Transcript
Page 1: Chapter 2 Writing Correct Sentences

Writing Correct Sentences

Chapter 2

Page 2: Chapter 2 Writing Correct Sentences

Writing Correct Sentences

Do you carry around a backpack? It should contain pens and pencils, notebooks, folders of assignments, and a planner—everything the student needs for a successful day at school. When you have the right tools, your day moves ahead smoothly.

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Writing Correct Sentences

In this Chapter, you will get the tools you need to write correct sentences. You will learn some rules for using words correctly in your sentences. You will learn how to use verb forms correctly. You will also learn ways to join related sentences. These tools will help you build sentences that express your ideas clearly.

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Goals for Learning

To make the subject of each sentence agree with the verb

To use regular and irregular verbs correctly To understand verbs, verb phrases, and

verb tenses To use conjunctions to combine related

sentences and to connect related words and phrases

To improve sentences with subordinating clauses

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Key Vocabulary Words

Singular Referring to one person, place, thing, or idea

Plural Referring to more than one person, place, thing, or idea

Indefinite pronoun A pronoun that refers to people, places, things, or ideas in a general way

Regular verb A verb that forms its past tense and past participle by adding –ed or –d to the present tense

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Key Vocabulary Words

Past participle The verb form that you use to form the perfect tenses

Irregular verb A verb that does not form its past tense and past participle by adding –ed or –d to the present tense

Perfect tense The present perfect, past perfect, or future perfect tense of a verb; a verb form that is made from a past participle and a form of have

Action verb A verb that tells what the subject of a sentence did, does, or will do

State-of-being verb A verb that tells about the condition or the subject of a sentence

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Key Vocabulary Words

Simple tense The present, past, or future tense of a verb

Independent clause A group of words with a subject and a predicate that expresses a complete thought; a sentence

Dependent clause A group of words with a subject and a predicate that does not express a complete thought

Subordinating conjunction A conjunction that joins a dependent clause to an independent clause

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Making the Subject and Verb Agree

Lesson 2-1

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Objectives

To make the subject of a sentence agree with the verb

To identify the tense of a verb To decide if a subject is singular or

plural To identify the number and gender of

a pronoun

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Making the Subject and Verb Agree

The subject of the sentence can be singular or plural. A singular subject refers to one person, place, thing, or idea. A plural subject refers to more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

The verb is the main word in the predicate of a sentence. The verb must agree with the subject in number (singular or plural). The present tense of a verb has two forms. You use one form with a singular subject. You use the other form with a plural subject.

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Making the Subject and Verb Agree

Rule 1 When a subject is singular, add –s or -es to the present tense of the verb. EXAMPLE 1▪ The snow falls gently. (Snow is a singular

noun.)▪ Sonia takes her violin to school. (Sonia is a

singular noun.)

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Making the Subject and Verb Agree

Rule 2 When a subject is plural, do not add –s or –es to the present tense of the verb. EXAMPLE 2▪ The students run. (Students is a plural noun.)▪ The dancers whirl around the floor. (Dancers

is a plural noun.)▪ Sonia and Brandon enjoy music. (Sonia and

Brandon is a plural noun.)

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Making the Subject and Verb Agree

Rule 3 The past tense of a verb has only one form. All regular past-tense verbs end in –ed. EXAMPLE 3▪ Brandon played baseball yesterday. (Brandon

is a singular noun.)▪ Several friends played baseball together.

(Friends is a plural noun.)

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Making the Subject and Verb Agree

The subject of a sentence can be a noun or a pronoun. A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun.

Rule 4 A singular pronoun replaces a singular noun. A plural pronoun replaces a plural noun.

Rule 5 The verb must agree in number with the pronoun subject.

Sonia crossed the street. (Sonia is a singular noun.) She crossed the street. (She is a singular pronoun.) The band members gather here. (Members is

plural.) They gather here. (They is plural.)

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Making the Subject and Verb Agree Indefinite pronouns refer in a general

way to people, places, things, and ideas. Some indefinite pronouns are singular. Some are plural. Some can be either, depending on how you use them.Singular Indefinite Pronouns

anybody either neither one

anyone everybody

nobody somebody

anything everyone

no one someone

each everything

nothing something

Plural Indefinite Pronouns

both few many several

Singular or Plural Indefinite Pronouns

all any most none some

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Making the Subject and Verb Agree

EXAMPLE 5 Everybody works. (Everybody is a

singular pronoun.) Both need help. (Both is a plural noun.) Most of the group walks to school. (Most

is singular here.) Most of the students want lunch. (Most

is plural here.)

