we
are
activ
ely t
ryin
g to
kee
p ou
t are
red.
Note
: Dis
tribu
tion
as d
epic
ted
in th
e m
aps
is a
ccur
ate
as o
f the
tim
e of
prin
ting
and
shou
ld b
e us
ed a
s a
guid
e on
ly. If
you
want
mor
e in
form
atio
n on
the
upda
ted
dist
ribut
ion
of th
ese
spec
ies
visi
t the
mar
ine
bios
ecur
ity
porth
ole,
www
.mar
ineb
iose
curit
y.org
.nz.
For e
ach
spec
ies,
key
feat
ures
and
the
habi
tat w
here
it is
like
ly to
be
foun
d ar
e ou
tline
d an
d so
me
of it
s im
pact
s ar
e de
scrib
ed. N
ativ
e sp
ecie
s th
at lo
ok s
imila
r are
sho
wn, w
ith k
ey d
istin
guis
hing
feat
ures
labe
lled
to a
ssis
t with
fie
ld id
entifi
catio
n.
Dise
ases
in fi
sh a
nd s
hellfi
sh a
re ju
st a
s im
porta
nt a
s pe
sts,
but
are
har
der t
o de
tect
and
dia
gnos
e, s
o in
form
atio
n on
dis
ease
s in
fish
and
fish
kill
s ca
n be
foun
d in
the
first
sec
tion
of th
is g
uide
.
INTR
OD
UCT
ION
Hab
itat
• Ge
nera
lly s
ubtid
al b
ut a
lso
inte
rtida
l
• Es
tuar
ies
and
shel
tere
d wa
ters
• So
ft se
dim
ents
– s
and,
mud
, cla
y or
seag
rass
bed
s
• A
rang
e of
sal
initi
es fr
om s
alt t
o
fresh
wat
er
• Gr
ows
well
in p
ollu
ted
or n
utrie
nt-r
ich
wate
rs
Impa
ct•
Form
s va
st, d
ense
col
onie
s (>
25
000
per m
2 )
• Fi
lter-f
eede
r tha
t com
pete
s wi
th n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s an
d pr
eys
on la
rvae
of fi
sher
ies
spec
ies
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e, c
omm
erci
al a
nd
recr
eatio
nal fi
sher
ies
spec
ies
• Hi
gh s
elen
ium
con
tent
, whi
ch is
toxic
to
ani
mal
s th
at e
at it
• Di
srup
ts n
atur
al e
colo
gica
l bal
ance
Key
feat
ures
1 T
hin,
sm
ooth
biv
alve
up
to 3
cm
long
2 S
hell
yello
w, ta
n or
dirt
y
white
, fre
quen
tly w
ith
br
own
stai
ning
3 D
istin
ctiv
e “o
verb
ite”
–
on
e of
the
pair
of s
hells
is la
rger
than
the
othe
r
4 O
ld s
hells
may
hav
e
wr
inkl
ed e
dges
ASI
AN
CLA
MPo
tam
ocor
bula
am
uren
sis
‘If fo
und
anyw
here
in N
ew Z
eala
nd, i
mm
edia
tely
cal
l
0800
80
99 6
6
2
3
YHshells; Hao Yang
NIWANIWA US Geological Survey
1 cm
1 cm
2 cm
4
11
1 C
orbu
la h
as a
less
pro
min
ent,
regu
lar,
even
ove
rbite
aro
und
mos
t of t
he p
erim
eter
of t
he s
hell
(Pot
amoc
orbu
la h
as a
n ov
erbi
te
arou
nd 1
/4–1
/3 th
e pe
rimet
er)
2 G
ener
ally
smal
ler (
<1.
5 cm
)3
Not
foun
d in
est
uarie
s or
she
ltere
d wa
terw
ays
1 N
o ov
erbi
te2
Not
foun
d in
est
uarie
s3
Sm
alle
r she
ll (<
1.5
cm)
1 C
yclom
actra
has
no
over
bite
2 L
arge
r she
ll (to
6 c
m)
Cor
bula
zel
andi
ca
BA
SKET
SH
ELL
How
to d
iffer
entia
te P
otam
ocor
bula
am
uren
sis
from
:
Mao
rim
actr
a or
dina
ria
SUR
F C
LAM
Cyc
lom
actr
a tr
isti
s SU
RF
CLA
M
11
Kate Neill
Kate Neill
YHshells; Hao Yang
Kate Neill
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
5 m
m5
mm
1 cm
1 cm
12
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
Key f
eatu
res
Defin
ing
feat
ures
of
the
pest
are
nu
mbe
red
here
Habi
tat
Like
ly pl
aces
yo
u m
ight
find
th
e pe
st a
re
liste
d he
re
Bann
erRe
d ba
nner
; pe
st n
ot
pres
ent i
n NZ
Gree
n ba
nner
; pe
st p
rese
nt
in N
Z
Impa
ctOu
tline
s im
pact
s th
e pe
st
may
ha
ve
Nam
ePe
st
spec
ies’
co
mm
on
and
Latin
na
me
Map
Show
s lo
catio
ns
the
pest
is
kno
wn
from
Pest
spec
ies
Phot
o of
the
feat
ured
pes
t
Nativ
e sp
ecie
sPh
otos
of n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s th
at
look
sim
ilar
Key f
eatu
res
Defin
ing
feat
ures
of
nat
ive
orga
nism
s th
at
diffe
rent
iate
th
em fr
om
the
pest
1
This guide describes some of the marine pest species that have recently arrived in New Zealand, as well as some
of the worst global marine pests that MPI is trying to keep out. The guide also includes information on how to
recognise common diseases of fish and shellfish.
Since 2005 we have found more than 330 introduced (non-native) species, of which about half now have an
established population or populations in New Zealand. These can have negative impacts on our fisheries, the
environment, the aquaculture industry and be a considerable nuisance to a wide range of recreational or customary
users and marine industries. Introduced species can also bring various new diseases and parasites.
How to use this guide
Each page of this guide has information on the main marine pests of concern and is ordered alphabetically by
taxonomic group. Pages with species that are established in some parts of New Zealand are green. Pages with
species that have caused problems overseas and which we are actively trying to keep out are red.
Note: Distribution as depicted in the maps is accurate as of the time of printing and should be used as a guide
only. If you want more information on the updated distribution of these species visit the marine biosecurity
porthole, www.marinebiosecurity.org.nz.
For each species, key features and the habitat where it is likely to be found are outlined and some of its impacts
are described. Native species that look similar are shown, with key distinguishing features labelled to assist with
field identification.
Diseases in fish and shellfish are just as important as pests, but are harder to detect and diagnose, so information
on diseases in fish and fish kills can be found in the first section of this guide.
INTRODUCTION
Habitat
• Generally subtidal but also intertidal
• Estuaries and sheltered waters
• Soft sediments – sand, mud, clay or
seagrass beds
• A range of salinities from salt to
fresh water
• Grows well in polluted or nutrient-rich
waters
Impact
• Forms vast, dense colonies (> 25 000 per m
2)
• Filter-feeder that competes with native
species and preys on larvae of fisheries
species
• Displaces native, commercial and
recreational fisheries species
• High selenium content, which is toxic
to animals that eat it
• Disrupts natural ecological balance
Key features
1 Thin, smooth bivalve up
to 3 cm long
2 Shell yellow, tan or dirty
white, frequently with
brown staining
3 Distinctive “overbite” –
one of the pair of shells
is larger than the other
4 Old shells may have
wrinkled edges
ASIAN CLAM
Potamocorbula amurensis
‘If found anywhere in New Zealand, immediately call
0800 80 99 66
23
YHshells; Hao Yang
NIWA NIWAUS Geological Survey
1 cm
1 cm
2 cm
4
11
1 Corbula has a less prominent,
regular, even overbite around
most of the perimeter of the shell
(Potamocorbula has an overbite
around 1/4–1/3 the perimeter)
2 Generally smaller (<1.5 cm)
3 Not found in estuaries or sheltered
waterways
1 No overbite
2 Not found in estuaries
3 Smaller shell (<1.5 cm)
1 Cyclomactra has no overbite
2 Larger shell (to 6 cm)
Corbula zelandica
BASKET SHELL
How to differentiate Potamocorbula amurensis from:
Maorimactra ordinaria
SURF CLAM
Cyclomactra tristis
SURF CLAM
1
1
Kate Neill
Kate Neill
YHshells; Hao Yang
Kate Neill
NATIVE SPECIES THAT LOOK SIMILAR
To report suspected marine pests or diseases call
0800 80 99 66
5 mm
5 mm
1 cm
1 cm
12
To report suspected marine pests or diseases call
0800 80 99 66
Key features
Defining
features of
the pest are
numbered
here
Habitat
Likely places
you might find
the pest are
listed here
Banner
Red banner;
pest not
present in NZ
Green banner;
pest present
in NZ
Impact
Outlines
impacts
the pest
may
have
Name
Pest
species’
common
and Latin
name
Map
Shows
locations
the pest
is known
from
Pest species
Photo of the
featured pest
Native species
Photos of native
species that
look similar
Key features
Defining
features
of native
organisms that
differentiate
them from
the pest
1
How
you
can
hel
p:
be o
ur u
nder
wat
er e
yes
If yo
u se
e an
ythi
ng o
ut o
f the
ord
inar
y inc
ludi
ng
unus
ual m
arin
e pl
ants
and
ani
mal
s, o
r unu
sual
nu
mbe
rs o
f dea
d fis
h or
aqu
atic
life
, cal
l 08
00 8
0 99
66.
INTR
OD
UCT
ION
Take
a p
hoto
Colle
ct a
sam
ple
Reco
rd lo
catio
n an
d la
ndm
arks
Call
08
00 8
0 99
66
to
repo
rt fi
nd
1 3
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
If yo
u co
me
acro
ss a
sus
pect
non
-nat
ive
mar
ine
plan
t or
anim
al o
utsi
de o
f its
kn
own
rang
e (a
s sh
own
on th
e m
aps
in
this
gui
de),
or a
larg
e nu
mbe
r of
dea
d
or d
isea
sed
fish
or s
hellf
ish:
Rem
embe
r, d
on’t
spr
ead
or
intr
oduc
e m
arin
e pe
sts
or
dis
ease
s:•
Chec
k an
d cl
ean
any e
quip
men
t (e.
g. p
ots,
net
s,
fishi
ng o
r div
ing
gear
) bef
ore
mov
ing
to a
new
lo
catio
n, to
ens
ure
it is
cle
an a
nd fr
ee o
f mar
ine
life.
Use
fres
h wa
ter a
nd d
eter
gent
or s
oak
in
a 2%
ble
ach
solu
tion
for 3
0 m
inut
es, o
r use
a
spec
ific
biol
ogic
al tr
eatm
ent p
rodu
ct. A
ltern
ativ
ely,
dry y
our e
quip
men
t the
n le
ave
it fo
r >48
hou
rs
befo
re u
sing
it in
a d
iffer
ent a
rea.
• In
spec
t and
cle
an yo
ur b
oat’s
hul
l, ni
che
area
s an
d ot
her p
lace
s th
at re
tain
wat
er b
efor
e m
ovin
g to
a
new
loca
tion.
Thi
s in
clud
es a
ncho
r wel
ls, l
iveb
ait
wells
, bilg
es, b
alla
st ta
nks,
etc
. Rem
ove
and
treat
an
y mar
ine
life
cont
aine
d wi
thin
thes
e ar
eas
and
disp
ose
of a
ny m
arin
e fo
ulin
g to
an
appr
opria
te
rubb
ish
bin
asho
re.
• Se
afoo
d wa
ste
and
offa
l and
bai
t fro
m n
on-lo
cal
sour
ces
can
be v
ecto
rs fo
r tra
nsfe
rring
pes
ts a
nd
dise
ases
, so
disp
ose
of th
em th
ough
tfully
. A la
nd-
base
d ru
bbis
h bi
n is
bes
t.
• Re
gula
rly a
pply
antif
oulin
g pa
int t
o yo
ur m
oore
d ve
ssel
’s hu
ll.
• Us
e th
is g
uide
to m
ake
your
self
awar
e of
pes
ts
that
are
like
ly to
occ
ur in
your
are
a, a
nd e
nsur
e yo
u do
n’t s
prea
d th
ese
furth
er.
• If
disp
osin
g of
aqu
ariu
m p
lant
s, a
nim
als
or
othe
r mat
eria
ls, t
reat
them
as
a bi
osec
urity
risk
. Di
spos
e of
them
to a
land
fill o
r (if
your
sew
erag
e go
es to
a tr
eatm
ent p
lant
) you
can
flus
h th
em
down
the
toile
t.
2
How you can help:
be our underwater eyes
If you see anything out of the ordinary including
unusual marine plants and animals, or unusual
numbers of dead fish or aquatic life, call
0800 80 99 66.
INTRODUCTION
Take a photo
Collect a sample
Record location
and landmarks
Call
0800 80 99 66
to report find
13
To report suspected marine pests or diseases call
0800 80 99 66
If you come across a suspect non-native
marine plant or animal outside of its
known range (as shown on the maps in
this guide), or a large number of dead
or diseased fish or shellfish:
Remember, don’t spread or
introduce marine pests
or diseases:
• Check and clean any equipment (e.g. pots, nets,
fishing or diving gear) before moving to a new
location, to ensure it is clean and free of marine
life. Use fresh water and detergent or soak in
a 2% bleach solution for 30 minutes, or use a
specific biological treatment product. Alternatively,
dry your equipment then leave it for >48 hours
before using it in a different area.
