Chapter 9:
The Era of Thomas Jefferson
How did Jefferson and Madison deal with
unresolved problems?
Pictures from:http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/beacon/fall06images22-jefferson-bible/jefferson.jpgg and
http://www.worldbook.com/wb/Students?content_spotlight/lewis_and_clark/pushing_purchase and http://seanbyrnes.com/blog/wp-
content/uploads/2007/07/windowslivewriterpiratesandbusiness-cf29jolly-roger-the-pirates-flag-giclee-print-c102740096.jpg and
http://www.lexrex.com/bios/pics/madison.jpg
Section 1: Jefferson Takes Office
How did Jefferson chart a new course for
the government?
Pictures From: http://www.authentichistory.com/antebellum/manifest/1828_John_Marshall.jpg
Republicans Take Charge
• Election of 1800 Bitter Campaign
• Federalists even threatened Civil War
• Republicans slung accusations of Adams wanting to create a Monarchy
• Controversy arose because of the election process
• Both Jefferson and Aaron Burr received 73 electoral votes
Campaign Continued
• It became up to the House of Representatives to decide who would be president
• After 6 days and 36 times of voting Jefferson was elected
• 12th Amendment was added to the Constitution so president and VP would be voted separately
Jefferson Charts a New Course
• 1st president to be inaugurated in
Washington D.C.
• Ended custom of people bowing to the
president
• Believed govt. should have simple customs
• “We are all Republicans we are all
Federalists”
Jefferson Charts a New Course
• Jefferson thought of his election as the
“Revolution of 1800”
• Jefferson believed in limiting the federal
governments power over states and
citizens
• Laissez-faire- government should not
interfere in the economy
New Republican Policies
• Jefferson reduced the # of people in
government
• He fired all tax collectors
• Cut US diplomats
• Shrank the military
• Cut army‟s budget in half
• Cut size of army from 4,000 to 2,500
• Refunded people hurt under the Sedition Act
Federalist Policies That Remained
• Kept repaying national Debt
• Did not fire most of the Federalist Office
holders
Supreme Court & Judicial Review
• Adams had appointed several federal judges
including Marbury
• Jefferson took office and wanted these
people out
• Jefferson tells Madison (Secretary of State)
to cease work on the appointments
• Marbury then sued Madison
Marbury Vs Madison
• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the
Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional
• Marshall states that the courts power comes
from the Constitution, therefore Congress did
not have the rights to give power to the
Supreme Court in the Act
• This set in am important precedent
• Judicial Review- the authority of the Supreme
Court to strike down unconstitutional laws
Section 2:
The Louisiana Purchase
What was the importance of the purchase and
exploration of the Louisiana Territory?Pictures from: http://www.uoregon.edu/~kimball/images/1803.Louisiana.purchase.jpg , http://www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/l_ouverture_toussiant.jpg
The Nation Looks Westward
• By 1800 more than 1 million settlers lived
between the Appalachian Mountains and the
Mississippi River
• The Mississippi River was very important to
farmers
• There were few roads and the farmers needed a
fast and inexpensive way to ship their goods
• Spain controlled the Mississippi River and New
Orleans and had threatened to close the port to
American ships
• 1795 US negotiates a treaty with Spain to
prevent this from happening
The Pinckney Treaty
•Guaranteed the US the right to ship their good
down the Mississippi River to New Orleans
•AND store the goods there until they could be
shipped out
Life was good…
For a while…
But then…
In 1801 Jefferson discovers that Spain secretly had
given New Orleans to France (Napoleon) and the
rest of the Louisiana Territory
Jefferson worried because Napoleon had already
set out to conquer Europe, was he going to do
the same in NA????????
Buying Louisiana
• President Jefferson was in an explosive situation war or not to go to war??
• Jefferson decided to first try and buy New Orleans from the French
• James Monroe and Robert Livingston were sent to make the deal
• They were told to buy New Orleans and West Florida
The insurrection/slave uprising by
Toussaint L‟Ouverture was a great surprise
and helped the mens‟ negotiations
Because of the slave uprising Napoleon no
longer needed the Louisiana Territory and
wanted to just focus his attention on Europe
Napoleon was willing to sell the territory
for very little
Livingston and Monroe agreed to the offer
of 15 Million Dollars
Louisiana Purchase
• Louisiana Purchase
• 15 Million Dollars (4 Cents and Acre)
• Included New Orleans
• All of the Louisiana Territory
• From the Mississippi River to the Rocky
Mountains and as far north as Canada
Jefferson’s Dilemma
• Should I or shouldn‟t I???
