Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry
Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 – Properties of Carbon
Standards6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
Because of its unique ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms
Forms of Pure Carbon
Diamond, graphite, fullerenes and nanotubes are four forms of the element carbon
Diamond – crystalline form of carbon in which each carbon atom is bonded strongly to four other carbon atoms Formed from high temps and pressure Melting point is more than 3500 C
Forms of Pure Carbon Graphite – each carbon atom is bonded tightly
to three other carbon atoms in flat layers Bonds are very weak “Lead” in pencils is mostly graphite
Forms of Pure Carbon
Fullerenes – consists of carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a hollow sphere Called buckyballs after an architect
Nanotube – carbon atoms are arranged in the shape of a long, hollow cylinder Tiny, light, flexible and extremely strong
Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry Section 2 – Carbon Compounds
Standards3.c – Students know atoms and molecules form solids by
building up repeating patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long-chain polymers
6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms
Organic Compounds Organic compounds – compounds that contain
carbon Many organic compounds have similar
properties in terms of melting and boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity and solubility Many are gases at room temperature Many have a strong odor Many do not dissolve in water
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon – compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen Hydrocarbons mix poorly with water All hydrocarbons are flammable
Structure of Hydrocarbons The carbon chains in the hydrocarbon may be
straight, branched or ring-shaped Structural formula – shows the kind, number and
arrangement of atoms in a molecule Isomer – compounds that have the same chemical
formula but different structural formulas
C4H10C4H10
Structure of Hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons – only single bonds, has maximum number a hydrogen atoms attached
Unsaturated hydrocarbons – has double or triple bonds, have fewer hydrogen than saturated hydrocarbons
Structure of Hydrocarbons Substituted hydrocarbon – atoms of other
elements replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon
Alcohol – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl groups hydroxyl group –OH
Organic acid – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups carboxyl group –COOH
Ester – compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic acid
Polymers Polymer – large molecule made of a chain
of many smaller molecules bonded together Monomer – smaller molecules that make up
polymers
Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry
Section 3 – Polymers and Composites
Standards3.c – Students know atoms and molecules form
solids by building up repeating patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long-chain polymers
6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms
Forming Polymers
Polymers form when chemical bonds link larger numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern
Polymers and Composites
Proteins – formed from smaller molecules called amino acids
Amino acid – a monomer that is a building block of proteins The properties of a protein depend on which amino
acids are used and in what order Examples – finger nails, spider web
Polymers and Composites Composites – combines two or more
substances in a new material with different properties
Many composite materials include one or more polymers Examples – fishing rods, snow boards
Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry Section 4 – Life with Carbon
Standards6.a – Students know that carbon, because of
its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms
6.b – Students know that living organisms are made of molecules
Carbohydrates Carbohydrate – an energy-rich organic
compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Simple carbohydrate – the simplest carbs are sugars (glucose is in your body – C6H12O6)
Complex carbohydrate – a polymer made of smaller molecules that are simple carbs bonded to one another
Proteins Proteins – formed from
smaller molecules called amino acids
Amino acid – a monomer that is a building block of proteins
Each amino acid molecule has a carboxyl group (–COOH) and an amino group (–NH2) The body uses proteins from food to
build and repair body parts and to regulate cell activities
Lipids Lipids – energy-rich compounds made of
carbon, oxygen and hydrogen Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and cholesterol
Gram for gram, lipids release twice as much energy in your body as do carbohydrates
Fatty acids – organic compound that is a monomer of a fat or oil
Cholesterol – a waxy lipid in animal cells
Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids – very large organic molecules
made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus Two types – DNA and RNA
Elements that make up all living things… C – Carbon H – Hydrogen N – Nitrogen O – Oxygen P – Phosphorus S – Sulfur