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Using Irregular VerbsLesson 2-2

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Objectives

To form the past tense and past participle of a regular verb

To write the perfect tenses of a regular verb

To use the forms of have correctly To identify the correct forms of an

irregular verb

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Using Irregular Verbs

Most of the verbs in English are regular verbs. To form the past tense or the past participle of a regular verb, you add –ed or –d. A past participle is a verb form.

The past tense and past participle of an irregular verb are created in a different way. EXAMPLE 1Present Past Past Part.

Regular paint, paints

painted (has) painted

Irregular go, goes went (has) gone

Irregular have, has had (has) had

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Using Irregular Verbs

Use has with a singular subject. Use have with a plural subject. EXAMPLE 2▪ Derek has a job.▪ The workers have a new schedule.

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Using Irregular Verbs

When you use have as a helping verb with a past participle, you form a perfect tense of the verb. The perfect tenses are present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. EXAMPLE 3Present

PerfectPast Perfect Future Perfect

I have listened.

They had listened.

You will have listened.

He has listened.

He had listened.

He will have listened.

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Using Irregular Verbs

There are many irregular verbs. Although there are more regular verbs than irregular ones, you use some irregular verbs very often.

For some irregular verbs, the past tense is the

same as the past participle. EXAMPLE 4

Present Past Past Participle

get, gets got (has) got (gotten)

make, makes made (has) made

swing, swings swung (has) swung

teach, teaches taught (has) taught

win, wins won (has) won

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Using Irregular Verbs

For some irregular verbs, the past tense is different from the past participle. EXAMPLE 5Present Past Past

Participle

begin, begins began (has) begun

drive, drives drove (has) driven

know, knows knew (has) known

see, sees saw (has) seen

take, takes took (has) taken

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Using Irregular Verbs

A few verbs are extremely irregular. The present, past, and past participle forms are all different. EXAMPLE 6

Present Past Past Participle

do, does did (has) done

eat, eats ate (has) eaten

go, goes went (has) gone

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Using Verbs and Verb Phrases

Lesson 2-3

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Objectives

To use action verbs in sentences To identify state-of-being verbs To write verb phrases correctly To use logical verb tense

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Using Verbs and Verb Phrases

Every sentence must have a verb. A verb expresses an action or a state of being.

An action verb tells what the subject did, does, or will do. EXAMPLE 1▪ Derek runs five miles almost every day.

(action verb)▪ Amber met Sonia at the corner. (action verb)

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Using Verbs and Verb Phrases

A verb can also express state of being. A state-of-being verb tells you something about the condition of the subject of a sentence. State-of-being verbs do not suggest action. EXAMPLE 2▪ Amber and Sonia are friends. (state-of-being

verb)▪ Derek seems friendly, too. (state-of-being

verb)

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Using Verbs and Verb Phrases

A verb can be more than one word. A main verb often has a helping verb. A helping verb combines with a main verb to form a verb phrase. EXAMPLE 3▪ Brandon will jog in the morning.▪ Brandon and Derek have been friends for a

long time.

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Using Verbs and Verb Phrases

A verb phrase includes a helping verb and a main verb. The main verb expresses action or state of being. The helping verb helps express tense. Common Helping Verbs

have am was been will could must

has is were do would shall should

had are be did can may might

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Using Verbs and Verb Phrases

A verb phrase has only one main verb. It may have one, two, or three helping verbs. The main verb is always last. EXAMPLE 4▪ By 1:00 in the afternoon, Derek had trained

for two hours.▪ He has been running on the trail every

morning.

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Using Verbs and Verb Phrases People take and write about events that happen at

different times. In a sentence, the verb expresses tense. A verb tense tells the time when an action takes place. The three simple tenses are present, past, and future. The three perfect tenses are present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect.

EXAMPLE 5▪ Present Derek starts his job today.▪ Past Derek started his job last week.▪ Future Derek will start his job on Monday.▪ Present Perfect Derek has started his job.▪ Past Perfect Derek had started his job earlier.▪ Future Perfect Derek will have started his job by April.

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Logical Verb Tense

As a writer, you must decide whether the tense of each verb is logical. Some sentences include more than one main verb. In general, all verbs should be the same tense if the actions occur at the same time. Use different tenses to show that actions happen at different times.