• Inspect and clean your boat’s hull, niche areas and
other places that retain water before moving to a
new location. This includes anchor wells, livebait
wells, bilges, ballast tanks, etc. Remove and treat
any marine life contained within these areas and
dispose of any marine fouling to an appropriate
rubbish bin ashore.
• Seafood waste and offal and bait from non-local
sources can be vectors for transferring pests and
diseases, so dispose of them thoughtfully. A land-
based rubbish bin is best.
• Regularly apply antifouling paint to your moored
vessel’s hull.
• Use this guide to make yourself aware of pests
that are likely to occur in your area, and ensure
you don’t spread these further.
• If disposing of aquarium plants, animals or
other materials, treat them as a biosecurity risk.
Dispose of them to a landfill or (if your sewerage
goes to a treatment plant) you can flush them
down the toilet.
2
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
Impa
ctDi
seas
es c
an c
ause
fish
and
she
llfish
sto
ck c
olla
pses
, whi
ch in
turn
can
affe
ct th
e na
tura
l bal
ance
of a
n ec
osys
tem
. Fis
h st
ock
colla
pses
can
hav
e se
vere
effe
cts
on c
omm
erci
al, c
ultu
ral a
nd re
crea
tiona
l fish
erie
s an
d di
seas
es m
ay a
lso
be o
f con
cern
to h
uman
hea
lth.
Mas
s-m
orta
lity
even
tsM
ass-
mor
talit
y eve
nts
invo
lve
the
deat
h of
an
unus
ually
larg
e nu
mbe
r of o
rgan
ism
s. A
mas
s m
orta
lity i
s us
ually
un
expe
cted
and
ther
e m
ay b
e a
num
ber o
f spe
cies
invo
lved
(inc
ludi
ng b
ut n
ot li
mite
d to
fish
, inv
erte
brat
es a
nd
mar
ine
plan
ts, i
nclu
ding
farm
ed o
r wild
spe
cies
or b
oth)
. A m
ass
mor
talit
y of c
omm
erci
ally
and/
or re
crea
tiona
lly
valu
able
spe
cies
is o
ften
know
n as
a “
fish
kill”
, and
it is
this
type
of e
vent
that
is o
f par
ticul
ar c
once
rn. I
f you
se
e a
fish
kill,
ple
ase
call
0800
80
99 6
6 as
soo
n as
pos
sibl
e.
The
follo
wing
info
rmat
ion
is u
sefu
l whe
n in
vest
igat
ing
a fis
h ki
ll an
d sh
ould
be
reco
rded
whe
neve
r pos
sibl
e:
• Da
te a
nd ti
me
of th
e ev
ent
• W
hen
anim
als
were
col
lect
ed
• Lo
catio
n an
d si
ze o
f the
fish
kill
• Sp
ecie
s an
d nu
mbe
r of i
ndiv
idua
ls a
ffect
ed
(pho
tos
are
ofte
n us
eful
)
• Ab
norm
al b
ehav
iour
of a
nim
als
• Ab
norm
al e
nviro
nmen
tal c
ondi
tions
(e
.g. r
iver
floo
ded,
alg
al b
loom
pre
sent
, un
usua
lly h
igh
tem
pera
ture
)
• Co
nditi
on o
f the
ani
mal
s wh
en fo
und
(e
.g. n
ear d
eath
, dea
d, d
ecom
posi
ng)
• An
y les
ions
or o
ther
mar
ks o
n an
imal
s
DIS
EASE
S O
F FI
SH A
ND
SH
ELLF
ISH
3
DIS
EASE
S O
F FI
SH
Key
dia
gnos
tic
feat
ures
A fis
h ki
ll m
ay b
e ob
viou
s: a
larg
e nu
mbe
r of a
sin
gle
spec
ies
of fi
sh d
ead
or d
ying,
ove
r a w
ide
area
. Fis
h re
spon
d to
dis
ease
s in
a fa
irly c
onsi
sten
t way
. The
sig
ns o
f dis
ease
may
be
subt
le, b
ut m
ore
obvi
ous
indi
catio
ns o
f dis
ease
m
ay b
e be
havi
oura
l or e
xter
nal.
Exte
rnal
sig
ns:
• Ob
viou
s le
sion
s on
the
fish
(ulc
ers,
loss
of fi
ns,
stra
nge
lum
ps o
r gro
wths
, red
stre
aks
or s
pots
)
• Re
dden
ing
at th
e ba
se o
f the
fins
or i
n th
e ey
es
• Bu
lgin
g ey
es
• Gi
lls s
wolle
n or
cov
ered
in m
ucus
• Fi
sh fa
t or b
loat
ed
• Ra
sh o
n th
e bo
dy
Beha
viou
ral s
igns
:
• Fi
sh d
ispl
ayin
g ab
norm
al s
wim
min
g be
havi
our
(leth
argy
, swi
mm
ing
in c
ircle
s)
• Ga
spin
g fo
r air,
esp
ecia
lly n
ear s
urfa
ce
(ope
n m
outh
)
• Qu
ick
spin
ning
mov
emen
ts a
nd/o
r scr
atch
ing
or
rubb
ing
agai
nst o
bjec
ts
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
Som
e ex
ampl
es o
f dis
ease
d fi
sh
A wi
ld-c
augh
t rai
nbow
trou
t with
unu
sual
ski
n di
scol
oura
tion
as m
ay b
e ob
serv
ed in
a d
isea
sed
fish
A sn
appe
r with
der
mal
/sub
derm
al h
aem
orrh
agin
g on
the
vent
ral s
ide,
in th
is
case
attr
ibut
able
to a
sep
ticae
mia
cau
sed
by V
ibrio
bac
teria
Chris Speirs
Cara Brosnahan
4
Key
dia
gnos
tic
feat
ures
A m
ass
mor
talit
y may
be
obvi
ous:
a la
rge
num
ber o
f a s
ingl
e sp
ecie
s of
rece
ntly
dead
she
llfish
was
hed
up o
n
the
beac
h, o
r rec
ently
dea
d or
dyin
g ov
er a
wid
e ar
ea in
the
wate
r. Ex
cept
in c
ases
of m
ass
mor
talit
y, si
gns
of
dise
ase
are
usua
lly m
ore
subt
le.
Sign
s a
shel
lfish
is s
ick:
1 S
hellfi
sh s
uch
as p
aua
may
be
retra
ctin
g aw
ay fr
om
th
e sh
ell w
ith th
e ed
ges
of th
e m
antle
cur
ling
away
2 T
here
may
be
visi
ble
pust
ules
, les
ions
or h
ard
nodu
les
pres
ent
3 S
hellfi
sh m
ay lo
ok w
ater
y or i
n po
or c
ondi
tion
4 S
hellfi
sh s
uch
as p
aua
may
not
be
able
to s
tay
at
tach
ed to
the
subs
trate
5 S
hellfi
sh s
uch
as p
aua
may
not
be
able
to ri
ght
th
emse
lves
whe
n tu
rned
ups
ide
down
6 B
ival
ves
may
be
gapi
ng o
r slo
w to
reac
t whe
n
to
uche
d
7 B
ival
ves
may
not
be
able
to s
tay s
hut
8 E
xces
s m
ucus
pro
duct
ion
may
be
evid
ent
DIS
EASE
S O
F SH
ELLF
ISH
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
Som
e ex
ampl
es o
f dis
ease
d sh
ellf
ish
Shuc
ked
paua
with
nod
ules
ass
ocia
ted
with
Per
kinsu
s.
Paua
retra
ctin
g its
man
tle a
way f
rom
its
shel
l.
Wate
ry, si
ck-lo
okin
g sc
allop
s inf
ecte
d wi
th se
vera
l pat
hoge
nic s
pecie
s of b
acte
ria.
Wate
ry, s
ick-
look
ing
oyst
er.
1
22
3 3
Anjali Pande, MPI Anjali Pande, MPI
5
DIS
EASE
S O
F FI
SH A
ND
SH
ELLF
ISH
Col
lect
ing
sam
ples
for
in
vest
igat
ion
Call
MPI
on
0800
80
99 6
6 –
they
will
adv
ise
on
whet
her s
ampl
es a
re re
quire
d, h
ow to
pac
k th
em
and
wher
e to
sen
d th
em. O
ther
wise
, as
a ge
nera
l rul
e:
• Co
llect
5–1
0 wh
ole
anim
als
that
are
mor
ibun
d (d
ying
but n
ot d
ead)
or f
resh
ly de
ad
• Ch
ill th
em o
n ic
e or
in a
refri
gera
tor (
but d
o
not f
reez
e)
• Ta
lk to
MPI
abo
ut h
ow to
pac
kage
and
sen
d th
e an
imal
s to
the
lab
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
Info
rmat
ion
to c
olle
ct•
Date
and
tim
e of
the
obse
rvat
ion,
and
whe
n fis
h/sh
ellfi
sh w
ere
colle
cted
• Lo
catio
n an
d ap
prox
imat
e si
ze o
f are
a af
fect
ed
• Sp
ecie
s an
d nu
mbe
r of i
ndiv
idua
ls a
ffect
ed
(a p
hoto
is o
ften
usef
ul)
• W
heth
er fi
sh/s
hellfi
sh w
ere
dead
or m
orib
und
when
co
llect
ed (o
r bot
h)
• An
y abn
orm
al e
nviro
nmen
tal c
ondi
tions
(e
.g. r
iver
floo
ded,
alg
al b
loom
pre
sent
, unu
sual
ly hi
gh te
mpe
ratu
re)
If yo
u su
spec
t you
hav
e se
en s
igns
of d
isea
se in
ca
ptiv
e or
wild
fish
or s
hellfi
sh c
all M
PI im
med
iate
ly
on 0
800
80 9
9 66
.
6
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
Impa
ctDi
seas
es c
an c
ause
fish
and
she
llfish
sto
ck c
olla
pses
, whi
ch in
turn
can
affe
ct th
e na
tura
l bal
ance
of a
n ec
osys
tem
. Fis
h st
ock
colla
pses
can
hav
e se
vere
effe
cts
on c
omm
erci
al, c
ultu
ral a
nd re
crea
tiona
l fish
erie
s an
d di
seas
es m
ay a
lso
be o
f con
cern
to h
uman
hea
lth.
Mas
s-m
orta
lity
even
tsM
ass-
mor
talit
y eve
nts
invo
lve
the
deat
h of
an
unus
ually
larg
e nu
mbe
r of o
rgan
ism
s. A
mas
s m
orta
lity i
s us
ually
un
expe
cted
and
ther
e m
ay b
e a
num
ber o
f spe
cies
invo
lved
(inc
ludi
ng b
ut n
ot li
mite
d to
fish
, inv
erte
brat
es a
nd
mar
ine
plan
ts, i
nclu
ding
farm
ed o
r wild
spe
cies
or b
oth)
. A m
ass
mor
talit
y of c
omm
erci
ally
and/
or re
crea
tiona
lly
valu
able
spe
cies
is o
ften
know
n as
a “
fish
kill”
, and
it is
this
type
of e
vent
that
is o
f par
ticul
ar c
once
rn. I
f you
se
e a
fish
kill,
ple
ase
call
0800
80
99 6
6 as
soo
n as
pos
sibl
e.
The
follo
wing
info
rmat
ion
is u
sefu
l whe
n in
vest
igat
ing
a fis
h ki
ll an
d sh
ould
be
reco
rded
whe
neve
r pos
sibl
e:
• Da
te a
nd ti
me
of th
e ev
ent
• W
hen
anim
als
were
col
lect
ed
• Lo
catio
n an
d si
ze o
f the
fish
kill
• Sp
ecie
s an
d nu
mbe
r of i
ndiv
idua
ls a
ffect
ed
(pho
tos
are
ofte
n us
eful
)
• Ab
norm
al b
ehav
iour
of a
nim
als
• Ab
norm
al e
nviro
nmen
tal c
ondi
tions
(e
.g. r
iver
floo
ded,
alg
al b
loom
pre
sent
, un
usua
lly h
igh
tem
pera
ture
)
• Co
nditi
on o
f the
ani
mal
s wh
en fo
und
(e
.g. n
ear d
eath
, dea
d, d
ecom
posi
ng)
• An
y les
ions
or o
ther
mar
ks o
n an
imal
s
DIS
EASE
S O
F FI
SH A
ND
SH
ELLF
ISH
3
DIS
EASE
S O
F FI
SH
Key
dia
gnos
tic
feat
ures
A fis
h ki
ll m
ay b
e ob
viou
s: a
larg
e nu
mbe
r of a
sin
gle
spec
ies
of fi
sh d
ead
or d
ying,
ove
r a w
ide
area
. Fis
h re
spon
d to
dis
ease
s in
a fa
irly c
onsi
sten
t way
. The
sig
ns o
f dis
ease
may
be
subt
le, b
ut m
ore
obvi
ous
indi
catio
ns o
f dis
ease
m
ay b
e be
havi
oura
l or e
xter
nal.
