Chapter 19 Section 1

All notes are subject to test questions but pay particular attention to the underlined notes

1950s Economy [1956 Bel Air]

• Describe how the United States made the transformation to a peacetime economy.

• Discuss the accomplishments of Presidents Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower.

• Analyze the 1950s economic boom.

Objectives

Terms and People

• demobilization – sending home members of the army

• GI Bill of Rights – eased the return of World War II veterans by providing education and employment aid

• baby boom – increase in births between 1945 and 1964

Terms and People (continued)

• productivity – the rate at which goods are produced or services performed

• Taft-Hartley Act – a law that restricted the power of labor unions; outlawed the closed shop, a workplace in which only union members can be hired

• Fair Deal – President Truman’s program to expand New Deal reforms

The GI Bill of Rights and a strong demand for consumer goods – coupled with defense spending on the Korean War and increased foreign demand for U.S. goods – greatly improved the U.S. economy after World War II.

How did the nation experience recovery and economic prosperity after World War II?

The U.S became the richest country in the world.

After World War II, many citizens and economists feared the country would fall into a widespread depression.

• Truman started demobilization, and millions of soldiers came home and searched for work.

• Contracts to produce military goods were cancelled and millions of defense workers lost their jobs.

• An end to rationing and price controls – plus a demand for goods – fueled inflation.

Prices rose about 18 percent in 1946, and the prices of some products doubled. There was severe inflation

The most painful was skyrocketing prices

The post-war U.S. did not experience unemployment or a renewed depression, but it did have serious economic problems.

To help veterans, the federal government enacted the GI Bill of Rights.

Benefit Results

• The bill provided one year of unemployment pay for veterans unable to find work.

• The pay helped veterans support themselves and their families.

• The bill provided financial aid to attend college.

• Eight million veterans entered or returned to college.

• The bill entitled veterans to loans for buying homes and starting businesses.

• There was an upsurge in home construction, which led to explosive growth in suburban areas.

With the Great Depression and the war behind them, many returning soldiers got married and started families.

• The result was a postwar baby boom.

• Between 1940 and 1955, the U.S. population experienced its greatest increase, growing 27 percent from about 130 to about 165 million.

The postwar years ushered in a period of domestic prosperity that lasted nearly 20 years.

The U.S. became the richest country in the world.

When wartime restrictions ended, demand for consumer goods soared. Businesses employed more people to produce goods.

This created a cycle in which people bought new goods, leading

business to hire more workers, who in turn bought more goods.

During the postwar period, the U.S. economy also benefitted from technological advances, such as atomic power, computers, and plastics.

Worker productivity continued to improve, largely because of new technology.

The economy also got a boost from federal defense spending for the Korean War and from foreign demand for U.S. goods caused by the Marshall Plan.

Between 1945 and 1960, the nation’s gross national product (GNP) more than doubled.

Despite the economic growth, the U.S. faced challenges during after World War II. President Harry Truman faced the following issues.

• The Cold War was beginning and there were communist takeovers in Europe and Asia.

• The U.S. faced inflation and labor unrest at home.

Trade unionists demanded pay increases to keep up with inflation.

Employers refused to meet labor’s demands.

Millions of steel, coal, railroad, and automotive workers went on strike, prompting

Congress to enact the Taft-Hartley Act over Truman’s veto.

Truman desegregated the military, which did not need Congressional approval.

The committee made several recommendations for reforms, but Congress rejected them all.

Truman also established a special committee on civil rights to investigate race relations.

By spring 1948, Truman’s standing had sunk so low that few thought he could win election that fall.

However, Truman managed the political upset of the century, beating three other candidates, two of them from new political parties.

Shortly after the election, Truman announced a far-ranging legislative program he called the Fair Deal.

• The Fair Deal was meant to strengthen existing New Deal reforms and establish new programs, such as national health insurance.

•But Congress rejected most of Truman’s Fair Deal proposals.

Legislative failure and a stalled war in Korea contributed to Truman’s loss of popularity, and he did not seek reelection in 1952.

Popular, charming Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower won the presidency that year, beating Democrat Adlai Stevenson.

The public believed that Eisenhower would walk the line between liberal and conservative political positions, and he did not disappoint.

Eisenhower created an interstate highway system and spent more money on education.

The strong U.S economy went a long way toward making his presidency one of the most prosperous, peaceful, and politically tranquil in the 20th century.