Chapter 26Chapter 26
ImperialismImperialism
AlliancesAlliances
WarWar
ImperialismImperialism
You got some and I You got some and I want some, too.want some, too.
These factors made it These factors made it possible for Europeans to possible for Europeans to impose their will on other impose their will on other peoples in the late 19peoples in the late 19thth centurycentury
Factors:Factors:Technological superiorityTechnological superiorityConfidence in their Confidence in their rightness of purpose & rightness of purpose & way of lifeway of life
Centrally organize Centrally organize nation-statesnation-states
New ImperialismNew Imperialism
Capital investmentsCapital investments Transform local economies & Transform local economies &
culturescultures Annexation?Annexation? Direct rule?Direct rule?
Less industrialized countriesLess industrialized countries Develop mines, railroads, bridges, Develop mines, railroads, bridges,
harbors, communication systemsharbors, communication systems
Motives for New Motives for New ImperialismImperialism
Strategic Strategic considerationsconsiderations
Political Political considerationsconsiderations
Chief advocates of the Chief advocates of the economic interpretation of economic interpretation of
imperialismimperialism
Vladimir LeninVladimir LeninJ. A. HobsonJ. A. Hobson
Religious groupsReligious groupsArgued Argued most most stronglystrongly
European European nations nations must must civilize civilize foreign foreign landslands
Scramble for Africa Scramble for Africa (transparency)(transparency)
An inaccessible continentAn inaccessible continent Only coastal areas to 1800Only coastal areas to 1800 Portuguese firstPortuguese first Stanley & LivingstoneStanley & Livingstone Leopold II (Belgium) becomes a Leopold II (Belgium) becomes a
playerplayer FranceFranceAlgeria, Morocco, TunisiaAlgeria, Morocco, Tunisia GB grabs Suez 1880sGB grabs Suez 1880s
Germany in AfricaGermany in Africa German German
imperialism imperialism centered in EAST centered in EAST AfricaAfrica
Bismarck—Bismarck—improve improve Germany's Germany's diplomatic diplomatic position in Europeposition in Europe
Congress of BerlinCongress of Berlin
African ResistanceAfrican ResistanceSamori Toure (Mandinka) fought Samori Toure (Mandinka) fought
French in West AfricaFrench in West AfricaQueen Yaa Asatewa (Asante) Queen Yaa Asatewa (Asante)
fought the British (1896)fought the British (1896)K. Menelik II (Ethiopia) defeated K. Menelik II (Ethiopia) defeated
Italy in Battle of AdowaItaly in Battle of AdowaZulu, Matabele, Mashone in Zulu, Matabele, Mashone in
Southern Rhodesia (1890s)Southern Rhodesia (1890s)
By 1900, all but By 1900, all but Ethiopia & Liberia Ethiopia & Liberia have been have been colonizedcolonized
Imperialist methods of Imperialist methods of governinggoverning
Europe could not afford to Europe could not afford to support coloniessupport colonies
Direct ruleDirect rule Indirect ruleIndirect ruleProprietaryProprietaryDay – to – day effect is sameDay – to – day effect is same
Impact on African societiesImpact on African societies
““settler” coloniessettler” colonies ““economic” colonieseconomic” colonies Clan & village Clan & village
relations disrupted relations disrupted & destroyed& destroyed
Infrastructure built Infrastructure built to serve exploitation to serve exploitation NOT developmentNOT development
Missionaries Missionaries collaborated with collaborated with colonists against colonists against African interestsAfrican interests
Moroccan CrisesMoroccan Crises Fashoda CrisisFashoda Crisis Boer War & Union of Boer War & Union of
South Africa (1900-South Africa (1900-10)10)
Other areas Other areas (transparency)(transparency)
Far East—Japan, ChinaFar East—Japan, ChinaIndiaIndiaIndonesiaIndonesiaONE BIG GAME OF ONE BIG GAME OF “RISK” “RISK” ™™
Great BritainGreat Britain
Opposed the idea of the idea of further further politicalpolitical interference in other landsinterference in other lands
EconomicEconomic interference interference was OKwas OK Did bring benefits to Britain’s coloniesDid bring benefits to Britain’s colonies
JapanJapan
““Open Door Open Door Policy”Policy”
Allowed Allowed businessmebusinessmen to trade w/ n to trade w/ Japan on Japan on equal termsequal terms
Treaty of San StephanoTreaty of San Stephano
Freed the Slavic Freed the Slavic states in the Balkans states in the Balkans from Ottoman rulefrom Ottoman rule
Where are the Where are the Balkans?Balkans?