Exte
rnal
sig
ns:
• Ob
viou
s le
sion
s on
the
fish
(ulc
ers,
loss
of fi
ns,
stra
nge
lum
ps o
r gro
wths
, red
stre
aks
or s
pots
)
• Re
dden
ing
at th
e ba
se o
f the
fins
or i
n th
e ey
es
• Bu
lgin
g ey
es
• Gi
lls s
wolle
n or
cov
ered
in m
ucus
• Fi
sh fa
t or b
loat
ed
• Ra
sh o
n th
e bo
dy
Beha
viou
ral s
igns
:
• Fi
sh d
ispl
ayin
g ab
norm
al s
wim
min
g be
havi
our
(leth
argy
, swi
mm
ing
in c
ircle
s)
• Ga
spin
g fo
r air,
esp
ecia
lly n
ear s
urfa
ce
(ope
n m
outh
)
• Qu
ick
spin
ning
mov
emen
ts a
nd/o
r scr
atch
ing
or
rubb
ing
agai
nst o
bjec
ts
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
Som
e ex
ampl
es o
f dis
ease
d fi
sh
A wi
ld-c
augh
t rai
nbow
trou
t with
unu
sual
ski
n di
scol
oura
tion
as m
ay b
e ob
serv
ed in
a d
isea
sed
fish
A sn
appe
r with
der
mal
/sub
derm
al h
aem
orrh
agin
g on
the
vent
ral s
ide,
in th
is
case
attr
ibut
able
to a
sep
ticae
mia
cau
sed
by V
ibrio
bac
teria
Chris Speirs
Cara Brosnahan
4
Key
dia
gnos
tic
feat
ures
A m
ass
mor
talit
y may
be
obvi
ous:
a la
rge
num
ber o
f a s
ingl
e sp
ecie
s of
rece
ntly
dead
she
llfish
was
hed
up o
n
the
beac
h, o
r rec
ently
dea
d or
dyin
g ov
er a
wid
e ar
ea in
the
wate
r. Ex
cept
in c
ases
of m
ass
mor
talit
y, si
gns
of
dise
ase
are
usua
lly m
ore
subt
le.
Sign
s a
shel
lfish
is s
ick:
1 S
hellfi
sh s
uch
as p
aua
may
be
retra
ctin
g aw
ay fr
om
th
e sh
ell w
ith th
e ed
ges
of th
e m
antle
cur
ling
away
2 T
here
may
be
visi
ble
pust
ules
, les
ions
or h
ard
nodu
les
pres
ent
3 S
hellfi
sh m
ay lo
ok w
ater
y or i
n po
or c
ondi
tion
4 S
hellfi
sh s
uch
as p
aua
may
not
be
able
to s
tay
at
tach
ed to
the
subs
trate
5 S
hellfi
sh s
uch
as p
aua
may
not
be
able
to ri
ght
th
emse
lves
whe
n tu
rned
ups
ide
down
6 B
ival
ves
may
be
gapi
ng o
r slo
w to
reac
t whe
n
to
uche
d
7 B
ival
ves
may
not
be
able
to s
tay s
hut
8 E
xces
s m
ucus
pro
duct
ion
may
be
evid
ent
DIS
EASE
S O
F SH
ELLF
ISH
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
Som
e ex
ampl
es o
f dis
ease
d sh
ellf
ish
Shuc
ked
paua
with
nod
ules
ass
ocia
ted
with
Per
kinsu
s.
Paua
retra
ctin
g its
man
tle a
way f
rom
its
shel
l.
Wate
ry, si
ck-lo
okin
g sc
allop
s inf
ecte
d wi
th se
vera
l pat
hoge
nic s
pecie
s of b
acte
ria.
Wate
ry, s
ick-
look
ing
oyst
er.
1
22
3 3
Anjali Pande, MPI Anjali Pande, MPI
5
Key diagnostic features
A mass mortality may be obvious: a large number of a single species of recently dead shellfish washed up on
the beach, or recently dead or dying over a wide area in the water. Except in cases of mass mortality, signs of
disease are usually more subtle.
Signs a shellfish is sick:
1 Shellfish such as paua may be retracting away from
the shell with the edges of the mantle curling away
2 There may be visible pustules, lesions or hard
nodules present
3 Shellfish may look watery or in poor condition
4 Shellfish such as paua may not be able to stay
attached to the substrate
5 Shellfish such as paua may not be able to right
themselves when turned upside down
6 Bivalves may be gaping or slow to react when
touched
7 Bivalves may not be able to stay shut
8 Excess mucus production may be evident
DISEASES OF SHELLFISH
To report suspected marine pests or diseases call
0800 80 99 66
Some examples of diseased shellfish
Shucked paua with nodules associated with Perkinsus.
Paua retracting its mantle away from its shell.
Watery, sick-looking scallops infected with several pathogenic species of bacteria.
Watery, sick-looking oyster.
1
2
2
33
Anjali Pande, MPIAnjali Pande, MPI5
DIS
EASE
S O
F FI
SH A
ND
SH
ELLF
ISH
Col
lect
ing
sam
ples
for
in
vest
igat
ion
Call
MPI
on
0800
80
99 6
6 –
they
will
adv
ise
on
whet
her s
ampl
es a
re re
quire
d, h
ow to
pac
k th
em
and
wher
e to
sen
d th
em. O
ther
wise
, as
a ge
nera
l rul
e:
• Co
llect
5–1
0 wh
ole
anim
als
that
are
mor
ibun
d (d
ying
but n
ot d
ead)
or f
resh
ly de
ad
• Ch
ill th
em o
n ic
e or
in a
refri
gera
tor (
but d
o
not f
reez
e)
• Ta
lk to
MPI
abo
ut h
ow to
pac
kage
and
sen
d th
e an
imal
s to
the
lab
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
Info
rmat
ion
to c
olle
ct•
Date
and
tim
e of
the
obse
rvat
ion,
and
whe
n fis
h/sh
ellfi
sh w
ere
colle
cted
• Lo
catio
n an
d ap
prox
imat
e si
ze o
f are
a af
fect
ed
• Sp
ecie
s an
d nu
mbe
r of i
ndiv
idua
ls a
ffect
ed
(a p
hoto
is o
ften
usef
ul)
• W
heth
er fi
sh/s
hellfi
sh w
ere
dead
or m
orib
und
when
co
llect
ed (o
r bot
h)
• An
y abn
orm
al e
nviro
nmen
tal c
ondi
tions
(e
.g. r
iver
floo
ded,
alg
al b
loom
pre
sent
, unu
sual
ly hi
gh te
mpe
ratu
re)
If yo
u su
spec
t you
hav
e se
en s
igns
of d
isea
se in
ca
ptiv
e or
wild
fish
or s
hellfi
sh c
all M
PI im
med
iate
ly
on 0
800
80 9
9 66
.
6
DISEASES OF FISH AND SHELLFISH
Collecting samples for
investigation
Call MPI on 0800 80 99 66 – they will advise on
whether samples are required, how to pack them
and where to send them. Otherwise, as a general rule:
• Collect 5–10 whole animals that are moribund
(dying but not dead) or freshly dead
• Chill them on ice or in a refrigerator (but do
not freeze)
• Talk to MPI about how to package and send the
animals to the lab
To report suspected marine pests or diseases call
0800 80 99 66
Information to collect
• Date and time of the observation, and when fish/
shellfish were collected
• Location and approximate size of area affected
• Species and number of individuals affected
(a photo is often useful)
• Whether fish/shellfish were dead or moribund when
collected (or both)
• Any abnormal environmental conditions
(e.g. river flooded, algal bloom present, unusually
high temperature)
If you suspect you have seen signs of disease in
captive or wild fish or shellfish call MPI immediately
on 0800 80 99 66.
6
Hab
itat
• M
arin
e aq
uaria
If Caulerpa
was
to b
e re
leas
ed in
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t, th
en it
wou
ld b
e fo
und
in:
• Sa
nd, m
ud, r
ock
or s
eagr
ass
beds
• Es
tuar
ies,
har
bour
s an
d co
asts
• Sh
elte
red
to s
emi-e
xpos
ed e
nviro
nmen
ts
• Lo
w tid
e to
100
m d
epth
Impa
ct•
Form
s va
st, d
ense
bed
s
• Sm
othe
rs a
nd d
ispl
aces
nat
ive
and
fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Fa
st-g
rowi
ng
• Di
srup
ts n
atur
al e
colo
gica
l bal
ance
• Ac
cum
ulat
es to
xins
Key
feat
ures
1 B
right
gre
en2
Fro
nds
have
a s
moo
th
mid
rib
3 P
aire
d br
anch
lets
, al
l flat
tene
d in
the
sa
me
plan
e
4 F
rond
s up
to 1
5 cm
(tr
opic
al fo
rm) o
r 40+
cm
(M
edite
rrane
an fo
rm) i
n le
ngth
5 L
ong
horiz
onta
l run
ners
(s
tolo
ns) w
ith m
any
uprig
ht, fl
atte
ned
frond
s
AQ
UA
RIU
M C
AU
LER
PACa
uler
pa ta
xifo
lia
‘If fo
und
anyw
here
in N
ew Z
eala
nd, i
mm
edia
tely
cal
l
0800
80
99 6
6
2
2
33
55
4
Bob Fenner
Australian Institute of Marine Science Government of South Australia, Biosecurity SA
5 cm
10 c
m
7
Habitat
• Marine aquaria
If Caulerpa was to be released into the
environment, then it would be found in:
• Sand, mud, rock or seagrass beds
• Estuaries, harbours and coasts
• Sheltered to semi-exposed environments
• Low tide to 100 m depth
Impact
• Forms vast, dense beds
• Smothers and displaces native and
fisheries species
• Fast-growing
• Disrupts natural ecological balance
• Accumulates toxins
Key features
1 Bright green
2 Fronds have a smooth
midrib
3 Paired branchlets,
all flattened in the
same plane
4 Fronds up to 15 cm
(tropical form) or 40+ cm
(Mediterranean form) in
length
5 Long horizontal runners
(stolons) with many
upright, flattened frondsAQUARIUM CAULERPA
Caulerpa taxifolia
‘If found anywhere in New Zealand, immediately call
0800 80 99 66
2
2
3
3
5
5
4
Bob Fenner
Australian Institute of Marine Science Government of South Australia, Biosecurity SA
5 cm
10 cm
7
1 C
. arti
cula
ta h
as c
ylind
rical
, tur
gid,
bea
d-lik
e ve
sicl
es
that
are
not
flat
tene
d lik
e C. t
axifo
lia
2 C
. arti
cula
ta is
foun
d in
the
North
Isla
nd a
nd o
ffsho
re
isla
nds,
and
the
north
ern
Sout
h Is
land
1 C
. bro
wnii
has
dist
inct
ivel
y thr
ee-d
imen
sion
al s
hagg
y fro
nds;
they
are
not
flat
tene
d in
cro
ss-s
ectio
n 2
C. b
rown
ii is
foun
d in
the
sout
hern
Nor
th Is
land
, So
uth
Isla
nd a
nd o
ffsho
re is
land
s
Cau
lerp
a ar
ticu
lata
How
to d
iffer
entia
te C
aule
rpa
taxi
folia
from
:
Cau
lerp
a br
owni
i SE
A R
IMU
J.M. Huisman
Richard Kinsey
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
11
1
1
1
10 c
m
10 c
m5
cm
Bob Fenner
Addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n: th
e m
ost l
ikel
y way
of C
auler
pa ta
xifoli
a ar
rivin
g in
New
Zea
land
is
thro
ugh
impo
rtatio
n wi
th o
ther
aqu
ariu
m s
peci
es. A
quar
ium
cau
lerp
a is
an
unwa
nted
org
anis
m,
so if
you
susp
ect y
ou'v
e se
en it
in a
quar
ia, o
r any
wher
e, p
leas
e ca
ll 08
00 8
0 99
66
imm
edia
tely.
