Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 0
Chapter 13-1
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
Adapted from class notes by
Prof. Leszek T. Lilien, CS, Western Michigan University
and
Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal & Qing-An Zeng, University of Cincinnati
Most slides based on publisher’s slides for 1st and 2nd edition of: Introduction to Wireless and Mobile Systems by Agrawal & Zeng
© 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 1
Outline
Introduction
Characteristics of MANETs
Applications
Routing Protocols
Wireless Sensor Networks
General Wireless Sensor Networks
Fixed Wireless Sensor Networks
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 2
Infrastructure WLAN
AP
集線器
AP(Access Point)
Internet
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 3
Peer-to-peer wireless mode
Server with
wireless card
Laptop with
wireless card
Ad Hoc WLAN (Ad Hoc Network)
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 4
通常預設值
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 5
[Source]: D. Beyer, “Wireless Mesh Networks for Residential Broadband,” Nokia, 2002.
Wireless mesh network for residential
broadband
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, NCTU/CS, Taiwan
(無線)隨意網路(Another example of Ad Hoc Network)
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 6
Nokia Rooftop Product
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 7
行動無線隨意網路MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network)
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 8
13.1. Introduction A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)
An ad hoc network: Formed as needed
Formal def. of MANET:
An autonomous system of mobile nodes or
MSs (also serving as routers) connected by
wireless links, the union of which forms a
communications network modeled in the form
of an arbitrary communication graph
Autonomous => does not require support from any existing
network infrastructure
MS
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 9
MANET Routing
Source
Destination
MSs of a MANET also serve as routers
These routers are mobile
Route messages from SRC to DEST
Multihop routing
Store-and-forward passing of info in P2P(peer-to-peer) way
MS
MSMS
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 10
13.1 Introduction – cont. 1
Characteristics of MANETs:
Dynamically changing topology
Changing in an unpredictable manner
Limited power available to nodes (e.g., a battery)
Usually communicates only with neighboring nodes
Peer-to-peer
Information transmission via store-and-forward
Using multi-hop routing
MS3
MS2
MS4
MS1
MS5
MS6
MS2
MS7Symmetric link
Asymmetric link
Moving to a new location
Asymmetric =unidirectional - when xmission power of nodes on its ends is different (e.g., MS4 stronger than MS7)
p. 304 (頁332)
Fig. 13.1
17
What Can Ad Hoc Networks Can
Do for You?Paper: “Virtual Fences for Controlling Cows”
by: Bulter, Corke, Peterson, and Rus
from: Workshop on Applications of Mobile Embedded Systems
(with MobiSys 2004)
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 18
Case Study of a MANET
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Paper: “Virtual Fences for Controlling Cows”
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 19
Motivations Herding is a very labor intensive activity.
Animals are rotated frequently between paddocks to
prevent overgrazing of any one pasture.
Farmers spend huge amounts of
time and money fixing and maintaining fences.
This work: the first step toward automatically
controlling the location of individual animals as well as
the herd.
http://image2.sina.com.cn/ent/m/p/2016-03-04/U1513P28T3D1005041F326DT20160304120334.jpg
Paddock 1
Paddock 2
Paddock 3
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 20
Scenery on most ranches
Posts and barbed wire are
part of the scenery on
most ranches.
But satellite technology
is making it possible to
guide animals over
rangeland with
electronically generated
cues rather than
traditional fences and
cattle drives.
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 23
State of the Art (目前最新技術)
physical agent:
sheepdog, robot, etc.
stimulation device:
simple collar which provides an electric shock
when it is in close proximity to a buried
perimeter wire
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
http://img.askci.com/images/chanye/2015/5/18/6214b6d2-9017-4034-8b71-de811c1ce3c9.jpg
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 24
virtual fence:
smart collar for cows:
GPS unit, Zaurus PDA, wireless networking, and soundamplifier
sound stimulus:
whose volume is proportionate to the distance from the boundary.
such as roaring tiger, barking dog, hissing snake.
to repel from obstacles
wireless Ad Hoc Network:
formed by wireless devices with multi-hop communication capability.
Approach of the Authors(Dartmouth College)
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 25By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 26
Smart Collar:
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
PDA
MANET
27
More Info from Web
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 28By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 29
Smart Collar (cont.)
Craig Hale (left), of
Future Segue, and
animal scientist
Dean Anderson
examine the
prototype virtual
fence device they
invented.
Audio cues
generated from the
device tell the cattle
which way to move.