• Do I have the authority???
• No where in the Constitution does it say the President
has the power to buy land from a foreign country.
• Also, it would dramatically change the character of the
US
• It increases it 2X the size (More than Doubles the size)
Jefferson’s Dilemma
• In the end Jefferson says…
• YES he did have the authority because the
Constitution allowed the President to make
treaties
• The Senate approved the treaty and
Congress quickly voted to pay for the land
• Lewis and Clark were commissioned to
explore this new territory
• Congress agreed to give them $2,500
• Lewis and Clark were to report back on the
different animals, plants and people they
found
Pictures from: http://www.elizabethfoss.com/elizabethfoss/serendipity/along-the-american-history-trail/Lewis%20&%20Clark/lewis-and-clark-1.jpg ,
jradaker.wordpress.com/.../26/lewis-and-clark/
Lewis and Clark‟s Exploration
• Sacagawea was their Shoshone Indian guide
• Started in St. Louis Missouri in 1804 and
reached the Pacific in 1805
• Wintered there 1805/1806 and then started
back
• Returned in Missouri in October 1806
Pike‟s Expedition
• Zebulon Pike explored the Southern portion of
Louisiana Territory
• 1805-1807 (same time period Louis and Clark
explored)
• Led expedition through the Rocky Mountains
• Climbed 2/3‟s of the way to the top of a mountain
that later became known as Pike‟s Peak
• Return journey brought him through Spanish New
Mexico
• The group was arrested as spies but then released
Section 3: A Time of Conflict
How did Jefferson respond to threats to the
security of the nation?
Pictures From: http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2002_winter_spring/terrorism.htm ,
http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/11/1109_economy/source/2.htm
Defeating the Barbary States
• Trade was critical to the U.S. economy
• Pirates from the Barbary States begin attacking
U.S. ships
• Barbary States were: Tunisia, Morocco, Algiers,
and Tripoli
• Pirates invaded European and U.S. ships and
demanded bribes (tribute) for protection through
the area
Barbary States Cont.
• For a short time the U.S. agreed to pay tribute
• Jefferson sends Stephen Decatur to save the
Philadelphia
• Decatur and about 60 American sailors invade
Tripoli and burn the Philadelphia
• The following year a small group of Marines
marched across the Sahara desert and take Tripoli
• Importance: it shows and builds confidence that the
U.S. military can deal forcefully in foreign matters
American Neutrality Challenged
• Britain and France at war in 1803
• Both start impressment of American sailors
again
• In 1805 these attacks against American
merchant ships increase
• Jefferson needs to deal with this and wants
to avoid war
Jefferson Responds With an Embargo
• Embargo: a government order that forbids
foreign trade
• 1807 Congress passes Embargo Act
• This imposed a TOTAL EMBARGO U.S.
could NOT TRADE WITH ANY
FOREIGN COUNTRY
Embargo Act Cont.
• Who did it hurt?
• AMERICANS! It was intended to hurt Britain
and France to make them stop attacking merchant
ships
• In one year exports feel from $109 Million to
$25 Million
• HURT FARMERS and PLANTERS
• Jobs lost
Other Problems With Embargo
• Americans disliked it
• Many lost jobs
• Hurt economy
• Many turned to smuggling ( the act of
illegally importing or exporting goods
Repeal of Embargo Act
• 1809 Congress repeals Embargo Act
• Congress then passes the Non-Intercourse
Act
• Non-Intercourse Act allows the U.S. to
trade with ANY COUNTRY EXCEPT
BRITAIN AND FRANCE
Native Conflicts in the West
• Ohio became a state in 1803
• Settlers pile into Indiana Territory and further west
• Natives die of diseases and start to incorporate
many white customs and loose many Native
customs
• Settlers take over N-A hunting grounds
• Animals become scarce
Tecumseh and Prophet
• Shawnee leaders
• Brothers
• Urged N-A‟s to stop white settlement on the
frontier and to keep/preserve N-A customs
and traditions
• Tecumseh organized the N-A tribes into a
league to restore Indian lands
William Henry Harrison
• Governor of Indiana Territory
• Concerned about Tecumseh and Prophet‟s ideas
• Battle of Tippecanoe: Harrison attacks Shawnee
villages along the river while Tecumseh is out
seeking allies
• Harrison defeats the Shawnee
• The alliance declines in power after the battle
Section 4: The War of 1812
What were the causes and effects of the
War of 1812?