8
Hab
itat
• In
terti
dal t
o 40
m d
epth
• W
harv
es, p
onto
ons
and
buoy
s
• Ro
cky c
oast
s an
d re
efs
• Bo
at h
ulls
• Sh
elte
red
to e
xpos
ed e
nviro
nmen
ts
• Gr
ows
well
in p
ollu
ted
or n
utrie
nt-e
nric
hed
wate
rs
Impa
ct•
Very
fast
gro
wing
and
can
form
den
se
colo
nies
dis
plac
ing
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Fo
uls
boat
s, a
quac
ultu
re in
stal
latio
ns
and
othe
r mar
ine
stru
ctur
es
WA
KA
ME/
UN
DA
RIA
Und
aria
pin
natifi
da
Repo
rt if
foun
d ou
tsid
e kn
own
loca
tions
0800
80
99 6
6
Key
feat
ures
1 S
trap-
like
mid
rib in
pl
ants
larg
er th
an 1
0 cm
2 S
moo
th, t
hin,
lam
inar
bl
ade,
with
sid
e lo
bes,
th
at s
tarts
just
abo
ve
the
hold
fast
, or a
bove
th
e fri
lly re
prod
uctiv
e tis
sue
in m
atur
e pl
ants
3 B
ase
of m
atur
e pl
ant
is fr
illy (
repr
oduc
tive
tissu
e), w
ith a
root
-like
ho
ldfa
st
4 A
dult
plan
ts b
rown
to
yello
wish
, up
to 3
m ta
ll5
Top
s of
mat
ure
plan
ts
are
ofte
n er
oded
Kate Neill
Kath Blakemore Lesley Patston Serena Wilkens
1
2
2
3
10 c
m
10 c
m
10 c
m 5
1
3
9
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
1 E
cklon
ia h
as ro
ugh,
leat
hery
bla
de, o
ften
with
man
y sm
all,
rais
ed b
umps
; Und
aria
has
sm
ooth
, thi
n an
d fra
gile
bla
des
2 E
cklon
ia h
as n
o m
idrib
(Not
e: p
lant
s ar
e di
fficu
lt to
di
ffere
ntia
te b
efor
e th
is c
hara
cter
dev
elop
s in
Und
aria
at
abo
ut 1
0 cm
leng
th)
3 E
cklon
ia h
as a
cyli
ndric
al tr
unk-
like
stip
e. U
ndar
ia h
as
a fla
ttene
d, s
trap-
like
stip
e4
Eck
lonia
has
no
frilly
repr
oduc
tive
tissu
e at
bas
e
1 C
arpo
phyll
um h
as m
ultip
le ri
bbed
leav
es; U
ndar
ia h
as
only
a si
ngle
mid
rib a
nd b
lade
2
Car
poph
yllum
has
stif
f, to
ugh,
leat
hery
leav
es3
Car
poph
yllum
has
no
frilly
bas
e
Eckl
onia
rad
iata
EC
KLO
NIA
How
to d
iffer
entia
te U
ndar
ia p
inna
tifid
a fr
om:
Car
poph
yllu
m fl
exuo
sum
1
1
11
2
23
3
4
10 c
m10
cm
10 c
m
Kate Neill
Kate Neill
Richard Kinsey
10
Hab
itat
• M
arin
e aq
uaria
If Caulerpa
was
to b
e re
leas
ed in
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t, th
en it
wou
ld b
e fo
und
in:
• Sa
nd, m
ud, r
ock
or s
eagr
ass
beds
• Es
tuar
ies,
har
bour
s an
d co
asts
• Sh
elte
red
to s
emi-e
xpos
ed e
nviro
nmen
ts
• Lo
w tid
e to
100
m d
epth
Impa
ct•
Form
s va
st, d
ense
bed
s
• Sm
othe
rs a
nd d
ispl
aces
nat
ive
and
fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Fa
st-g
rowi
ng
• Di
srup
ts n
atur
al e
colo
gica
l bal
ance
• Ac
cum
ulat
es to
xins
Key
feat
ures
1 B
right
gre
en2
Fro
nds
have
a s
moo
th
mid
rib
3 P
aire
d br
anch
lets
, al
l flat
tene
d in
the
sa
me
plan
e
4 F
rond
s up
to 1
5 cm
(tr
opic
al fo
rm) o
r 40+
cm
(M
edite
rrane
an fo
rm) i
n le
ngth
5 L
ong
horiz
onta
l run
ners
(s
tolo
ns) w
ith m
any
uprig
ht, fl
atte
ned
frond
s
AQ
UA
RIU
M C
AU
LER
PACa
uler
pa ta
xifo
lia
‘If fo
und
anyw
here
in N
ew Z
eala
nd, i
mm
edia
tely
cal
l
0800
80
99 6
6
2
2
33
55
4
Bob Fenner
Australian Institute of Marine Science Government of South Australia, Biosecurity SA
5 cm
10 c
m
7
Habitat
• Marine aquaria
If Caulerpa was to be released into the
environment, then it would be found in:
• Sand, mud, rock or seagrass beds
• Estuaries, harbours and coasts
• Sheltered to semi-exposed environments
• Low tide to 100 m depth
Impact
• Forms vast, dense beds
• Smothers and displaces native and
fisheries species
• Fast-growing
• Disrupts natural ecological balance
• Accumulates toxins
Key features
1 Bright green
2 Fronds have a smooth
midrib
3 Paired branchlets,
all flattened in the
same plane
4 Fronds up to 15 cm
(tropical form) or 40+ cm
(Mediterranean form) in
length
5 Long horizontal runners
(stolons) with many
upright, flattened frondsAQUARIUM CAULERPA
Caulerpa taxifolia
‘If found anywhere in New Zealand, immediately call
0800 80 99 66
2
2
3
3
5
5
4
Bob Fenner
Australian Institute of Marine Science Government of South Australia, Biosecurity SA
5 cm
10 cm
7
1 C
. arti
cula
ta h
as c
ylind
rical
, tur
gid,
bea
d-lik
e ve
sicl
es
that
are
not
flat
tene
d lik
e C. t
axifo
lia
2 C
. arti
cula
ta is
foun
d in
the
North
Isla
nd a
nd o
ffsho
re
isla
nds,
and
the
north
ern
Sout
h Is
land
1 C
. bro
wnii
has
dist
inct
ivel
y thr
ee-d
imen
sion
al s
hagg
y fro
nds;
they
are
not
flat
tene
d in
cro
ss-s
ectio
n 2
C. b
rown
ii is
foun
d in
the
sout
hern
Nor
th Is
land
, So
uth
Isla
nd a
nd o
ffsho
re is
land
s
Cau
lerp
a ar
ticu
lata
How
to d
iffer
entia
te C
aule
rpa
taxi
folia
from
:
Cau
lerp
a br
owni
i SE
A R
IMU
J.M. Huisman
Richard Kinsey
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
11
1
1
1
10 c
m
10 c
m5
cm
Bob Fenner
Addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n: th
e m
ost l
ikel
y way
of C
auler
pa ta
xifoli
a ar
rivin
g in
New
Zea
land
is
thro
ugh
impo
rtatio
n wi
th o
ther
aqu
ariu
m s
peci
es. A
quar
ium
cau
lerp
a is
an
unwa
nted
org
anis
m,
so if
you
susp
ect y
ou'v
e se
en it
in a
quar
ia, o
r any
wher
e, p
leas
e ca
ll 08
00 8
0 99
66
imm
edia
tely.
8
Hab
itat
• In
terti
dal t
o 40
m d
epth
• W
harv
es, p
onto
ons
and
buoy
s
• Ro
cky c
oast
s an
d re
efs
• Bo
at h
ulls
• Sh
elte
red
to e
xpos
ed e
nviro
nmen
ts
• Gr
ows
well
in p
ollu
ted
or n
utrie
nt-e
nric
hed
wate
rs
Impa
ct•
Very
fast
gro
wing
and
can
form
den
se
colo
nies
dis
plac
ing
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Fo
uls
boat
s, a
quac
ultu
re in
stal
latio
ns
and
othe
r mar
ine
stru
ctur
es
WA
KA
ME/
UN
DA
RIA
Und
aria
pin
natifi
da
Repo
rt if
foun
d ou
tsid
e kn
own
loca
tions
0800
80
99 6
6
Key
feat
ures
1 S
trap-
like
mid
rib in
pl
ants
larg
er th
an 1
0 cm
2 S
moo
th, t
hin,
lam
inar
bl
ade,
with
sid
e lo
bes,
th
at s
tarts
just
abo
ve
the
hold
fast
, or a
bove
th
e fri
lly re
prod
uctiv
e tis
sue
in m
atur
e pl
ants
3 B
ase
of m
atur
e pl
ant
is fr
illy (
repr
oduc
tive
tissu
e), w
ith a
root
-like
ho
ldfa
st
4 A
dult
plan
ts b
rown
to
yello
wish
, up
to 3
m ta
ll5
Top
s of
mat
ure
plan
ts
are
ofte
n er
oded
Kate Neill
Kath Blakemore Lesley Patston Serena Wilkens
1
2
2
3
10 c
m
10 c
m
10 c
m 5
1
3
9
Habitat
• Intertidal to 40 m depth
• Wharves, pontoons and buoys
• Rocky coasts and reefs
• Boat hulls
• Sheltered to exposed environments
• Grows well in polluted or nutrient-enriched
waters
Impact
• Very fast growing and can form dense
colonies displacing native and fisheries
species
• Fouls boats, aquaculture installations
and other marine structures WA
KAME/UNDARIA
Undaria pinnatifida
Report if found outside known locations
0800 80 99 66
Key features
1 Strap-like midrib in
plants larger than 10 cm
2 Smooth, thin, laminar
blade, with side lobes,
that starts just above
the holdfast, or above
the frilly reproductive
tissue in mature plants
3 Base of mature plant
is frilly (reproductive
tissue), with a root-like
holdfast
4 Adult plants brown to
yellowish, up to 3 m tall
5 Tops of mature plants
are often eroded
Kate Neill
Kath BlakemoreLesley PatstonSerena Wilkens
1
2
2
3
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm5
1
3
9
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
1 E
cklon
ia h
as ro
ugh,
leat
hery
bla
de, o
ften
with
man
y sm
all,
rais
ed b
umps
; Und
aria
has
sm
ooth
, thi
n an
d fra
gile
bla
des
2 E
cklon
ia h
as n
o m
idrib
(Not
e: p
lant
s ar
e di
fficu
lt to
di
ffere
ntia
te b
efor
e th
is c
hara
cter
dev
elop
s in
Und
aria
at
abo
ut 1
0 cm
leng
th)
3 E
cklon
ia h
as a
cyli
ndric
al tr
unk-
like
stip
e. U
ndar
ia h
as
a fla
ttene
d, s
trap-
like
stip
e4
Eck
lonia
has
no
frilly
repr
oduc
tive
tissu
e at
bas
e
1 C
arpo
phyll
um h
as m
ultip
le ri
bbed
leav
es; U
ndar
ia h
as
only
a si
ngle
mid
rib a
nd b
lade
2
Car
poph
yllum
has
stif
f, to
ugh,
leat
hery
leav
es3
Car
poph
yllum
has
no
frilly
bas
e
Eckl
onia
rad
iata
EC
KLO
NIA
How
to d
iffer
entia
te U
ndar
ia p
inna
tifid
a fr
om:
Car
poph
yllu
m fl
exuo
sum
1
1
11
2
23
3
4
10 c
m10
cm
10 c
m
Kate Neill
Kate Neill
Richard Kinsey
10
NATIVE SPECIES THAT LOOK SIMILAR
To report suspected marine pests or diseases call
0800 80 99 66
1 Ecklonia has rough, leathery blade, often with many
small, raised bumps; Undaria has smooth, thin and
fragile blades
2 Ecklonia has no midrib (Note: plants are difficult to
differentiate before this character develops in Undaria
at about 10 cm length)
3 Ecklonia has a cylindrical trunk-like stipe. Undaria has
a flattened, strap-like stipe
4 Ecklonia has no frilly reproductive tissue at base
1 Carpophyllum has multiple ribbed leaves; Undaria has
only a single midrib and blade
2 Carpophyllum has stiff, tough, leathery leaves
3 Carpophyllum has no frilly base
Ecklonia radiata
ECKLONIA
How to differentiate Undaria pinnatifida from:
Carpophyllum flexuosum
1
1
1
12
2
3
3
4
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
Kate Neill
Kate Neill
Richard Kinsey10
Hab
itat
• Ge
nera
lly s
ubtid
al b
ut a
lso
inte
rtida
l
• Es
tuar
ies
and
shel
tere
d wa
ters
• So
ft se
dim
ents
– s
and,
mud
, cla
y or
seag
rass
bed
s
• A
rang
e of
sal
initi
es fr
om s
alt t
o
fresh
wat
er
• Gr
ows
well
in p
ollu
ted
or n
utrie
nt-r
ich
wate
rs
Impa
ct•
Form
s va
st, d
ense
col
onie
s (>
25
000
per m
2 )
• Fi
lter-f
eede
r tha
t com
pete
s wi
th n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s an
d pr
eys
on la
rvae
of fi
sher
ies
spec
ies
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e, c
omm
erci
al a
nd
recr
eatio
nal fi
sher
ies
spec
ies
• Hi
gh s
elen
ium
con
tent
, whi
ch is
toxic
to
ani
mal
s th
at e
at it
• Di
srup
ts n
atur
al e
colo
gica
l bal
ance
Key
feat
ures
1 T
hin,
sm
ooth
biv
alve
up
to 3
cm
long
2 S
hell
yello
w, ta
n or
dirt
y
white
, fre
quen
tly w
ith
br
own
stai
ning
3 D
istin
ctiv
e “o
verb
ite”
–
on
e of
the
pair
of s
hells
is la
rger
than
the
othe
r
4 O
ld s
hells
may
hav
e
wr
inkl
ed e
dges
ASI
AN
CLA
MPo
tam
ocor
bula
am
uren
sis
‘If fo
und
anyw
here
in N
ew Z
eala
nd, i
mm
edia
tely
cal
l
0800
80
99 6
6
2
3
3
YHshells; Hao Yang
NIWANIWA US Geological Survey
1 cm
1 cm
2 cm
4
11
Habitat
• Generally subtidal but also intertidal
• Estuaries and sheltered waters
• Soft sediments – sand, mud, clay or
seagrass beds
• A range of salinities from salt to
fresh water
• Grows well in polluted or nutrient-rich
waters
Impact
• Forms vast, dense colonies (> 25 000 per m
2 )
• Filter-feeder that competes with native
species and preys on larvae of fisheries
species
• Displaces native, commercial and
recreational fisheries species
• High selenium content, which is toxic
to animals that eat it
• Disrupts natural ecological balance
Key features
1 Thin, smooth bivalve up
to 3 cm long
2 Shell yellow, tan or dirty
white, frequently with
brown staining
3 Distinctive “overbite” –
one of the pair of shells
is larger than the other
4 Old shells may have
wrinkled edges
ASIAN CLAM
Potamocorbula amurensis
‘If found anywhere in New Zealand, immediately call
0800 80 99 66
2
3
3
YHshells; Hao Yang
NIWANIWA US Geological Survey
1 cm
1 cm2 cm
4
11
1 C
orbu
la h
as a
less
pro
min
ent,
regu
lar,
even
ove
rbite
aro
und
mos
t of t
he p
erim
eter
of t
he s
hell
(Pot
amoc
orbu
la h
as a
n ov
erbi
te
arou
nd 1
/4–1
/3 th
e pe
rimet
er)
2 G
ener
ally
smal
ler (
<1.
