CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3Global Changes Reshape Colonial AmericaGlobal Changes Reshape Colonial America
1680–17501680–1750
Middle Colonies, 1685Middle Colonies, 1685
Dutch most aggressive European tradersDutch most aggressive European traders New Netherlands—two settlementsNew Netherlands—two settlements
Fort Orange on Hudson (Albany)Fort Orange on Hudson (Albany) New Amsterdam on Manhattan IslandNew Amsterdam on Manhattan Island
New Amsterdam very diverse: eighteen New Amsterdam very diverse: eighteen different languages in use by 1644different languages in use by 1644
1664—colony captured by English fleet 1664—colony captured by English fleet Dutch could keep propertyDutch could keep property
Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the HudsonHudson
Area given to kingArea given to king’’s brother, James, Duke s brother, James, Duke of Yorkof York
Property included New York, New Jersey, Property included New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and islandsDelaware, Maine, and islands
DukeDuke’’s laws guaranteed religious s laws guaranteed religious toleration and created local governmenttoleration and created local government
Inhabitants had no political voice beyond Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local levelthe local level
Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the HudsonHudson
James gave New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and James gave New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George CarteretSir George Carteret
Some land titles already given by New YorkSome land titles already given by New York
Confusion over who had right to grant land and Confusion over who had right to grant land and organize governmentorganize government
Berkeley split colony by selling out to Quaker Berkeley split colony by selling out to Quaker groupgroup
Reunited in 1702 as single royal colonyReunited in 1702 as single royal colony
Confusion in New JerseyConfusion in New Jersey
Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Pennsylvania founding inseparable from QuakersQuakers
Quakers believed no need for a formal Quakers believed no need for a formal ministry; each personministry; each person’’s interpretation of s interpretation of scripture is equally validscripture is equally valid
““QuakerQuaker”” a derogatory term for those who a derogatory term for those who ““tremble at the word of the Lordtremble at the word of the Lord””
Members called sect Members called sect ““Society of FriendsSociety of Friends””
Quakers in AmericaQuakers in America
Founder: George Fox (1624–1691) Founder: George Fox (1624–1691) Believed in Believed in ““Inner LightInner Light””
Rejected predestination; anyone could be Rejected predestination; anyone could be savedsaved
Emphasized values of humility, simplicity, Emphasized values of humility, simplicity, and pacifismand pacifism
Quakers persecuted as dangerous Quakers persecuted as dangerous anarchistsanarchists
Quaker Beliefs and PracticeQuaker Beliefs and Practice
William PennWilliam Penn
Aristocrat William Penn became a Quaker leader Aristocrat William Penn became a Quaker leader Granted charter for Pennsylvania; bought Granted charter for Pennsylvania; bought
Delaware from New Jersey proprietors, ensuring Delaware from New Jersey proprietors, ensuring ocean accessocean access
““Holy ExperimentHoly Experiment””—a society run on Quaker —a society run on Quaker principlesprinciples
Promoted religious tolerationPromoted religious toleration Balance of power between rich and poorBalance of power between rich and poor Political structure failed because it was too Political structure failed because it was too
cumbersomecumbersome
PennPenn’’s s ““Holy ExperimentHoly Experiment””
PennPenn’’s income came from land sales to s income came from land sales to settlerssettlers
Settlers recruited from England, Wales, Settlers recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and GermanyIreland, and Germany
Diversity caused conflictDiversity caused conflict Non-Quaker population did not share Quaker Non-Quaker population did not share Quaker
idealsideals 1701—1701—CharterCharter of Libertiesof Liberties
Self-rule to PennsylvaniaSelf-rule to Pennsylvania Separated DelawareSeparated Delaware
Settling PennsylvaniaSettling Pennsylvania
The Carolinas and GeorgiaThe Carolinas and Georgia
Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight ““proprietorsproprietors”” to reward loyalty to reward loyalty
Tried to recruit settlers from established Tried to recruit settlers from established American coloniesAmerican colonies
Few inhabitants in first yearsFew inhabitants in first years
Proprietors of the CarolinasProprietors of the Carolinas
Anthony Ashley Cooper encouraged Anthony Ashley Cooper encouraged settlement by planters from Barbadossettlement by planters from Barbados
Barbadians settled around Charleston, Barbadians settled around Charleston, recreated plantation system of Barbadosrecreated plantation system of Barbados Rice eventually became the staple cropRice eventually became the staple crop
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina drawn up by John Lockedrawn up by John Locke Rejected by population that desired greater Rejected by population that desired greater
self-governmentself-government
The Barbadian ConnectionThe Barbadian Connection
French Huguenot settlers opposed French Huguenot settlers opposed BarbadiansBarbadians
1719—last governor appointed by 1719—last governor appointed by proprietors overthrownproprietors overthrown
1729—king takes over and splits the 1729—king takes over and splits the colony into northern and southern halvescolony into northern and southern halves
