INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Chapter 19, Section 1 and Chapter 20, Section 1

First Industrial RevolutionLate 1700s – Early 1800s

Chapter 19, Section 1

Industrial Revolution in Britain

Industrial Revolution began in Britain in 1780s

Why did it start in Britain?Improved agricultural practices○ Dramatic increase in food supply

Population grew, creating a large labor forceMany British were very wealthy○ Entrepreneurs – people interested in funding new

business to make a profitLarge supply of natural resourcesColonial empire provided several markets for

goods

Inventions and Inventors Cotton production

James Watt improves the steam engine○ Plays large part in Britain’s Industrial

RevolutionSteam power used to spin and weave cottonIncreases the need for coal

Coal and iron industriesCoal production increasesHenry Cort develops puddling○ Coal is used to burn away impurities in iron

ore, creating high quality iron○ Iron was used to create new machines and

new modes of transportation

Inventions and Inventors Railroads played key role in the success of

the Industrial Revolution1804 – First steam-powered train runs in BritainBuilding railroads creates new jobsLess expensive transportation = lower-priced

goodsMore sales = more machinery built = more money!

Factory is another key elementNew labor system○ Design work shifts○ Fined for being late and released for misconduct○ Child laborers were often beaten

Spread of Industrialization By mid-1800s, Britain is world’s richest

industrial nation Industrialization spreads throughout

world over many decadesSpreads first throughout EuropeIndustrial Revolution also occurs in the

United States in the 1800s○ Robert Fulton invents the steamboat,

making transportation easier○ Most important development in U.S. was the

railroad

Social Impact on Europe

Growth of population and citiesMore people were better fedPeople move from country to cities for

work○ Rapid growth of cities leads to poor

living conditions Two new social classes emerge

Industrial middle classIndustrial working class

Social Impact on Europe

Industrial middle classMade up of people who built factories,

bought the machines, and figured out where the markets were located○ Were ambitious and, often, greedy

Industrial working classWorkers in the factories○ Worked long hours (12-16 hours/day) for

6 days a week with only 30 minute breaks

○ No minimum wage

Social Impact on Europe

Industrial Revolution gave rise to the idea of socialismSystem in which the government owns

and controls some means of production, such as factories and utilities

Came mostly from intellectuals who believed in the equality of all people○ Replace competition with cooperation

Second Industrial Revolution:Late 1800s – Early 1900s

Chapter 20, Section 1

New Products Emerge Steel replaces iron

Can build lighter, faster, and smaller machines, engines, railways, ships, and weapons

Electricity as a new form of energyEasily converted to heat, light, and motion

through use of wiresGives birth to a series of new inventions○ Thomas Edison (USA) and Joseph Swan

(Britain) invent the light bulb○ Alexander Graham Bell – telephone○ Gugliemo Marconi – sent first radio waves

across Atlantic

New Products Emerge

Internal combustion engineGives rise to ocean liners, airplanes,

cars○ Oliver and Wilbur Wright made the first

flight in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

○ First passenger service plane in 1919

New Patterns

Workers’ wages increase and prices are lower after 1870

First department stores emerge, selling a range of consumer goods

Europe is dividedIndustrial countries – Britain, France,

Germany, Belgium, northern Italy, Netherlands

Agricultural countries – southern Italy, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, Russia

Organizing the Working Class

Karl Marx and The Communist ManifestoAppalled by horrible conditions in factoriesSolution was to create a new social system –

known as communism○ Believed all of world history was a series of class

struggles between the oppressors and oppressed○ Said there would eventually be a revolution that

produced a classless society Working class leaders form political parties

based on Marx’s ideasGerman Social Democratic Party becomes

largest

Organizing the Working Class Trade unions were formed

Organizations of laborers from the same trade working for better working conditions, wages, etc.

Won the right to strike in Britain in 1870○ Work stoppage called by members of a

union to pressure an employer into meeting their demands

Made considerable progress in bettering working and living conditions of working class by 1914

Comparing the Revolutions First Industrial

RevolutionGave rise to

textiles, railroads, iron, and coal

Second Industrial RevolutionGave rise to steel,

chemicals, electricity, and petroleum