Congress of Berlin 1878Congress of Berlin 1878Check Russia’s intervention in Check Russia’s intervention in
the Slavic & Ottoman affairsthe Slavic & Ottoman affairsWas a blow to Russian Was a blow to Russian
ambitions—lost potential & ambitions—lost potential & actual territoriesactual territories
Met under Bismarck’s Met under Bismarck’s leadershipleadership
INFLUENCEINFLUENCE
““Jingoism”Jingoism” Super-patriotismSuper-patriotism ““We don’t want to We don’t want to
fight, But by jingo fight, But by jingo if we do, We’ve if we do, We’ve got the men, got the men, We’ve got the We’ve got the ships, We’ve got ships, We’ve got the money too. the money too. The Russians will The Russians will not have not have Constantinople!”Constantinople!”
AlliancesAlliances
““Let’s you and me gang Let’s you and me gang up on the other guy…”up on the other guy…”
Bismarck & AlliancesBismarck & Alliances
Complicated Complicated system of secret system of secret alliancesalliances
““honest broker”honest broker” Wanted no new Wanted no new
territory (Europe) territory (Europe) & preserve peace& preserve peace
Nemesis—William Nemesis—William IIII
Dual Alliance 1879Dual Alliance 1879
Germany Germany && Austria Austria would would come to each other’s aid if either come to each other’s aid if either were attacked by Russia (WWI)were attacked by Russia (WWI)
If either were attacked by another If either were attacked by another country—maintain neutralitycountry—maintain neutrality
Sought to isolate RussiaSought to isolate Russia
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance
GermanyGermanyAustriaAustriaItalyItaly—didn’t want to be left —didn’t want to be left
outout
Bismarck’s complicated Bismarck’s complicated system of alliances was system of alliances was upset by the accession of upset by the accession of William II to the German William II to the German throne….throne….
William II (Germany)William II (Germany)
Ruled by divine rightRuled by divine right Germany—leading Germany—leading
power of Europepower of Europe Victoria’s grandsonVictoria’s grandson Goofed when he Goofed when he
fired Bismarckfired Bismarck ““world policy”world policy”
Otto von Bismarck—legacyOtto von Bismarck—legacy
Clear & limited idea Clear & limited idea of nation’s goalsof nation’s goals
Resistance to Resistance to pressures for pressures for European European expansionexpansion
Knowledge of other Knowledge of other countries’ needs & countries’ needs & hopes hopes
A force for A force for unity & unity & European European stabilitystability
Peace Peace through through strengthstrength
More William IIMore William II
Hired Gen. Leo von Hired Gen. Leo von Caprivi as chancellorCaprivi as chancellor
Germany is enemy of Germany is enemy of GB—colonialismGB—colonialism
Facing Franco-Russian Facing Franco-Russian alliance--defensivealliance--defensive
Caprivi wants to ally Caprivi wants to ally w/GBw/GB
GB is fulcrum to GB is fulcrum to balance of powerbalance of power
William II William II
Envies & loves GB—wants navyEnvies & loves GB—wants navy Admiral Tirpitz—risk theoryAdmiral Tirpitz—risk theory
Germany can build a big enough fleet Germany can build a big enough fleet to do enough damage to make the to do enough damage to make the British navy inferior to other powers.British navy inferior to other powers.
Not so much a war threatNot so much a war threat ““Anything you can do, we can do Anything you can do, we can do
better!”better!”
Entente CordialeEntente Cordiale
GB & France GB & France France & RussiaFrance & Russia Not a formal treaty—patched up Not a formal treaty—patched up
colonial differences (GB & Fr)colonial differences (GB & Fr) Russia? Didn’t GB side w/Japan Russia? Didn’t GB side w/Japan
1904/5?1904/5? Fear of Germany makes strange Fear of Germany makes strange
bedfellows….zzzzbedfellows….zzzz
Triple Entente 1907Triple Entente 1907
Great BritainGreat Britain FranceFrance RussiaRussia
Triple EntenteTriple Entente
Vs. Vs.