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 30
Smart Collar (cont.)
Technician Roy
Libeau (left) and
Anderson place a neck
saddle containing the
prototype virtual fence
system on a cow.
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 31
The prototype virtual fence device is shown here
as a neck saddle. Future versions may be reduced
to the size of an ear tag or smaller.
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 32
Cow Counters: Brazilian-built RFID chips were tested for tracking cows at a ranch in southern Brazil.
(V. Sreeharsha, “Brazil starts a chip industry,” IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 48 , No. 12, pp. 13-14, Dec. 2011)
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 33
Conclusions
physical information:
location, sensing data
wireless connectivity (multi-hop)
multi-discipline research (need to
work with farmer, biologist, etc.)
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
MANET
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 34
13.8感測網路(Sensor Networks)
無線通訊+電池技術+嵌入式系統(含感測器)
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
p. 334 (頁363)
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 35
智慧型生活無線感測網路系統
http://www.mem.com.tw/news/images/N080130000220080130153720.jpg
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 37
Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Sink node
(Sensor Gateway)
(Parameters + Localization)
(WSN)
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 38
智慧型生活無線感測網路系統
http://www.coa.gov.tw/htmlarea_graph/web_articles/coa/10169/74_1.jpg
(Sensor Gateway)
Sink node
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 39
13.8. Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
A class of ad hoc networks
A collection of hundreds or thousands of tiny, low-cost, disposable & low-power sensor nodes:
monitoring & analysis of an area
Sensor node in WSN
Includes :
Sensing module
Communications module
Computing module (Processor)
Memory module
Power source (usually a battery)
p. 334 (頁363)
By Prof. Kuei-Ping Shih, Wireless & Mobile Network Laboratory, CSIE, Tamkang University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 40By Prof. Kuei-Ping Shih, Wireless & Mobile Network Laboratory, CSIE, Tamkang University
ADC: Analog-to-Digital Converter
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 42
Sensor Node Characteristics
Low cost
Low power
Multi-functions
Small size
Short communication distance
By Prof. Kuei-Ping Shih, Wireless & Mobile Network Laboratory, CSIE, Tamkang University
http://www6.in.tum.de/pub/Main/Resear
chMultifunk/dust.PNG
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 43
Sensor Node (Mote)
By Prof. Kuei-Ping Shih, Wireless & Mobile Network Laboratory, CSIE, Tamkang University
802.15.4
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 46
WSNs vs. MANETs
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
(Sensor
Gateway)
MANET
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 47
WSNs vs. MANETs (cont.)
The number of sensors can be several orders of
magnitude higher than the nodes in an ad hoc network
Sensor nodes are densely deployed
Sensor nodes are prone to failure
Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational
capabilities, and memory
(Sensor
Gateway)
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 54
Base Station
3
3.1 3.2
3.32
2.1
2.2
2.3
11.0.1
1.0.2
1.0.3
1.2
1.2.5 1.2.4
1.2.3
1.2.2
1.2.11.1 1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.51.1.1
1.1.2
Simple sensor node
First Level Cluster Head
Second Level Cluster Head
13.10.4. Hierarchical Routing – cont. 1
Routing Protocols
p. 344 (頁373) Fig. 13.12
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 55By 業務林明輝主任, 盛暘科技股份有限公司, [email protected]
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 59
Example 2: Sensing a Cloud of Smoke
p. 24 (頁25) Fig. 1.24
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 60By Prof. Kuei-Ping Shih, Wireless & Mobile Network Laboratory, CSIE, Tamkang University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 61
Monitoring Volcanic Eruptions with a
Wireless Sensor Network (ETH)
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 62
Wind Monitoring (Univ. MN)
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 63By Prof. Kuei-Ping Shih, Wireless & Mobile Network Laboratory, CSIE, Tamkang University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 64
Factory Automation
By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 65By Prof. Kuei-Ping Shih, Wireless & Mobile Network Laboratory, CSIE, Tamkang University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 66By Prof. Kuei-Ping Shih, Wireless & Mobile Network Laboratory, CSIE, Tamkang University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 68
Health care
By Prof. Kuei-Ping Shih, Wireless & Mobile Network Laboratory, CSIE, Tamkang University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 69By Prof. Kuei-Ping Shih, Wireless & Mobile Network Laboratory, CSIE, Tamkang University
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 70By 業務林明輝主任, 盛暘科技股份有限公司, [email protected]
72
The End of Chapter 13-1
• Questions?
• Thank you!