CHAPTER ONE Uncovering the Past
STUDYING HISTORY
What is history?Why do we study it?Why is archaeology important to the study of history?
Historian: people who study and write
about the human past
Archaeologist:people who hunt for
evidence buriedin the ground.
Ex. Artifacts/fossils
Anthropologist: People who’s study focuses
on human society. Ex. Where they lived, how
they developed, etc.
UNDERSTANDING HISTORY
Know YourselfKnow OthersKnow Your World
USING CLUES
FossilsArtifactsPrimary SourcesSecondary Sources
MEASURING TIMEHistorians rely on calendars, or dating systems, to measure time.
l Gregorian Calendarl 365 days, a leap year
every 4 yearsl The birth of Christ was
the basis of the Gregorian calendar used in the United States since its beginning and in most countries of the world today.
lJulian Calendarl 365.25 daysl The founding of Rome
was the basis of the calendar established by Julius Caesar, which was used in early Western Civilization for over a thousand years.
DATING EVENTS
The dates in the book are based on the Gregorian (Western) calendar and use the terms A.D., B.C., B.C.E., & C.E
Does anyone know what these letters stand for?
DATING EVENTS CONTINUED
A.D. : Anno Domini (means in the year of the Lord)
C.E. : common era
B.C. : before Christ
B.C.E: before common era
CHRONOLOGYWhen studying the past historians use A.D., B.C., B.C.E., & C.E. to show the order in which events happened
b.c. or b.c.e a.d. or c.e.
Birth of Christ
1000 500 250 50 30 20 1 1 15 40 75 100 450
PERIODS OF TIME
Decade- period of 10 years
Century- period of 100 years
Millennium- period of 1000 years
AN INTRODUCTION TOPRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
WHAT ARE PRIMARY SOURCES?Original records from the past recorded by people who were: Involved in the event Witnessed the event, OR Knew the persons involved in the event
WHAT ARE PRIMARY SOURCES?
They can also be objects (artifacts) or visual evidence.
They give you an idea about what people alive at the time saw or thought about the event.
WHAT ARE PRIMARY SOURCES?
Keep in mind that a primary source reflects only one point of viewand may contain a person’s bias (prejudice) toward an event.
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:
Books, magazines, newspapers
Printed Publications
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:Personal Records
Diaries, journals, records
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:Visual Materials
Paintings, drawings, sculpture
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:
Visual Materials
photographs, film, maps
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:Oral Histories
Chronicles, memoirs, myths, legends passed down by word of mouth
Click on this button to hear an example of oral history -------- >
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:
Songs and Poems
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:Artifacts
Tools, ornaments, objects
WHAT ARE SECONDARY SOURCES?
Secondary sources are made at a later time.
They include written information by historians or others AFTER an event has taken place.
WHAT ARE SECONDARY SOURCES?Although they can be useful and reliable, they cannot reflect what people who lived at the time thought or felt about the event.But they can represent a more fair account of the event because they can include more than one point of view, or may include information that was unavailable at the time of the event.
EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES:
Textbooks, biographies, histories, newspaper report by someone who was not
present
EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES:
Charts, graphs, or images created AFTER the time
period.
STUDYING GEOGRAPHYSECTION 2Physical Geography includes landforms, climate, and environment
Human Geography focuses on people and the places they live
DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHYge·og·ra·phy1 : a science that deals with the description, distribution, and interaction of the diverse physical, biological, and cultural features of the earth's surfaceSource-Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary
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IN PLAIN ENGLISH
Geography is the study of the earth and everything on it.
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5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY
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FIVE FUNDAMENTAL THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY
1) Location: the meaning of relative and absolute position on the earth's surface
lExamples: Latitude and longitude, site and situation, direction, distance, scale
lSkills: Map reading, identification
lQuestions: Where is ____? Where is ____ relative to where I am?
2) Place: the distinctive and distinguishing physical and human characteristics of locales
lExamples: Physical and cultural landscapes, sense of place
lSkills: Description, compare and contrast
lQuestions: What does ____ look like? Why? How is it different from ____?
Five fundamental themes of geography
3) Relationships within places: the development and consequences of human-environment relationships
lExamples: Ecosystems, natural resources, environmental pollution
lSkills: Evaluation, analysis
lQuestions: What human-environment relationships are occurring? How do they affect the place and its inhabitants?
Five fundamental themes of geography
4) Movement: patterns and change in human spatial interaction on the earth
lExamples: Migration, diffusion, globalization
lSkills: Explanation, prediction
lQuestions: How has this spatial pattern developed? Will it continue to change? What does it mean for the places involved?
Five fundamental themes of geography
5) Regions: how they form and change
lExamples: volcanoes, erosion
lSkills: Synthesis, application
lQuestions: How has this spatial pattern developed? Will it continue to change? What does it mean for the places involved?
Five fundamental themes of geography
MAPS---PUT THIS ON THE BACK OF THE NOTES
Political maps show boundaries of countries, states, and counties. They also show major cities and capital cities
Physical maps focus on the physical features of an area, such as landforms and elevation
Map keys show the meaning of symbols on a map
WHAT TYPE OF MAP IS THIS?
WHAT TYPE OF MAP IS THIS?
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