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance
Bismarck’s Bismarck’s nightmarenightmare
Possible 2 front war Possible 2 front war with France & Russiawith France & Russia
~ Germany needed a ~ Germany needed a contingency plan for a two-contingency plan for a two-front war ~ Schlieffen Plan front war ~ Schlieffen Plan (WWI)(WWI)
Dr. ZhivagoDr. Zhivago
A brief look at the A brief look at the Russian Revolution & Russian Revolution &
the Provisional the Provisional Government Government
The Outbreak of the The Outbreak of the Russian Revolution (p.916-Russian Revolution (p.916-917)917)
Let’s take a look Let’s take a look at this documentat this document
Russian miscellanyRussian miscellany
Provisional Government—Duma w/ Provisional Government—Duma w/ Constitutional Democrats (Constitutional Democrats (CadetsCadets))
Soviet—council of workers/soldiersSoviet—council of workers/soldiers Organized by Organized by MensheviksMensheviks—needed —needed
the bourgeois before the proletariat the bourgeois before the proletariat revolution could be achievedrevolution could be achieved
Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky—moderate —moderate socialistsocialist Took over leadership of Provisional Govt.Took over leadership of Provisional Govt.
Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government
Failed in Russia in 1917Failed in Russia in 1917Disillusionment with the WarDisillusionment with the War
Provisional govt. continued to Provisional govt. continued to support itsupport it
Shortage of foodShortage of foodGrowing demand by peasants Growing demand by peasants
for land reformfor land reform
Vladimir Lenin--BolshevikVladimir Lenin--Bolshevik
German interventionGerman intervention Saw opportunity to ally Saw opportunity to ally
peasants & workerspeasants & workers MoreMore/less failure/less failure Fled to FinlandFled to Finland Leon Trotsky (collaborator) jailedLeon Trotsky (collaborator) jailed
Force of personalityForce of personality CharismaCharisma
Bolshevik SuccessBolshevik Success
Right-wing countercoup against P.G.Right-wing countercoup against P.G.—failed—failed
Opportunity for Trotsky—Petrograd Opportunity for Trotsky—Petrograd sovietsoviet
Lenin backLenin back Trotsky organized coup—Nov6—Trotsky organized coup—Nov6—
bloodybloody Bolsheviks rule RussiaBolsheviks rule Russia
Bolshevik (Communist) Bolshevik (Communist) DictatorshipDictatorship
Nationalized land—gave to Nationalized land—gave to peasant proprietorspeasant proprietors
Church property nationalizedChurch property nationalizedRUSSIA OUT OF WWIRUSSIA OUT OF WWI
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918 Yielded Poland, Baltic states, Yielded Poland, Baltic states,
UkraineUkraine Pay many rubles (war indemnity)Pay many rubles (war indemnity)
1918-1921 Civil War1918-1921 Civil War
““Reds” v. “Whites”Reds” v. “Whites” Reds supported RevolutionReds supported Revolution White opposed White opposed
Revolution/supported the CzarRevolution/supported the Czar
19181918
Czar Nicholas Czar Nicholas II & family II & family murderedmurdered
No going back No going back Trade one Trade one
absolute ruler absolute ruler for anotherfor another
By 1921 Lenin and his supporters were in firm control of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Peace?Peace?
Kinda, maybe, sortaKinda, maybe, sorta
OrOr
Previews of coming Previews of coming attractions….attractions….
German defeatGerman defeat
German army disintegrated—German army disintegrated—William II abdicated—Nov. 9, 1918William II abdicated—Nov. 9, 1918
Germany defeated? How? No Germany defeated? How? No foreign troops on German soil…foreign troops on German soil…
Germans expected a negotiated & Germans expected a negotiated & mild settlementmild settlement
““Gee, golly whiz! We’re sorry!”Gee, golly whiz! We’re sorry!”
Changes withIN/withOUT Changes withIN/withOUT EuropeEurope
FascismFascism Inevitable progress based on Inevitable progress based on
reason, science & reason, science & technologytechnologygave way to cynicism, gave way to cynicism, nihilism, dictatorship, official nihilism, dictatorship, official racism, class warfareracism, class warfare
Europe no longer the center of the Europe no longer the center of the worldworld
PeacemakersPeacemakersObstaclesObstacles
Limited secret sessionsLimited secret sessions Public opinionPublic opinion Wilson’s idealismWilson’s idealism
Compromise difficultCompromise difficultNationalismNationalism
Redraw map of Europe? How?Redraw map of Europe? How?