The Barbadian ConnectionThe Barbadian Connection
Georgia founded in 1732 Georgia founded in 1732 James OglethorpeJames Oglethorpe’’s ideass ideas
Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida Spanish Florida
Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors from Englandfrom England
Originally rum and slaves prohibited, landowning Originally rum and slaves prohibited, landowning cappedcapped
OglethorpeOglethorpe’’s ideas unpopular and repealed s ideas unpopular and repealed by 1751by 1751
The Founding of GeorgiaThe Founding of Georgia
EnglandEngland’’s Principal Mainland s Principal Mainland ColoniesColonies
All colonies faced early struggle to survive All colonies faced early struggle to survive
Distinct regional differences intensified Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout the colonial and persisted throughout the colonial period period
Challenge of the eighteenth century was Challenge of the eighteenth century was how to create unity out of that diversityhow to create unity out of that diversity
Living with DiversityLiving with Diversity
The Structure of Planter The Structure of Planter Society: The Gentry Society: The Gentry
Tobacco the basis of Chesapeake wealthTobacco the basis of Chesapeake wealth Large landowners had to have labor under Large landowners had to have labor under
their controltheir control Great planters few but dominantGreat planters few but dominant
Arrived with capital to invest in workersArrived with capital to invest in workers Amassed huge tracts of land Amassed huge tracts of land Gentry intermarried and become colonyGentry intermarried and become colony’’s elite s elite
leaders leaders
The Structure of Planter The Structure of Planter Society: The FreemenSociety: The Freemen
The largest class in Chesapeake societyThe largest class in Chesapeake society
Most freed at the end of indentureMost freed at the end of indenture
Lived on the edge of povertyLived on the edge of poverty
The Structure of Planter The Structure of Planter Society: Indentured ServantsSociety: Indentured Servants
Servitude a temporary statusServitude a temporary status
Conditions harshConditions harsh
Servants regarded their bondage as slaveryServants regarded their bondage as slavery
Planters feared rebellionPlanters feared rebellion
The Structure of Planter Society: The Structure of Planter Society: Post-1680s StabilityPost-1680s Stability
Before 1680, the rank of gentry was open to Before 1680, the rank of gentry was open to people with capitalpeople with capital
Demographic shift after 1680 created Creole Demographic shift after 1680 created Creole eliteelite
Ownership of slaves consolidated planter Ownership of slaves consolidated planter wealth and positionwealth and position
Freemen found advancement more difficultFreemen found advancement more difficult
The Structure of Planter Society: The Structure of Planter Society:
A Dispersed PopulationA Dispersed Population Large-scale tobacco cultivation required:Large-scale tobacco cultivation required:
Extensive landholdingsExtensive landholdings Ready access to water-borne commerceReady access to water-borne commerce
Result: population dispersed along great tidal Result: population dispersed along great tidal rivers rivers
Virginia a rural society devoid of townsVirginia a rural society devoid of towns Education system seen as unnecessary and got Education system seen as unnecessary and got
little attentionlittle attention
Race and Freedom Race and Freedom in British Americain British America
Native Americans decimated by diseaseNative Americans decimated by disease
European indentured servant pool waned after European indentured servant pool waned after 16601660
Enslaved Africans filled demand for laborEnslaved Africans filled demand for labor
Roots of SlaveryRoots of Slavery
First Africans came to Virginia in 1619First Africans came to Virginia in 1619
Status of Africans in Virginia unclear for fifty Status of Africans in Virginia unclear for fifty yearsyears
Roots of SlaveryRoots of Slavery
Rising black population in Virginia after 1672 Rising black population in Virginia after 1672 prompted stricter slave lawsprompted stricter slave laws Africans defined as slaves for life Africans defined as slaves for life Slave status passed on to children Slave status passed on to children White masters possessed total control of slave life White masters possessed total control of slave life
and laborand labor Mixing of races not toleratedMixing of races not tolerated
Origins and Destinations ofOrigins and Destinations ofAfrican Slaves, 1619–1760African Slaves, 1619–1760
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Constructing African American Constructing African American Identities: GeographyIdentities: Geography’’s Influence s Influence Slave experience differed from colony to Slave experience differed from colony to
colonycolony
60% of South Carolina60% of South Carolina’’s population blacks population black
Nearly half of VirginiaNearly half of Virginia’’s population blacks population black
Blacks much less numerous in New England Blacks much less numerous in New England and the Middle Coloniesand the Middle Colonies
Constructing African American Constructing African American Identities: African InitiativesIdentities: African Initiatives
Older black population tended to look down Older black population tended to look down on recent arrivals from Africa on recent arrivals from Africa
All Africans participated in creating an All Africans participated in creating an African American cultureAfrican American culture Required an imaginative reshaping of African and Required an imaginative reshaping of African and
European customs. European customs.