5 cm
)3
Not
foun
d in
est
uarie
s or
she
ltere
d wa
terw
ays
1 N
o ov
erbi
te2
Not
foun
d in
est
uarie
s3
Sm
alle
r she
ll (<
1.5
cm)
1 C
yclom
actra
has
no
over
bite
2 L
arge
r she
ll (to
6 c
m)
Cor
bula
zel
andi
ca
BA
SKET
SH
ELL
How
to d
iffer
entia
te P
otam
ocor
bula
am
uren
sis
from
:
Mac
tra
(Mao
rim
actr
a)
ordi
nari
a SU
RF
CLA
M
Cyc
lom
actr
a tr
isti
s SU
RF
CLA
M
11
Kate Neill
Kate Neill
YHshells; Hao Yang
Kate Neill
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
5 m
m5
mm
1 cm
1 cm
12
Hab
itat
• Lo
w tid
e to
15
m d
epth
• Sa
nd a
nd m
ud
• Es
tuar
ies,
har
bour
s an
d an
d m
ost
coas
tal h
abita
ts
Impa
ct•
High
ly de
trim
enta
l to
shel
lfish
aqu
acul
ture
• Ag
gres
sive
pre
dato
r
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Ca
n ca
rry d
isea
ses
that
affe
ct c
rab,
lobs
ter,
shrim
p an
d pr
awn
fishe
ries
Key
feat
ures
1 S
ix pr
omin
ent s
pine
s on
eac
h si
de o
f the
ca
rapa
ce
2 F
ive
prom
inen
t spi
nes
on
upp
er s
urfa
ce o
f ea
ch c
law
3 C
arap
ace
up to
12
cm
wide
4 F
latte
ned
swim
min
g pa
ddle
s on
bac
k le
gs
5 C
olou
r ran
ges
from
off-
white
and
pa
le g
reen
, thr
ough
oliv
e-gr
een
to a
dee
p ch
estn
ut b
rown
with
pu
rplis
h m
arki
ngs
ASI
AN
PA
DD
LE C
RA
B
Char
ybdi
s ja
poni
ca
Repo
rt if
foun
d ou
tsid
e kn
own
loca
tions
0800
80
99 6
6
4
5
5
5 cm
1
Colin McLay
Serena Wilkens Serena Wilkens
2
2
13
Habitat
• Low tide to 15 m depth
• Sand and mud
• Estuaries, harbours and and most
coastal habitats
Impact
• Highly detrimental to shellfish aquaculture
• Aggressive predator
• Displaces native and fisheries species
• Can carry diseases that affect crab, lobster,
shrimp and prawn fisheries
Key features
1 Six prominent spines
on each side of the
carapace
2 Five prominent spines
on upper surface of
each claw
3 Carapace up to 12 cm
wide
4 Flattened swimming
paddles on back legs
5 Colour ranges from off-white and
pale green, through olive-green
to a deep chestnut brown with
purplish markings
ASIAN PADDLE CRAB
Charybdis japonica
Report if found outside known locations
0800 80 99 66
4
5
5
5 cm
1
Colin McLay
Serena Wilkens Serena Wilkens
2
2
13
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
1 O
valip
es h
as fi
ve fl
atte
ned
spin
es
on e
ach
side
alo
ng th
e fro
nt a
nd
exte
ndin
g ar
ound
the
side
s (n
ot
six p
oint
ed s
pine
s al
ong
the
front
as
in C
. jap
onica
) 2
One
pro
min
ent s
pine
on
the
claw
3 T
wo d
istin
ct re
ddis
h “s
pots
” on
th
e ca
rapa
ce4
Pal
e sa
ndy-
grey
with
ora
nge-
red
high
light
s5
Swi
mm
ing
padd
les
ofte
n wi
th
purp
lish
tint
1 L
iocar
cinus
has
five
spi
nes
on
each
sid
e (n
ot s
ix)
2 M
uch
smal
ler –
max
imum
2.
5 cm
wid
e3
Fin
e co
rruga
tions
ove
r mos
t of
the
shel
l
1 N
ecto
carc
inus
has
four
spi
nes
on
each
sid
e (n
ot s
ix)2
Red
to p
inki
sh-r
ed c
olou
ratio
n
Ova
lipes
cat
haru
s
SWIM
MIN
G/P
AD
DLE
CR
AB
How
to d
iffer
entia
te C
hary
bdis
japo
nica
from
:
Lioc
arci
nus
corr
ugat
us
DW
AR
F SW
IMM
ING
CR
AB
Nec
toca
rcin
us a
ntar
ctic
us
HA
IRY
RED
SW
IMM
ING
C
RA
B
11
12
3
33 5
5 cm
5 cm
1 cm
2 cm
Colin McLay
Colin McLay
Colin McLay
Colin McLay
14
Hab
itat
• Lo
w tid
e to
15
m d
epth
• Sa
nd a
nd m
ud
• Es
tuar
ies,
har
bour
s an
d an
d m
ost
coas
tal h
abita
ts
Impa
ct•
High
ly de
trim
enta
l to
shel
lfish
aqu
acul
ture
• Ag
gres
sive
pre
dato
r
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Ca
n ca
rry d
isea
ses
that
affe
ct c
rab,
lobs
ter,
shrim
p an
d pr
awn
fishe
ries
Key
feat
ures
1 S
ix pr
omin
ent s
pine
s on
eac
h si
de o
f the
ca
rapa
ce
2 F
ive
prom
inen
t spi
nes
on
upp
er s
urfa
ce o
f ea
ch c
law
3 C
arap
ace
up to
12
cm
wide
4 F
latte
ned
swim
min
g pa
ddle
s on
bac
k le
gs
5 C
olou
r ran
ges
from
off-
white
and
pa
le g
reen
, thr
ough
oliv
e-gr
een
to a
dee
p ch
estn
ut b
rown
with
pu
rplis
h m
arki
ngs
ASI
AN
PA
DD
LE C
RA
B
Char
ybdi
s ja
poni
ca
Repo
rt if
foun
d ou
tsid
e kn
own
loca
tions
0800
80
99 6
6
4
5
5
5 cm
1
Colin McLay
Serena Wilkens Serena Wilkens
2
2
13
Habitat
• Low tide to 15 m depth
• Sand and mud
• Estuaries, harbours and and most
coastal habitats
Impact
• Highly detrimental to shellfish aquaculture
• Aggressive predator
• Displaces native and fisheries species
• Can carry diseases that affect crab, lobster,
shrimp and prawn fisheries
Key features
1 Six prominent spines
on each side of the
carapace
2 Five prominent spines
on upper surface of
each claw
3 Carapace up to 12 cm
wide
4 Flattened swimming
paddles on back legs
5 Colour ranges from off-white and
pale green, through olive-green
to a deep chestnut brown with
purplish markings
ASIAN PADDLE CRAB
Charybdis japonica
Report if found outside known locations
0800 80 99 66
4
5
5
5 cm
1
Colin McLay
Serena Wilkens Serena Wilkens
2
2
13
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
1 O
valip
es h
as fi
ve fl
atte
ned
spin
es
on e
ach
side
alo
ng th
e fro
nt a
nd
exte
ndin
g ar
ound
the
side
s (n
ot
six p
oint
ed s
pine
s al
ong
the
front
as
in C
. jap
onica
) 2
One
pro
min
ent s
pine
on
the
claw
3 T
wo d
istin
ct re
ddis
h “s
pots
” on
th
e ca
rapa
ce4
Pal
e sa
ndy-
grey
with
ora
nge-
red
high
light
s5
Swi
mm
ing
padd
les
ofte
n wi
th
purp
lish
tint
1 L
iocar
cinus
has
five
spi
nes
on
each
sid
e (n
ot s
ix)
2 M
uch
smal
ler –
max
imum
2.
5 cm
wid
e3
Fin
e co
rruga
tions
ove
r mos
t of
the
shel
l
1 N
ecto
carc
inus
has
four
spi
nes
on
each
sid
e (n
ot s
ix)2
Red
to p
inki
sh-r
ed c
olou
ratio
n
Ova
lipes
cat
haru
s
SWIM
MIN
G/P
AD
DLE
CR
AB
How
to d
iffer
entia
te C
hary
bdis
japo
nica
from
:
Lioc
arci
nus
corr
ugat
us
DW
AR
F SW
IMM
ING
CR
AB
Nec
toca
rcin
us a
ntar
ctic
us
HA
IRY
RED
SW
IMM
ING
C
RA
B
11
12
3
33 5
5 cm
5 cm
1 cm
2 cm
Colin McLay
Colin McLay
Colin McLay
Colin McLay
14
Hab
itat
• Ab
ove
high
tide
to s
ubtid
al
• Bu
rrows
in s
and,
mud
, silt
or c
lay
• Fr
eshw
ater
, bra
ckis
h, e
stua
rine
and
m
arin
e wa
ters
• Pr
efer
s po
llute
d or
nut
rient
-enr
iche
d wa
ters
Impa
ct•
Can
form
den
se c
olon
ies
• Di
srup
ts n
atur
al e
colo
gica
l bal
ance
• Ac
cum
ulat
es to
xins
• Ag
gres
sive
, hig
hly e
ffect
ive
pred
ator
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Da
mag
es fi
shin
g ne
ts a
nd c
atch
es
• Bu
rrowi
ng w
eake
ns a
nd c
olla
pses
rive
r/es
tuar
y ban
ks
• Ca
n ca
rry a
live
r fluk
e th
at h
arm
s hu
man
s
CHIN
ESE
MIT
TEN
CR
AB
Erio
chei
r si
nens
is
‘If fo
und
anyw
here
in N
ew Z
eala
nd, i
mm
edia
tely
cal
l
0800
80
99 6
6
Key
feat
ures
1 H
airy
“m
itten
s” w
ith
white
tips
on
front
cla
ws2
Dis
tinct
ive
notc
hes
betw
een
the
eyes
3 F
our s
pine
s on
eac
h si
de
of th
e ca
rapa
ce
4 C
arap
ace
0.5-
10 c
m w
ide
but g
ener
ally
>3
cm5
Lig
ht b
rown
to o
live-
gree
n ca
rapa
ce
2
1
1
1
5
3 cm
5 cm
3
University of Valencia
Central Fisheries Board, IrelandPhil Crabb, Natural History Museum
15
1 A
. cra
ssa
has
larg
e, ro
unde
d cl
aws
– no
t fur
ry o
r whi
te-t
ippe
d2
A. c
rass
a is
muc
h sm
alle
r –
cara
pace
wid
th 4
cm
max
and
di
stin
ctly
oblo
ng/s
quar
e-sh
aped
3 A
. cra
ssa
has
no s
pine
s on
the
front
edg
e of
the
cara
pace
1 H
. cre
nula
tus c
laws
are
only
sligh
tly
hairy
and
the h
airs
are
on th
e inn
er
side o
nly
2 H
. cre
nula
tus i
s a
muc
h sm
alle
r cr
ab –
car
apac
e wi
dth
less
than
4
cm3
H. c
renu
latu
s has
no
spin
es o
n th
e fro
nt e
dge
of th
e ca
rapa
ce
1 H
emip
lax c
laws
are
smal
l, fri
nged
with
ha
irs a
nd w
ith lo
ng s
lend
er fi
nger
s2
Hem
ipla
x has
eye
s on
long
sta
lks
3 H
emip
lax i
s a
muc
h sm
alle
r cra
b –
cara
pace
wid
th le
ss th
an 3
cm
Aus
troh
elic
e cr
assa
TU
NN
ELLI
NG
M
UD
CR
AB
How
to d
iffer
entia
te E
rioc
heir
sin
ensi
s fr
om:
Hem
igra
psus
cre
nula
tus
HA
IRY-
HA
ND
ED C
RA
BH
emip
lax
hirt
ipes
ST
ALK
-EYE
D M
UD
CR
AB
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
11
1
33
23
5 cm
5 cm
3 cm
2 cm2
cm
University of Valencia
Chris Woods
Colin McLay
Serena Wilkens Chris Woods
16
1 A. crassa has large, rounded claws
– not furry or white-tipped
2 A. crassa is much smaller –
carapace width 4 cm max and
distinctly oblong/square-shaped
3 A. crassa has no spines on the
front edge of the carapace
1 H. crenulatus claws are only slightly
hairy and the hairs are on the inner
side only
2 H. crenulatus is a much smaller
crab – carapace width less than
4 cm
3 H. crenulatus has no spines on the
front edge of the carapace
1 Hemiplax claws are small, fringed with
hairs and with long slender fingers
2 Hemiplax has eyes on long stalks
3 Hemiplax is a much smaller crab –
carapace width less than 3 cm
Austrohelice crassa
TUNNELLING
MUD CRAB H
ow to differentiate Eriocheir sinensis from:
Hemigrapsus crenulatus
HAIRY-HANDED CRAB
Hemiplax hirtipes
STALK-EYED MUD CRAB