Pictures From: http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Everyone%20Else/images-2/war-of-1812-battle-of-new-orleans.jpg ;
http://www.polkcounty.org/timonier/
Battle of New OrleansUSS Constitution
The Move Toward War
• Americans were angry with England for giving
weapons and ammunition to the N-As
• Americans resented the British for impressing our
Sailors
• The War Hawks wanted control of Canada and
Florida
• Americans believed our honor and pride as a
country was at stake if we did not take action
The War Hawks
Henry Clay of KentuckyJohn C. Calhoun of
South Carolina
•These men and the other WAR HAWKS in government believed
in…
• NATIONALISM: Pride in one’s country!
•War Hawks were eager for war with Britain and wanted control
of Canada and Florida
Early Days of The War
• Britain was still at war with France in Europe
• This made things difficult for them
• Even though this was the case, Britain still did not
want to meet the demands brought forth by the
U.S.
• Britain wanted to continue to support the N-As
with weapons because this also protected Canada
from invasion
Early Days of The War Cont.
• America was not as prepared for War as
they thought
• Military was under budgeted Why?
• Navy only had 16 war ships
• British blockaded the U.S ports up and
down the East Coast and the Gulf of
Mexico
Map of Blockade War of 1812
USS Constitution
• “Old Ironsides”
• Nicknamed this because artillery bounced
off the hull when it hit the ship
• Most famous sea battle during the War of
1812 USS Constitution and Guerrie
#42: Look at the map on page 329 and
answer the following questions:
• A. What areas were affected by the British
blockade?
• The Atlantic Coast and Gulf of Mexico
• B. How did the blockade affect the economy of the
United States?
• It limited trade with other nations. As a result
American merchant lost profits. Also, Americans
had limited access to foreign goods they wanted.
The War in The West and South
• Americans wanted control of the Mississippi
River and Canada
• Native Americans supported both England and
The U.S.
Invasion of Canada
• War Hawks wanted control of Canada
• July 1812 general William hull invaded Canada
from Detroit
• Hull felt he did not have enough troops to be
successful so he retreated
• British Commander Isaac Brock took advantage
of this confusion and easily took over Hull with
the help of some N-A „s
Oliver Hazard Perry
• Oliver Hazard Perry was an American
Commander
• who switched ships during the battle of Lake
Erie
• “We have met the enemy and they are ours.”
• He took control of the lake and the British were
forced to retreat back to Canada.
Conflict in The South
• Creek N-As were attacking many settlers in
the South during the summer of 1813
• Andrew Jackson commanded troops in GA
• March 1814 Jackson defeated the Creeks at
the Battle of Horseshoe Bend
• The treaty that ended the war forced the
Creeks to give up millions of acres of land
Final Battles
• The British attack Washington and Baltimore
• August 1814 British new strategy is to attack
Washington
• British set fire to many buildings including the
Whitehouse
• Americans were shocked that the U.S. Army
could not defend Washington
Final Battles Cont.
• British move to Baltimore
• Sept. 13th 1814 the British bombard Fort
McHenry which defended the city‟s harbor
• Francis Scott Key sees this battle and write
The Star Spangled Banner
The War Ends
• 1814 Britain is broke and grows tired of
fighting
• Treaty of Ghent ends the War
• The treaty returns things back to the way
life was before the war
• Andrew Jackson fights one last battle The
Battle of New Orleans
Protest and Peace
• “Mr. Madison‟ s War” Why was it called
this?
• Hartford Convention meets in new England
• New England threatens to secede from the
Union
• War of 1812 is known as “The Second War
for Independence” Why?