By 1720, African population and culture were By 1720, African population and culture were self-sustainingself-sustaining
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Constructing African American Constructing African American Identities: Slave ResistanceIdentities: Slave Resistance
Widespread resentment of debased status Widespread resentment of debased status
Armed resistance such as South CarolinaArmed resistance such as South Carolina’’s s Stono Rebellion of 1739 a threatStono Rebellion of 1739 a threat
Black mariners linked African American Black mariners linked African American communities and brought news of outside communities and brought news of outside world to American slavesworld to American slaves
Colonial ProductsColonial Products
Rise of a Commercial EmpireRise of a Commercial Empire
English leaders ignored colonies until 1650sEnglish leaders ignored colonies until 1650s
Restored monarchy of Charles II recognized Restored monarchy of Charles II recognized value of colonial tradevalue of colonial trade
Navigation Acts passed to regulate, protect, Navigation Acts passed to regulate, protect, glean revenue from commerceglean revenue from commerce
Response to Economic Response to Economic CompetitionCompetition
““MercantilismMercantilism”” One countryOne country’’s gain is another countrys gain is another country’’s losss loss Countries gain power by control of worldCountries gain power by control of world’’s scarce s scarce
resourcesresources
English trade regulations more ad hoc English trade regulations more ad hoc responses to particular problems than coherent responses to particular problems than coherent mercantilist policymercantilist policy
Response to Economic Response to Economic CompetitionCompetition
Varieties of motivationVarieties of motivation Crown wanted moneyCrown wanted money English merchants wanted to exclude DutchEnglish merchants wanted to exclude Dutch Parliament wanted stronger navy— encouraged Parliament wanted stronger navy— encouraged
domestic shipbuilding industrydomestic shipbuilding industry Most people preferred more exports, fewer importsMost people preferred more exports, fewer imports
Regulating Colonial Trade: Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660 The Navigation Act of 1660
Ships engaged in English colonial tradeShips engaged in English colonial trade Must be made in England (or America)Must be made in England (or America) Must carry a crew at least 75% EnglishMust carry a crew at least 75% English
Enumerated goods Enumerated goods onlyonly to English ports to English ports 1660—list included tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, 1660—list included tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo,
dyes, gingerdyes, ginger 1704–1705—list also included molasses, rice, 1704–1705—list also included molasses, rice,
naval storesnaval stores
Regulating Colonial Trade: Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660 The Navigation Act of 1660
EffectsEffects Encouraged shipbuilding in EnglandEncouraged shipbuilding in England Made it harder for rivals to get certain goodsMade it harder for rivals to get certain goods Generated revenue for the crownGenerated revenue for the crown
Regulating Colonial Trade: Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1663The Navigation Act of 1663
The Staple ActThe Staple Act
Goods shipped to English colonies must pass Goods shipped to English colonies must pass through Englandthrough England
Increased price paid by colonial consumersIncreased price paid by colonial consumers
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Regulating Colonial Trade:Regulating Colonial Trade:Implementing the Acts Implementing the Acts
Navigation Acts aimed at removing Dutch role Navigation Acts aimed at removing Dutch role in English commerce in English commerce
Planters hurt by Navigation ActsPlanters hurt by Navigation Acts
New England merchants skirted laws New England merchants skirted laws
English revisions tightened loopholesEnglish revisions tightened loopholes
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Regulating Colonial Trade:Regulating Colonial Trade:Implementing the Acts Implementing the Acts
1696—Admiralty Courts and Board of Trade 1696—Admiralty Courts and Board of Trade created created
Navigation Acts eventually benefited colonial Navigation Acts eventually benefited colonial merchantsmerchants
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Colonial Factions Spark Political Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691Revolt, 1676–1691
English colonies experienced unrest at the end English colonies experienced unrest at the end of the seventeenth centuryof the seventeenth century
Unrest not social revolution but a contest Unrest not social revolution but a contest between gentry between gentry ““insins”” and and ““outsouts””
Winners gained legitimacy for their rule Winners gained legitimacy for their rule
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