NATIVE SPECIES THAT LOOK SIMILAR
To report suspected marine pests or diseases call
0800 80 99 661
1
1
3
3
2
3
5 cm
5 cm
3 cm
2 cm2 cm
University of Valencia
Chris Woods
Colin McLay
Serena Wilkens Chris Woods16
Hab
itat
• In
terti
dal t
o 60
m d
epth
• Sa
nd, m
ud, r
ock
or s
eagr
ass
beds
• Es
tuar
ies,
har
bour
s an
d co
asts
• Ge
nera
lly n
octu
rnal
Impa
ct•
Can
form
den
se c
olon
ies
(up
to 2
00 p
er m
2 )
• Ag
gres
sive
and
hig
hly e
ffect
ive
pred
ator
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Hi
ghly
detri
men
tal t
o sh
ellfi
sh a
quac
ultu
re
• Ca
n co
llaps
e wi
ld-h
arve
st s
hellfi
sher
ies
• Fa
cilit
ates
oth
er p
est i
nvas
ions
EUR
OPE
AN
SH
OR
E CR
AB
Carc
inus
mae
nas
‘If fo
und
anyw
here
in N
ew Z
eala
nd, i
mm
edia
tely
cal
l
0800
80
99 6
6
Key
feat
ures
1 T
hree
roun
ded
“tee
th”
or
lobe
s be
twee
n th
e ey
es2
Fiv
e sp
ines
on
each
sid
e3
Adu
lt up
to 8
cm
wid
e
4 N
o sw
imm
ing
padd
les
on le
gs5
Juve
nile
s ge
nera
lly
light
er in
col
our t
han
adul
ts
7 A
dult
colo
ur v
arie
s fro
m g
reen
on
top
and
yello
wish
und
erne
ath,
to
mot
tled
red
and
oran
ge a
bove
and
or
ange
or p
artly
red
unde
rnea
th
1 3
3 34
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
2
Michael Marmach
A.M. Arias Hans Hillewaert
17
1 O
. cat
haru
s is
larg
er –
car
apac
e wi
dth
up to
15
cm, c
ompa
red
to
8 cm
in C
arcin
us2
O. c
atha
rus i
s sa
ndy g
rey
in c
olou
r wi
th o
rang
e-re
d hi
ghlig
hts
3 O
. cat
haru
s has
pad
dles
on
rear
le
gs fo
r swi
mm
ing
1 H
. sex
dent
atus
has
no
spin
es/lo
bes
betw
een
the
eyes
2 H
. sex
dent
atus
has
two
(not
five
) sp
ines
on
oute
r edg
es o
f car
apac
e3
H. s
exde
ntat
us h
as a
dis
tinct
ive
squa
re p
urpl
e-an
d-cr
eam
ca
rapa
ce4
H. s
exde
ntat
us is
sm
alle
r –
max
imum
wid
th a
bout
4 c
m
1 L
. var
iegat
us h
as n
o sp
ines
/lobe
s be
twee
n th
e ey
es
2 L
. var
iegat
us h
as th
ree
spin
es o
n ea
ch s
ide
of th
e ca
rapa
ce b
ehin
d th
e ey
es3
L. v
arieg
atus
has
gro
oves
on
the
surfa
ce o
f the
car
apac
e4
The
car
apac
e is
var
iega
ted
with
m
any c
olou
rs in
clud
ing
gree
n,
brow
n, p
urpl
e an
d cr
eam
5 L
. var
iegat
us h
as a
car
apac
e le
ss
than
7.5
cm
wid
e
Ova
lipes
cat
haru
s SW
IMM
ING
/PA
DD
LE C
RA
B
How
to d
iffer
entia
te C
arci
nus
mae
nas
from
:
Hem
igra
psus
sex
dent
atus
C
OM
MO
N R
OC
K/
SHO
RE
CR
AB
Lept
ogra
psus
var
iega
tus
PU
RP
LE R
OC
K C
RA
B
11
12
2
22 2
23
3
3
4
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
2 cm
Michael Marmach
Colin McLay
Colin McLay
Colin McLay
18
Hab
itat
• In
terti
dal t
o 60
m d
epth
• Sa
nd, m
ud, r
ock
or s
eagr
ass
beds
• Es
tuar
ies,
har
bour
s an
d co
asts
• Ge
nera
lly n
octu
rnal
Impa
ct•
Can
form
den
se c
olon
ies
(up
to 2
00 p
er m
2 )
• Ag
gres
sive
and
hig
hly e
ffect
ive
pred
ator
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Hi
ghly
detri
men
tal t
o sh
ellfi
sh a
quac
ultu
re
• Ca
n co
llaps
e wi
ld-h
arve
st s
hellfi
sher
ies
• Fa
cilit
ates
oth
er p
est i
nvas
ions
EUR
OPE
AN
SH
OR
E CR
AB
Carc
inus
mae
nas
‘If fo
und
anyw
here
in N
ew Z
eala
nd, i
mm
edia
tely
cal
l
0800
80
99 6
6
Key
feat
ures
1 T
hree
roun
ded
“tee
th”
or
lobe
s be
twee
n th
e ey
es2
Fiv
e sp
ines
on
each
sid
e3
Adu
lt up
to 8
cm
wid
e
4 N
o sw
imm
ing
padd
les
on le
gs5
Juve
nile
s ge
nera
lly
light
er in
col
our t
han
adul
ts
7 A
dult
colo
ur v
arie
s fro
m g
reen
on
top
and
yello
wish
und
erne
ath,
to
mot
tled
red
and
oran
ge a
bove
and
or
ange
or p
artly
red
unde
rnea
th
1 3
3 34
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
2
Michael Marmach
A.M. Arias Hans Hillewaert
17
Habitat
• Intertidal to 60 m depth
• Sand, mud, rock or seagrass beds
• Estuaries, harbours and coasts
• Generally nocturnal
Impact
• Can form dense colonies (up to 200 per m
2)
• Aggressive and highly effective predator
• Displaces native and fisheries species
• Highly detrimental to shellfish aquaculture
• Can collapse wild-harvest shellfisheries
• Facilitates other pest invasions
EUROPEAN SHORE CRAB
Carcinus maenas
‘If found anywhere in New Zealand, immediately call
0800 80 99 66
Key features
1 Three rounded “teeth” or
lobes between the eyes
2 Five spines on each side
3 Adult up to 8 cm wide
4 No swimming paddles
on legs
5 Juveniles generally
lighter in colour than
adults
7 Adult colour varies from green on
top and yellowish underneath, to
mottled red and orange above and
orange or partly red underneath
13
33
4
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
2
Michael Marmach
A.M. Arias Hans Hillewaert17
1 O
. cat
haru
s is
larg
er –
car
apac
e wi
dth
up to
15
cm, c
ompa
red
to
8 cm
in C
arcin
us2
O. c
atha
rus i
s sa
ndy g
rey
in c
olou
r wi
th o
rang
e-re
d hi
ghlig
hts
3 O
. cat
haru
s has
pad
dles
on
rear
le
gs fo
r swi
mm
ing
1 H
. sex
dent
atus
has
no
spin
es/lo
bes
betw
een
the
eyes
2 H
. sex
dent
atus
has
two
(not
five
) sp
ines
on
oute
r edg
es o
f car
apac
e3
H. s
exde
ntat
us h
as a
dis
tinct
ive
squa
re p
urpl
e-an
d-cr
eam
ca
rapa
ce4
H. s
exde
ntat
us is
sm
alle
r –
max
imum
wid
th a
bout
4 c
m
1 L
. var
iegat
us h
as n
o sp
ines
/lobe
s be
twee
n th
e ey
es
2 L
. var
iegat
us h
as th
ree
spin
es o
n ea
ch s
ide
of th
e ca
rapa
ce b
ehin
d th
e ey
es3
L. v
arieg
atus
has
gro
oves
on
the
surfa
ce o
f the
car
apac
e4
The
car
apac
e is
var
iega
ted
with
m
any c
olou
rs in
clud
ing
gree
n,
brow
n, p
urpl
e an
d cr
eam
5 L
. var
iegat
us h
as a
car
apac
e le
ss
than
7.5
cm
wid
e
Ova
lipes
cat
haru
s SW
IMM
ING
/PA
DD
LE C
RA
B
How
to d
iffer
entia
te C
arci
nus
mae
nas
from
:
Hem
igra
psus
sex
dent
atus
C
OM
MO
N R
OC
K/
SHO
RE
CR
AB
Lept
ogra
psus
var
iega
tus
PU
RP
LE R
OC
K C
RA
B
11
12
2
22 2
23
3
3
4
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
2 cm
Michael Marmach
Colin McLay
Colin McLay
Colin McLay
18
1 O. catharus is larger – carapace
width up to 15 cm, compared to
8 cm in Carcinus
2 O. catharus is sandy grey in colour
with orange-red highlights
3 O. catharus has paddles on rear
legs for swimming
1 H. sexdentatus has no spines/lobes
between the eyes
2 H. sexdentatus has two (not five)
spines on outer edges of carapace
3 H. sexdentatus has a distinctive
square purple-and-cream
carapace
4 H. sexdentatus is smaller –
maximum width about 4 cm
1 L. variegatus has no spines/lobes
between the eyes
2 L. variegatus has three spines on
each side of the carapace behind
the eyes
3 L. variegatus has grooves on the
surface of the carapace
4 The carapace is variegated with
many colours including green,
brown, purple and cream
5 L. variegatus has a carapace less
than 7.5 cm wide
Ovalipes catharus
SWIMMING/PADDLE CRAB
How to differentiate Carcinus maenas from:
Hemigrapsus sexdentatus
COMMON ROCK/
SHORE CRAB
Leptograpsus variegatus
PURPLE ROCK CRAB
1
1
1
2
2
222
2
3
3
3
4
NATIVE SPECIES THAT LOOK SIMILAR
To report suspected marine pests or diseases call
0800 80 99 66
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
2 cm
Michael Marmach
Colin McLay
Colin McLay
Colin McLay18
Hab
itat
• Lo
w tid
e to
30
m d
epth
• Sh
elte
red
harb
ours
to s
emi-e
xpos
ed ro
cky
coas
ts a
nd re
efs
• W
harv
es, p
onto
ons
and
aqua
cultu
re
stru
ctur
es
• Bo
at h
ulls
• At
tach
es to
har
d su
rface
s in
sof
t sed
imen
ts
• Pr
efer
s po
llute
d/nu
trien
t-en
riche
d wa
ters
Impa
ct•
Can
form
den
se c
olon
ies
(1
000
indi
vidu
als
per m
2 )
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Hi
ghly
effe
ctiv
e fil
ter-f
eede
r
• Pr
eys
on la
rvae
of fi
sher
ies
spec
ies
• Di
srup
ts n
atur
al e
colo
gica
l bal
ance
• Fo
uls
boat
s, a
quac
ultu
re in
stal
latio
ns
and
othe
r mar
ine
stru
ctur
es
MED
ITER
RA
NEA
N F
AN
WO
RM
Sabe
lla s
palla
nzan
ii
Repo
rt if
foun
d ou
tsid
e kn
own
loca
tions
0800
80
99 6
6
Key
feat
ures
1 S
ingl
e sp
iral c
rown
of
elon
gate
d fil
amen
ts
proj
ects
from
tube
2 S
pira
l app
ears
yello
w-or
ange
, mad
e of
ban
ds o
f wh
ite, y
ello
w an
d br
own
3 T
ube
is b
rown
to
grey
, fine
ly ba
nded
, m
uddy
-look
ing,
mad
e of
a le
athe
ry, fl
exib
le
mat
eria
l; no
rmal
ly 10
–50
cm b
ut ra
rely
up
to 1
m lo
ng
4 B
ristle
lobe
s on
bod
y se
gmen
ts w
ith
bris
tles
set i
n a
spira
l pa
ttern
(evi
dent
whe
n wo
rm re
mov
ed fr
om tu
be)
5 T
ubes
may
be
evid
ent a
t lo
w tid
e
1
1
2
2
3
3 5
5 cm
5 cm 20
cm
6 C
an fo
rm d
ense
clu
mps
of m
any
indi
vidu
als,
cre
atin
g a
larg
e ar
ea
of fe
edin
g fa
ns
5
Geoff Read
Richard TaylorSerena Wilkens
19
1 N
o na
tive
sabe
llids
hav
e a
band
ed ye
llow-
oran
ge c
rown
like
Sab
ella
spal
lanz
anii
2 N
ativ
e sa
belli
ds h
ave
a no
n-el
onga
te, m
ore
flowe
r-lik
e, d
ense
r cro
wn, n
ot u
sual
ly sp
iralle
d; a
nd n
one
of th
em h
ave
spira
lled
body
bris
tles
3 A
