Chapter 8 History Alive! Pages 73 - 79 The Ancient Egyptian
Pharaohs
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8.1 Introduction Pharaohs leaders of ancient Egypt. In 1922,
archeologists discovered the tomb of King Tutankhaten, or King Tut.
Mummy is a body that has been preserved after death to keep it from
decaying. Tutankhatens tomb was filled with jewelry, good luck
charms, weapons, furniture, statues and even a chariot. The
treasures in his tomb provided an amazing glimpse into ancient
Egypt. Many pharaohs built great monuments to celebrate their
accomplishments.
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8.2 Ancient Egypt and Its Rulers Ancient Egypt enjoyed three
long periods of stability and unity under the rule of pharaohs.
Historians call these periods the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms.
During the Old Kingdom, pharaohs set up a strong central
government. They also built great pyramids as tombs for themselves.
Historians call this time the Age of Pyramids. During the Middle
Kingdom, Egyptians made many great achievements in literature, art
and architecture. Historians refer to the Middle Kingdom as the
Period of Reunification because it followed years of chaos and
disunity. During the New Kingdom, Egypts power reached its height.
Pharaohs increased trade and built gigantic monuments. Historians
refer to this time as Egypts Golden Age.
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8.2 Ancient Egypt and Its Rulers (continued) Religion played a
central role in Egypts social and political order. The pharaohs
were believed to be gods. Pharaohs owned all the land and were
responsible for all the peoples well-being. They were kings,
generals and religious leaders all at once. After they died, the
pharaohs were thought to enter an afterlife that would never end.
Their great tombs were built to last forever!
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8.3 Pharaoh Khufu: The Pyramid Builder The pharaoh Khufu ruled
during the Old Kingdom. Today Khufu is known as the builder of the
famous pyramid. Khufu emphasized his supreme power by declaring
himself a god. He kept strict control over Egypts food supply.
Khufu and other pharaohs during the Old Kingdom built pyramids as
tombs for themselves and their families. The Great Pyramid of Giza
was made with over 2 million stone blocks that fit together
perfectly. Inside, tunnels led to several burial chambers. It took
over 20 years to complete. It is the only remaining wonder of the
ancient world. The pyramid was a stunning monument to Egyptian
engineering.
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The Great Pyramid is located at the center of the land mass of
the earth. The east/west parallel that crosses the most land and
the north/south meridian that crosses the most land intersect in
two places on the earth, one in the ocean and the other at the
Great Pyramid.
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8.4 Pharaoh Senusret I: Patron of the Arts The pharaoh ruled
during the Middle Kingdom. Art, literature and architecture
flourished during his reign. Craftspeople thrived under Senusrets
rule. He controlled mines loaded with gold, copper and gems. Some
of the greatest works in Egyptian literature were written during
Senusrets reign. Senusrets greatest accomplishments were in
religious architecture. He built and improved many temples, shrines
and religious monuments. Some historians think his White Chapel was
his finest architectural achievement. The White Chapel was made of
alabaster, a hard white stone. Senusret wanted his memory to live
on through his monuments. But almost none of his buildings survived
the passage of time.
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8.5 Pharaoh Hatshepsut: Promoter of Egyptian Trade Hatshepsut
was Egypts first female pharaoh. Never before had Egypt been ruled
by a woman. Under her rule, art, architecture and trade flourished.
One of Hatshepsuts greatest accomplishments was simply gaining
power. She demanded the same respect as a male ruler. Sometimes she
wore mens clothing including a fake beard. Artists were often
instructed to portray her as a man. She spread stories that her
father was a god.
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8.6 Pharaoh Ramses II: Military Leader and Master Builder
Called Ramses the Great, he is one of the most famous pharaohs. He
reigned for more than 60 years, longer than almost any other
pharaoh. He is best known for his military leadership and for
building numerous monuments. He had hundreds of statues erected of
himself all over Egypt. He was made captain in the Egyptian army at
age 10. Ramses was a peacemaker. He signed the worlds first peace
treaty. One of Ramses most impressive projects was the temple
complex of Abu Simbel.
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8.6 Pharaoh Ramses II: Military Leader and Master Builder
(continued) Alongside the temple was a smaller temple honoring his
favorite wife, Nefertari. Four giant seated statues of Ramses
framed the entrance to the main temple. They are among the finest
examples of Egyptian art. The temple was built so that twice a year
the sun lined up with the entrance. Beams of sunlight would light
up the statues. He built more temples and monuments than any other
pharaoh in history. He is one of the best-preserved mummies ever
found.