World turmoilWorld turmoil
Fear of the spread of Fear of the spread of BolshevismBolshevismBavariaBavariaHungaryHungary
Fear of Germany (France)Fear of Germany (France)
Treaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles
A mixture of idealism & A mixture of idealism & cynicismcynicism
Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles
BIG 4BIG 4Woodrow WilsonWoodrow WilsonDavid Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd GeorgeGeorges ClemenceauGeorges ClemenceauVittorio Emanuele Vittorio Emanuele OrlandoOrlando
Woodrow Wilson--USAWoodrow Wilson--USA
Fourteen PointsFourteen Points……rights of rights of
nationalities to nationalities to self-determinationself-determination
Absolute valueAbsolute valueDifficultiesDifficultiesLeague of NationsLeague of Nations
Peace settlement (ToV)Peace settlement (ToV)
5 treaties5 treaties ““Open covenants openly arrived at”Open covenants openly arrived at”
Yeah, right!Yeah, right! Germany presented with treatyGermany presented with treaty
Dictated--Non negotiatedDictated--Non negotiated Peace without victorsPeace without victors
Excluded USSR & GermanyExcluded USSR & Germany Wilson—forces of realityWilson—forces of reality
Colonies?Colonies?
Colonial areasColonial areasmandatesmandatesEncouraged toward Encouraged toward
independenceindependenceActually little advance Actually little advance
mademade
Provisions of Treaty of Provisions of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles
GermanyGermany Reduction of forceReduction of force 100,000 men army100,000 men army NavyNavycoastal defense force onlycoastal defense force only No heavy weaponsNo heavy weapons Territorial concessionsTerritorial concessions $5 Billion payments to Allies (GB, Fr.) $5 Billion payments to Allies (GB, Fr.)
annuallyannually Ensure France’s safetyEnsure France’s safety
US guarantee aid to France if attackedUS guarantee aid to France if attacked
Germany?Germany? Didn’t accept sole responsibility for Didn’t accept sole responsibility for
warwar Lost territories w/ natural resourcesLost territories w/ natural resources Were required to admit guiltWere required to admit guilt Forced to accept total treatyForced to accept total treaty
Social Democrats & Catholic Center Party Social Democrats & Catholic Center Party formed new government—representatives formed new government—representatives accepted Treatyaccepted Treaty
Weimar Republic (govt. until 1933)Weimar Republic (govt. until 1933)
Provisions of Treaty of Provisions of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles
Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary disappeared disappeared 5 states5 states
AustriaAustria HungaryHungary Czechoslovakia (Slovaks, Czechs, Czechoslovakia (Slovaks, Czechs,
Ruthenians)Ruthenians) Yugoslavia (Serbs, Croats, Slovenes)Yugoslavia (Serbs, Croats, Slovenes) RomaniaRomania
Impact of PeaceImpact of Peace Weimar Republic blamed for terms Weimar Republic blamed for terms
of Treatyof Treaty France wants security from France wants security from
Germany & RhinelandGermany & Rhineland Germany shamed & overburdenedGermany shamed & overburdened Britain & USA isolationistBritain & USA isolationist Eastern Europe is economic & Eastern Europe is economic &
nationalist messnationalist mess
It was not a peace without It was not a peace without victors. It did not put an end to victors. It did not put an end to imperialism, but attempted to imperialism, but attempted to promote the national interests promote the national interests of the winning nations. It of the winning nations. It violated the principles of violated the principles of national self-determination by national self-determination by leaving significant pockets of leaving significant pockets of minorities outside the borders minorities outside the borders of their national homelands. of their national homelands. KOT 925KOT 925
Greatest weakness of the Greatest weakness of the peace was its failure to peace was its failure to accept reality. Germany & accept reality. Germany & USSR must play an USSR must play an important part in European important part in European affairs—yet were excluded affairs—yet were excluded from the settlement & the from the settlement & the League of Nations. (KOT League of Nations. (KOT 925)925)
The tragedy of the Treaty of The tragedy of the Treaty of Versailles was that it was Versailles was that it was neither conciliatory enough neither conciliatory enough to remove the desire for to remove the desire for change, even at the cost of change, even at the cost of war, nor harsh enough to war, nor harsh enough to make another war make another war impossible. KOT 926impossible. KOT 926