ll na
tive
sabe
llid
fanw
orm
s ar
e sm
alle
r, wi
th tu
bes
rare
ly lo
nger
than
20
cm4
All
serp
ulid
fanw
orm
s ha
ve a
har
d wh
itish
cal
care
ous
tube
that
is a
ttach
ed to
the
subs
trate
alo
ng m
uch
or a
ll of
its
leng
th; S
abell
a ha
s a
flexib
le tu
be a
nd is
onl
y atta
ched
at o
ne e
nd
Nat
ive
sabe
llid
and
ser
pulid
tube
wor
ms
How
to d
iffer
entia
te S
abel
la s
palla
nzan
ii fr
om:
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
4
4
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
Geoff Read
Department of Conservation
Ken Grange
20
Hab
itat
• Lo
w in
terti
dal t
o 25
m, o
ccas
iona
lly
to 2
00 m
• Ro
cky r
eef,
mud
, san
d or
peb
bles
• W
harv
es, p
onto
ons
and
buoy
s
• Aq
uacu
lture
stru
ctur
es
• Es
tuar
ies,
har
bour
s an
d co
asts
• Sh
elte
red
to s
emi-e
xpos
ed e
nviro
nmen
ts
Impa
ct•
Fast
-gro
wing
• Fo
rms
vast
, den
se c
olon
ies
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Vo
raci
ous
pred
ator
• Hi
ghly
detri
men
tal t
o sh
ellfi
sh a
quac
ultu
re
and
wild
-har
vest
she
llfish
erie
s
NO
RTH
ERN
PA
CIFI
C SE
AST
AR
As
teri
as a
mur
ensi
s
‘If fo
und
anyw
here
in N
ew Z
eala
nd, i
mm
edia
tely
cal
l
0800
80
99 6
6
Key
feat
ures
1 F
ive
arm
s 2
Poi
nted
, ofte
n up
turn
ed
tips
3 Y
ello
w to
ora
nge,
ofte
n wi
th p
urpl
e m
arki
ngs
on
top;
yello
w un
dern
eath
4 A
rms
cove
red
with
nu
mer
ous
smal
l, irr
egul
arly-
arra
nged
ch
isel
-like
spi
nes
5 U
sual
ly up
to 2
4 cm
ac
ross
, but
can
reac
h
50 c
m6
Rea
ches
hig
h de
nsiti
es
2
2
3
4
4 6
6
10 c
m
10 c
m
Serena Wilkens
CSIRO Creative commons Flikr – Saspotato Serena Wilkens
21
1 W
ell-d
efine
d ro
ws o
f spi
nes
exte
ndin
g do
wn th
e ar
ms
2 P
ale
red
to o
rang
e, w
ith ye
llow
band
s an
d cr
eam
spi
nes
3 T
hin
arm
s4
Gen
eral
ly do
es n
ot h
ave
prom
inen
tly u
ptur
ned
arm
tips
unle
ss it
’s m
ovin
g al
ong
the
subs
trate
1 A
. poly
acan
thus
is g
ener
ally
brow
nish
red
to fa
wn w
ith a
dar
ker
cent
re2
Has
a ro
w of
spi
nes
exte
ndin
g la
tera
lly a
roun
d th
e ed
ges
of
the
arm
s3
A. p
olyac
anth
us d
oes
not g
ener
ally
have
pro
min
ently
upt
urne
d ar
mtip
s un
less
it’s
mov
ing
alon
g th
e su
bstra
te
1 A
. ins
igni
s is
oran
ge, r
ed o
r pur
ple
2 A
. ins
igni
s usu
ally
has
six a
rms
(occ
asio
nally
five
); As
teria
s alw
ays
has
five
arm
s3
A. i
nsig
nis h
as g
roup
s of
~3
spin
es
in ro
ws e
xten
ding
dow
n th
e ar
ms,
wh
ich
Aste
rias l
acks
4 A
. ins
igni
s doe
s no
t gen
eral
ly ha
ve
prom
inen
tly u
ptur
ned
arm
tips
unle
ss it
’s m
ovin
g al
ong
the
subs
trate
5 S
mal
ler b
ody (
< 3
5 cm
acr
oss)
Scle
rast
eria
s m
ollis
A
PR
ICO
T SE
AST
AR
/ C
RO
SS F
ISH
How
to d
iffer
entia
te A
ster
ias
amur
ensi
s fr
om:
Ast
rope
cten
pol
yaca
nthu
s C
OM
B S
EAST
AR
All
osti
chas
ter
insi
gnis
TH
REE
-AN
D-T
HR
EE
SEA
STA
R
11
2
2 2
2
3
3
1
34
4
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
10 c
m
10 c
m20
cm
15 c
m
Serena Wilkens seafriends.org.nz
Paddy Ryan
Chris Woods
22
Hab
itat
• Lo
w in
terti
dal t
o 25
m, o
ccas
iona
lly
to 2
00 m
• Ro
cky r
eef,
mud
, san
d or
peb
bles
• W
harv
es, p
onto
ons
and
buoy
s
• Aq
uacu
lture
stru
ctur
es
• Es
tuar
ies,
har
bour
s an
d co
asts
• Sh
elte
red
to s
emi-e
xpos
ed e
nviro
nmen
ts
Impa
ct•
Fast
-gro
wing
• Fo
rms
vast
, den
se c
olon
ies
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Vo
raci
ous
pred
ator
• Hi
ghly
detri
men
tal t
o sh
ellfi
sh a
quac
ultu
re
and
wild
-har
vest
she
llfish
erie
s
NO
RTH
ERN
PA
CIFI
C SE
AST
AR
As
teri
as a
mur
ensi
s
‘If fo
und
anyw
here
in N
ew Z
eala
nd, i
mm
edia
tely
cal
l
0800
80
99 6
6
Key
feat
ures
1 F
ive
arm
s 2
Poi
nted
, ofte
n up
turn
ed
tips
3 Y
ello
w to
ora
nge,
ofte
n wi
th p
urpl
e m
arki
ngs
on
top;
yello
w un
dern
eath
4 A
rms
cove
red
with
nu
mer
ous
smal
l, irr
egul
arly-
arra
nged
ch
isel
-like
spi
nes
5 U
sual
ly up
to 2
4 cm
ac
ross
, but
can
reac
h
50 c
m6
Rea
ches
hig
h de
nsiti
es
2
2
3
4
4 6
6
10 c
m
10 c
m
Serena Wilkens
CSIRO Creative commons Flikr – Saspotato Serena Wilkens
21
1 W
ell-d
efine
d ro
ws o
f spi
nes
exte
ndin
g do
wn th
e ar
ms
2 P
ale
red
to o
rang
e, w
ith ye
llow
band
s an
d cr
eam
spi
nes
3 T
hin
arm
s4
Gen
eral
ly do
es n
ot h
ave
prom
inen
tly u
ptur
ned
arm
tips
unle
ss it
’s m
ovin
g al
ong
the
subs
trate
1 A
. poly
acan
thus
is g
ener
ally
brow
nish
red
to fa
wn w
ith a
dar
ker
cent
re2
Has
a ro
w of
spi
nes
exte
ndin
g la
tera
lly a
roun
d th
e ed
ges
of
the
arm
s3
A. p
olyac
anth
us d
oes
not g
ener
ally
have
pro
min
ently
upt
urne
d ar
mtip
s un
less
it’s
mov
ing
alon
g th
e su
bstra
te
1 A
. ins
igni
s is
oran
ge, r
ed o
r pur
ple
2 A
. ins
igni
s usu
ally
has
six a
rms
(occ
asio
nally
five
); As
teria
s alw
ays
has
five
arm
s3
A. i
nsig
nis h
as g
roup
s of
~3
spin
es
in ro
ws e
xten
ding
dow
n th
e ar
ms,
wh
ich
Aste
rias l
acks
4 A
. ins
igni
s doe
s no
t gen
eral
ly ha
ve
prom
inen
tly u
ptur
ned
arm
tips
unle
ss it
’s m
ovin
g al
ong
the
subs
trate
5 S
mal
ler b
ody (
< 3
5 cm
acr
oss)
Scle
rast
eria
s m
ollis
A
PR
ICO
T SE
AST
AR
/ C
RO
SS F
ISH
How
to d
iffer
entia
te A
ster
ias
amur
ensi
s fr
om:
Ast
rope
cten
pol
yaca
nthu
s C
OM
B S
EAST
AR
All
osti
chas
ter
insi
gnis
TH
REE
-AN
D-T
HR
EE
SEA
STA
R
11
2
2 2
2
3
3
1
34
4
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
10 c
m
10 c
m20
cm
15 c
m
Serena Wilkens seafriends.org.nz
Paddy Ryan
Chris Woods
22
Hab
itat
• In
terti
dal t
o su
btid
al
• Sa
nd, m
ud, r
ock
or s
eagr
ass
beds
• Aq
uacu
lture
stru
ctur
es
• W
harv
es, p
onto
ons
and
buoy
s
• Es
tuar
ies,
har
bour
s an
d co
asts
• Sh
elte
red/
sem
i-she
ltere
d en
viro
nmen
ts
Impa
ct•
Can
form
den
se c
olon
ies
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Sm
othe
rs b
each
es, r
ocks
, tid
epoo
ls
• Fo
uls
boat
s, a
quac
ultu
re in
stal
latio
ns a
nd
othe
r mar
ine
stru
ctur
es
Key
feat
ures
1 W
hite
or c
ream
-col
oure
d cy
lindr
ical
tube
s (tu
nics
)2
Som
etim
es w
ith s
hort,
wa
rtlik
e pr
oces
ses
at
the
base
3 G
ener
ally
5–20
mm
in
dia
met
er4
Tun
ic g
ener
ally
5–30
cm
lo
ng b
ut c
an re
ach
1.5
m
5 T
unic
cont
ains
man
y sm
all i
ndivi
dual
or
gani
sms a
nd ca
n
som
etim
es a
ppea
r or
ange
-flec
ked
owin
g to
th
e pre
senc
e of b
right
or
ange
larv
ae
AU
STR
ALI
AN
DR
OP
LET
TUN
ICAT
E Eu
dist
oma
elon
gatu
m
Repo
rt if
foun
d ou
tsid
e kn
own
loca
tions
0800
80
99 6
6
11
2
2
5
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
Sean Handley
H BlomfieldSean HandleyNorthland RC
5
23
1 D
idem
num
form
s m
ats
with
mes
sy in
terc
onne
cted
dro
opin
g en
twin
ed
tend
rils,
whe
reas
Eud
istom
a co
nsis
ts o
f dis
cret
e ci
rcul
ar tu
bes
2 A
fine
net
work
of r
egul
ar c
anal
s is
vis
ible
on
the
surfa
ce o
f Did
emnu
m b
ut
not o
n Eu
dist
oma,
whe
re th
e po
res
are
mor
e irr
egul
arly
dist
ribut
ed a
nd la
ck
visi
ble
cana
ls3
Eud
istom
a is
firm
and
gel
atin
ous
to th
e to
uch;
Did
emnu
m le
ss s
o an
d is
als
o ea
sily
torn
How
to d
iffer
entia
te E
udis
tom
a el
onga
tum
from
:
Did
emnu
m s
pp.
CO
LON
IAL
SEA
SQ
UIR
T
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
1
2
1 cm
5 cm
Sean Handley Paul Barter, Cawthron Institute
24
Hab
itat
• Lo
w in
terti
dal t
o 25
m d
epth
• Ro
cky c
oast
and
reef
• Bo
at h
ulls
• W
harv
es, p
onto
ons
and
aqua
cultu
re
stru
ctur
es
• Gr
ows
on o
ther
org
anis
ms
Impa
ct•
Can
form
den
se c
olon
ies
excl
udin
g ot
her
orga
nism
s
• Hi
ghly
effe
ctiv
e fil
ter-f
eede
r
• Pr
eys
on la
rvae
of c
omm
erci
ally
impo
rtant
fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Fo
uls
boat
s, a
quac
ultu
re in
stal
latio
ns a
nd
othe
r mar
ine
stru
ctur
es
CLU
BB
ED T
UN
ICAT
E/LE
ATH
ERY
SEA
SQ
UIR
TSt
yela
cla
va
Repo
rt if
foun
d ou
tsid
e kn
own
loca
tions
0800
80
99 6
6
Key
feat
ures
1 B
rown
with
lum
py,
leat
hery
ski
n2
Woo
dy s
talk
, gen
eral
ly lo
nger
than
the
body
, wi
th lo
ngitu
dina
l fol
ds
3 T
wo c
lose
ly sp
aced
si
phon
s at
the
top
of th
e bo
dy, u
sual
ly su
rroun
ded
by w
arty
pro
ject
ions
1
1
2
2
3
3
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
Jeannine Fischer
Chris WoodsNorthland RC Biopix: JC Schou
25
1 S
tyela
is li
ght o
r dar
k br
own;
Py
ura
is w
hite
to p
urpl
ish-
red
2 P
yura
has
a m
uch
long
er s
talk
–
up to
thre
e-qu
arte
rs o
f its
ove
rall
leng
th –
and
can
gro
w to
ove
r hal
f a
met
re lo
ng; S
tyela
onl
y rea
ches
16
cm3
Pyu
ra h
as a
bul
bous
bod
y with
rid
ges
alon
g its
leng
th; S
tyela
’s bo
dy la
cks
ridge
s al
ong
its le
ngth
1 N
eith
er C
nem
idoc
arpa
spec
ies
has
a
stal
k2
C. b
iornu
ta h
as a
wid
e sa
ddle
be
twee
n th
e si
phon
s, w
here
as
Stye
la’s
siph
ons
are
clos
e to
geth
er
3 C
. nisi
otis
has s
ipho
ns a
t opp
osite
en
ds of
the b
ody.