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Logical Verb Tense

EXAMPLE 6▪ Since Derek wanted to win, he practiced often.

(Both verbs are past tense.)▪ Every morning Amber gets up and feeds the cat.

(Both verbs are present tense.)▪ Brandon hopes that Derek will win the race. (The

tenses are different.) In the last sentence above, the verb

hopes is present tense. The verb phrase will win is future tense. The tenses tell you that right now, Brandon hopes that Derek will win in the future.

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Using Conjunctions to Combine Ideas

Lesson 2-4

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Objectives

To combine two sentences using a comma and a conjunction

To punctuate a series of three or more items

To use the conjunctions and and but correctly

To use conjunctions that work in pairs

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Using Conjunctions to Combine Ideas

You can combine short, choppy sentences about related ideas with a conjunction. A conjunction is a word that connects related words or groups of words. The most common conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.

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The Conjunction And

You can use the conjunction and to join words, phrases, and sentences. EXAMPLE 1▪ Joining Words I enjoy swimming and

jogging.▪ Joining Phrases She looked at work and at

home.▪ Joining Sentences Write well, and the

world is yours!

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The Conjunction And

Here are some rules for using conjunctions.

Rule 1 Connect only related ideas. IncorrectBrandon plays tennis and eats

lunch. Correct Brandon plays tennis and jogs.

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The Conjunction And

When you connect two words or phrases with a conjunction, no comma is needed. When you connect three or more words or phrases, commas are needed.

Rule 2 Use commas to separate three or more words or phrases in a series. IncorrectWe like tennis swimming and

golf. Correct We like tennis, swimming, and

golf.

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The Conjunction And

Rule 3 Place the last comma in a series before the conjunction. Incorrect The children were lost, tired and,

hungry. Correct The children were lost, tired,

and hungry.

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The Conjunction And

When you connect two or more related sentences, you create a compound sentence.

Rule 4 Use a comma before the conjunction when you combine two or more sentences. IncorrectAmber had a French test on

Monday and she studied very hard.

Correct Amber had a French test on Monday, and she studied

very hard.

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The Conjunction But

You have learned that the conjunction and connects related ideas. You use the conjunction but to point out an exception to a statement. EXAMPLE 2▪ I like apples and pears.▪ I like apples but not pears.▪ I enjoy reading, and I have many books.▪ I enjoy reading, but I read only magazines.

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The Conjunctions Or, So, and Yet You have seen how the words and and but

connect ideas in sentences. You can also use conjunctions or, so, and yet to connect ideas. You can use conjunctions to connect two or more words or phrases. You can also use them to connect two sentences. EXAMPLE 3▪ I would like milk or juice.▪ Will he travel by plane, or will he take the train?▪ He said he would come by plane, yet he arrived by

train.▪ The play had begun, so everyone hurried.

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Conjunctions That Work in Pairs

Some conjunctions work in pairs:▪ either. . . or▪ neither. . . nor▪ not only. . . but also

EXAMPLE 4▪ You may choose to read either a novel or a

play.▪ Neither Amber nor Brandon has arrived.▪ The kitten was not only tired but also wet

and muddy.

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Using Other Kinds of Conjunctions

Lesson 2-5

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Objectives

To recognize independent and dependent clauses

To identify a subordinating conjunction in a sentence

To write a sentence using a subordinating conjunction

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Using Other Kinds of Conjunctions

A sentence is also called an independent clause. It has a subject and a predicate. It also expresses a complete thought.

You can also use a dependent clause in writing and speaking. A dependent clause has a subject and a predicate, but it does not express a complete thought. EXAMPLE 1▪ Independent Clause Derek walked home.▪ Dependent Clause Because he needed

exercise.

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Using Other Kinds of Conjunctions

A dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions.Subordinating Conjunctions

after in order that when

although since whenever

as so that where

because unless wherever

if until while

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Using Other Kinds of Conjunctions

A dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction. It has a subject and a predicate. A dependent clause can be at the beginning or end of a sentence. It is not a complete sentence by itself, however.

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Using Other Kinds of Conjunctions

Follow these rules for punctuating sentences with subordinating conjunctions.

Rule 1 If the sentence begins with a dependent clause, put a comma after the clause.

Rule 2 Do not use a comma if the dependent clause comes after the independent clause.

EXAMPLE 2▪ When we arrived, the play had already begun. (comma)▪ The play had already begun when we arrived. (no

comma)


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