The b
ody i
s flat
tene
d ag
ains
t the
subs
trate
, not
stal
ked
4 T
he b
ody o
f C. n
isiot
is ca
n
be o
bscu
red
by h
eavy
foul
ing,
wh
erea
s St
yela
is a
lway
s pr
omin
ent
1 S
. plic
ata
has
no s
talk
2 G
ener
ally
has
a sm
ooth
, whi
te to
cr
eam
-col
oure
d bo
dy a
nd is
not
us
ually
foul
ed w
ith o
ther
spe
cies
su
ch a
s hy
droi
ds a
nd b
ryoz
oans
Pyu
ra p
achy
derm
atin
a SE
A T
ULI
P
How
to d
iffer
entia
te S
tyel
a cl
ava
from
:
Cne
mid
ocar
pa b
icor
nuta
an
d C
. nis
ioti
sSt
yela
plic
ata
Pyur
aSt
yela
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
1
1
2
22
23
33
3
4
S. p
licat
a
S. cl
ava
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
Jeannine Fischer Mike Page
John Barkla
Mike Page
Chris Woods
Serena Wilkens
26
Hab
itat
• Lo
w in
terti
dal t
o 25
m d
epth
• Ro
cky c
oast
and
reef
• Bo
at h
ulls
• W
harv
es, p
onto
ons
and
aqua
cultu
re
stru
ctur
es
• Gr
ows
on o
ther
org
anis
ms
Impa
ct•
Can
form
den
se c
olon
ies
excl
udin
g ot
her
orga
nism
s
• Hi
ghly
effe
ctiv
e fil
ter-f
eede
r
• Pr
eys
on la
rvae
of c
omm
erci
ally
impo
rtant
fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Di
spla
ces
nativ
e an
d fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s
• Fo
uls
boat
s, a
quac
ultu
re in
stal
latio
ns a
nd
othe
r mar
ine
stru
ctur
es
CLU
BB
ED T
UN
ICAT
E/LE
ATH
ERY
SEA
SQ
UIR
TSt
yela
cla
va
Repo
rt if
foun
d ou
tsid
e kn
own
loca
tions
0800
80
99 6
6
Key
feat
ures
1 B
rown
with
lum
py,
leat
hery
ski
n2
Woo
dy s
talk
, gen
eral
ly lo
nger
than
the
body
, wi
th lo
ngitu
dina
l fol
ds
3 T
wo c
lose
ly sp
aced
si
phon
s at
the
top
of th
e bo
dy, u
sual
ly su
rroun
ded
by w
arty
pro
ject
ions
1
1
2
2
3
3
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
Jeannine Fischer
Chris WoodsNorthland RC Biopix: JC Schou
25
1 S
tyela
is li
ght o
r dar
k br
own;
Py
ura
is w
hite
to p
urpl
ish-
red
2 P
yura
has
a m
uch
long
er s
talk
–
up to
thre
e-qu
arte
rs o
f its
ove
rall
leng
th –
and
can
gro
w to
ove
r hal
f a
met
re lo
ng; S
tyela
onl
y rea
ches
16
cm3
Pyu
ra h
as a
bul
bous
bod
y with
rid
ges
alon
g its
leng
th; S
tyela
’s bo
dy la
cks
ridge
s al
ong
its le
ngth
1 N
eith
er C
nem
idoc
arpa
spec
ies
has
a
stal
k2
C. b
iornu
ta h
as a
wid
e sa
ddle
be
twee
n th
e si
phon
s, w
here
as
Stye
la’s
siph
ons
are
clos
e to
geth
er
3 C
. nisi
otis
has s
ipho
ns a
t opp
osite
en
ds of
the b
ody.
The b
ody i
s flat
tene
d ag
ains
t the
subs
trate
, not
stal
ked
4 T
he b
ody o
f C. n
isiot
is ca
n
be o
bscu
red
by h
eavy
foul
ing,
wh
erea
s St
yela
is a
lway
s pr
omin
ent
1 S
. plic
ata
has
no s
talk
2 G
ener
ally
has
a sm
ooth
, whi
te to
cr
eam
-col
oure
d bo
dy a
nd is
not
us
ually
foul
ed w
ith o
ther
spe
cies
su
ch a
s hy
droi
ds a
nd b
ryoz
oans
Pyu
ra p
achy
derm
atin
a SE
A T
ULI
P
How
to d
iffer
entia
te S
tyel
a cl
ava
from
:
Cne
mid
ocar
pa b
icor
nuta
an
d C
. nis
ioti
sSt
yela
plic
ata
Pyur
aSt
yela
NAT
IVE
SPEC
IES
THAT
LO
OK
SIM
ILA
R
To re
port
susp
ecte
d m
arin
e pe
sts
or d
isea
ses
call
0800
80
99 6
6
1
1
2
22
23
33
3
4
S. p
licat
a
S. cl
ava
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
Jeannine Fischer Mike Page
John Barkla
Mike Page
Chris Woods
Serena Wilkens
26
Hab
itat
• Ro
cky i
nter
tidal
and
sha
llow
subt
idal
• Gr
ows
on h
ard
surfa
ces
in s
oft s
edim
ents
Nat
ive
spec
ies
that
look
si
mila
r:•
No n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s lo
ok s
imila
r to
pyur
a
Impa
ct•
Form
s de
nse
popu
latio
ns o
r mat
s, a
nd c
an
surv
ive
over
a w
ide
geog
raph
ical
rang
e
• Co
uld
disp
lace
impo
rtant
nat
ive
New
Zeal
and
spec
ies,
incl
udin
g gr
eens
hell
mus
sels
PYU
RA
Py
ura
dopp
elga
nger
a
Repo
rt if
foun
d ou
tsid
e kn
own
loca
tions
0800
80
99 6
6
Key
feat
ures
1 F
latte
ned
uppe
r sur
face
su
rroun
ded
by a
ridg
e wi
th tw
o si
phon
s pr
ojec
ting
slig
htly
from
th
e ce
ntre
2 H
ard,
sac
-like
bod
y with
br
own
or re
ddis
h-br
own
leat
hery
ski
n, o
ften
inco
rpor
atin
g sa
nd a
nd
shel
l fra
gmen
ts
3 A
dults
1.5
–6 c
m h
igh
and
3–5
cm in
dia
met
er,
squa
t and
glo
bula
r in
shap
e
4 C
olon
ies
may
form
a
dens
e m
at, w
hich
may
be
vis
ible
at l
ow ti
de
12
2
3
4
3 cm
5 cm
5 cm
10 c
m
Roger Grace
Bruce HaywardSerena WilkensNRC
27
Habitat
• Rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal
• Grows on hard surfaces in soft sediments
Native species that look
similar:
• No native species look similar to pyura
Impact
• Forms dense populations or mats, and can
survive over a wide geographical range
• Could displace important native New Zealand
species, including greenshell mussels
PYURA
Pyura doppelgangera
Report if found outside known locations
0800 80 99 66
Key features
1 Flattened upper surface
surrounded by a ridge
with two siphons
projecting slightly from
the centre
2 Hard, sac-like body with
brown or reddish-brown
leathery skin, often
incorporating sand and
shell fragments
3 Adults 1.5–6 cm high
and 3–5 cm in diameter,
squat and globular in
shape
4 Colonies may form a
dense mat, which may
be visible at low tide
1
2
2
3
4
3 cm
5 cm
5 cm
10 cm
Roger Grace
Bruce Hayward Serena Wilkens NRC27
Habitat
• Rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal
• Grows on hard surfaces in soft sediments
Native species that look
similar:
• No native species look similar to pyura
Impact
• Forms dense populations or mats, and can
survive over a wide geographical range
• Could displace important native New Zealand
species, including greenshell mussels
PYURA
Pyura doppelgangera
Report if found outside known locations
0800 80 99 66
Key features
1 Flattened upper surface
surrounded by a ridge
with two siphons
projecting slightly from
the centre
2 Hard, sac-like body with
brown or reddish-brown
leathery skin, often
incorporating sand and
shell fragments
3 Adults 1.5–6 cm high
and 3–5 cm in diameter,
squat and globular in
shape
4 Colonies may form a
dense mat, which may
be visible at low tide
1
2
2
3
4
3 cm
5 cm5 cm
10 cm
Roger Grace
Bruce HaywardSerena WilkensNRC27
Habitat
• Rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal
• Grows on hard surfaces in soft sediments
Native species that look
similar:
• No native species look similar to pyura
Impact
• Forms dense populations or m
ats, and can survive over a wide geographical range
• Could displace important native New Zealand
species, including greenshell mussels
PYUR
A
Pyura doppelgangera
Report if found outside known locations
0800 80 99 66
Key features
1 Flattened upper surface surrounded by a ridge with two siphons projecting slightly from
the centre
2 Hard, sac-like body with brown or reddish-brown leathery skin, often incorporating sand and shell fragm
ents
3 Adults 1.5–6 cm high
and 3–5 cm in diam
eter, squat and globular in shape
4 Colonies may form
a dense m
at, which may
be visible at low tide
12
2
3
4
3 cm
5 cm
5 cm
10 cm
Roger Grace
Bruce Hayward Serena Wilkens NRC
27
Ack
now
ledg
emen
tsM
any p
eopl
e pr
ovid
ed v
alua
ble
inpu
t to
the
cont
ent,
desi
gn a
nd p
rodu
ctio
n of
this
doc
umen
t, fro
m M
PI
and
the
wide
r sci
ence
com
mun
ity, a
nd w
e th
ank
you
all f
or yo
ur in
valu
able
inpu
t. Of
par
ticul
ar n
ote,
in
alph
abet
ical
ord
er, R
ose
Bird
(MPI
), Li
sa M
aria
(MPI
), Br
uce
Mar
shal
l (NI
WA)
, Col
in M
cLay
(Uni
vers
ity o
f Ca
nter
bury
), Ka
te N
eill
(NIW
A), W
endy
Nel
son
(NIW
A),
Mik
e Pa
ge (N
IWA)
, Anj
ali P
ande
(MPI
), Ge
off R
ead
(NIW
A), S
eren
a W
ilken
s (N
IWA)
, Ris
sa W
illia
ms
(MPI
), pl
us a
ll th
e ph
oto
cont
ribut
ors
who
have
gra
ciou
sly
allo
wed
us to
use
thei
r im
ages
. Fro
nt c
over
illu
stra
tion
by A
riseC
reat
ions
Col
ombi
a.
Colla
ted
by Ti
m R
idin
g &
Hern
ando
Aco
sta.
Edite
d by
Mik
e Br
adst
ock,
Bra
dsto
ck E
dito
rial S
ervi
ces.
Desi
gned
by D
ink
Desi
gn L
td.
Pub
licat
ion
Cit
atio
nAl
l tex
t lic
ense
d un
der t
he C
reat
ive
Com
mon
s At
tribu
tion
4.0
New
Zeal
and
Lice
nce
unle
ss o
ther
wise
sta
ted.
Al
l non
-tex
t con
tent
is s
ubje
ct to
spe
cific
con
ditio
ns.
If us
ing
text
con
tain
ed w
ithin
this
pub
licat
ion,
ple
ase
refe
renc
e ap
prop
riate
ly:
Min
istry
for P
rimar
y Ind
ustri
es (2
015)
. New
Zea
land
M
arin
e Pe
st ID
Gui
de. M
inis
try fo
r Prim
ary I
ndus
tries
, W
ellin
gton
. 30p
p.
ISBN
num
bers
: 97
8-1-
7766
5-11
2-2
(prin
t) 97
8-1-
7766
5-11
3-9
(onl
ine) To
repo
rt su
spec
ted
mar
ine
pest
s or
dis
ease
s ca
ll
0800
80
99 6
6
0 cm
1 cm
2 cm
3 cm
4 cm
5 cm
6 cm
7 cm
8 cm
9 cm
10 c
m
11 c
m
12 c
m
13 c
m
14 c
m
15 c
m
Ack
now
ledg
emen
tsM
any p
eopl
e pr
ovid
ed v
alua
ble
inpu
t to
the
cont
ent,
desi
gn a
nd p
rodu
ctio
n of
this
doc
umen
t, fro
m M
PI
and
the
wide
r sci
ence
com
mun
ity, a
nd w
e th
ank
you
all f
or yo
ur in
valu
able
inpu
t. Of
par
ticul
ar n
ote,
in
alph
abet
ical
ord
er, R
ose
Bird
(MPI
), Li
sa M
aria
(MPI
), Br
uce
Mar
shal
l (NI
WA)
, Col
in M
cLay
(Uni
vers
ity o
f Ca
nter
bury
), Ka
te N
eill
(NIW
A), W
endy
Nel
son
(NIW
A),
Mik
e Pa
ge (N
IWA)
, Anj
ali P
ande
(MPI
), Ge
off R
ead
(NIW
A), S
eren
a W
ilken
s (N
IWA)
, Ris
sa W
illia
ms
(MPI
), pl
us a
ll th
e ph
oto
cont
ribut
ors
who
have
gra
ciou
sly
allo
wed
us to
use
thei
r im
ages
. Fro
nt c
over
illu
stra
tion
by A
riseC
reat
ions
Col
ombi
a.
Colla
ted
by Ti
m R
idin
g &
Hern
ando
Aco
sta.
Edite
d by
Mik
e Br
adst
ock,
Bra
dsto
ck E
dito
rial S
ervi
ces.
Desi
gned
by D
ink
Desi
gn L
td.
Pub
licat
ion
Cit
atio
nAl
l tex
t lic
ense
d un
der t
he C
reat
ive
Com
mon
s At
tribu
tion
4.0
New
Zeal
and
Lice
nce
unle
ss o
ther
wise
sta
ted.
Al
l non
-tex
t con
tent
is s
ubje
ct to
spe
cific
con
ditio
ns.
If us
ing
text
con
tain
ed w
ithin
this
pub
licat
ion,
ple
ase
refe
renc
e ap
prop
riate
ly:
Min
istry
for P
rimar
y Ind
ustri
es (2
015)
. New
Zea
land
M
arin
e Pe
st ID
Gui
de. M
inis
try fo
r Prim
ary I
ndus
tries
, W
ellin
gton
. 30p
p.
ISBN
num
bers
: 97
8-1-
7766
5-11
2-2
(prin
t) 97
8-1-
7766
5-11
3-9
(onl
ine) To
repo
rt su
spec
ted
mar
ine
pest
s or
dis
ease
s ca
ll
0800
80
99 6
6
0 cm
1 cm
2 cm
3 cm
4 cm
5 cm
6 cm
7 cm
8 cm
9 cm
10 c
m
11 c
m
12 c
m
13 c
m
14 c
m
15 c
m
Chatham Islands Council PO Box 24 Tuku Road Waitangi Chatham Islands
Ph: (03) 3050 033 (03) 3050 034 Fax: (03) 3050 044 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cic.govt.nz Report Number R17/6