Chapter 12
Performance Evaluation Using
the Balanced Scorecard
Introduction
When you choose a restaurant for a meal, are you concerned with:
•The price of the meal?
•How long you have to wait to be seated?
•The quality of the food that is served?
Introduction
•Factors other than financial performance may be needed to be successful.
•Is quality more important than cost?
•Is timeliness more important than meeting the budget?
•Is customer service more important than Return On Investment ?
The Balanced Scorecard
•Uses a set of financial and nonfinancial measures that relate to the critical success factors of the organization.•Helps to keep management focused on ALL of a company’s critical success factors, not just its financial ones.•Helps to keep short-term operating performance in line with long-term strategy.
The Balanced Scorecard
The balanced scorecard approach integrates
financial and nonfinancial performance measures.
The Balanced Scorecard Approach to Performance
MeasurementFINANCIAL PERSPECTIVE
How do we create value for our stakeholders?
FINANCIAL PERSPECTIVEHow do we create value for our
stakeholders?
CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVEHow do customers view us?CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE
How do customers view us?
INTERNAL BUSINESS
PERSPECTIVE
At what business processes must
we excel?
INTERNAL BUSINESS
PERSPECTIVE
At what business processes must
we excel?LEARNING and GROWTH PERSPECTIVE
How do we continue to improve, learn
and grow?
LEARNING and GROWTH PERSPECTIVE
How do we continue to improve, learn
and grow?
Strategy
The Balanced Scorecard
Financial Perspective•Primary goal of every profit-making enterprise is to show a profit.•However, here financial performance is seen in the larger context of the company’s overall goals and objectives relating to its customers and suppliers, internal processes, and employees.
The Balanced Scorecard
Customer Perspective
Critical success factors include increasing the quality of products and services, reducing delivery time, and increasing customer satisfaction.
Measures of performance include the number of warranty claims and returned products, customer response time and the percentage of on-time deliveries, and customer complaints and repeat business.
A second dimension deals with the increasing market share and penetrating new markets. Measures of performance include market share, market saturation, and new products introduced into the market place.
The Balanced Scorecard
Internal Operations Perspective
Deals with objectives across the company’s entire value chain—from research and development to post-sale customer service.
Critical success factors improve quality throughout the production process, increasing productivity, and increasing efficiency and timeliness.
The Balanced Scorecard
Learning and Growth PerspectiveLinks the critical success factors in the other perspectives and ensures an environment that supports and allows the objectives of the other three perspectives to be achieved.
Improving employee moraleIncreasing information systems capabilitiesProduct innovations
The Balanced Scorecard
The balanced scorecard approach requires looking at performance from four
different but related perspectives: financial,
customer, internal business process, and learning and growth.
A Focus on Quality
QUALITY: Meeting or exceeding customers'
expectations
Product performs as it is intended
Product must be reliable and durableThese features are
provided at a competitive price
A Focus on Quality
ISO 9000: A set of guidelines for quality management focusing on design, production, inspection, testing, installing, and servicing of products, processes, and services. Originally developed by the ISO to control the quality of products sold in Europe.
The Costs of Quality
To facilitate the comparison of the benefits of providing high-quality products or services with the costs that result from poor quality. Four general categories of quality costs include:
•Prevention costs
•Appraisal costs
•Internal failure costs
•External failure costs
The Costs of Quality
Prevention Costs
Costs incurred to prevent product failure from occurring.
Incurred early in the value chain and includes design and engineering, as well as training, supervision, and the costs of quality improvement projects.
The Costs of Quality
Appraisal (detection) Costs
Incurred in inspecting, identifying, and isolating defective products and services before they reach the customer.
Includes costs of inspecting raw materials, testing goods throughout the manufacturing process, and final product testing and inspection.
The Costs of Quality
Internal Failure Costs
Incurred once the product is produced and then determined to be defective, but before it is sold to customers.
Includes the material, labor, and other manufacturing costs incurred in reworking defective products and the costs of scrap and spoilage.
The Costs of Quality
External Failure Costs
Incurred after a defective product is delivered to a customer.
Includes the cost of repairs made under warranty, replacement of defective parts, product recalls, liability costs arising from legal actions against the seller, and eventually lost sales.
Measuring and Controlling
Environmental Costs
Environmental CostsThe costs of producing,
marketing, and delivering products and services—
including post-purchase costs caused by the use and
disposal of products—that may have an adverse effect on the
environment.
Environmental Costing
Environmental Prevention Costs:
The costs of activities carried out to prevent the production of contaminants and/or waste that could cause damage to the environment.
Environmental Costing
Environmental Detection Costs: The costs of activities executed to determinewhether products, processes, and other activitieswithin the firm are in compliance with appropriateenvironmental standards.
Environmental Costing
Environmental Internal Failure Costs:
The costs of activities performed to eliminateand manage contaminants and waste that have been produced but not discharged into the environment.
Environmental Costing
Environmental External Failure Costs:
The costs of activities performed after dischargingcontaminants and waste into the environment.
Productivity Measures
Productivity is simply a measure of the relationship between outputs and inputs.•How many loaves of bread are baked per bag of flour?
•How many cars are produced per labor hour?
•How many calculators are produced per machine hour?
•How many customers are serviced per shift?
Efficiency and Timeliness Measures
Customer Response Time: the time it takes to deliver a product or service after an order is placed.
Customer Places Order
Customer
Receives
Product
Order Ready for
Setup
Order is Set
Up
Product Complet
edOrder
Receipt Time
Order Waiting
Time
Order Manufacturin
g Time
Order Delivery
Time
Total Customer Response Time
Efficiency and Timeliness Measures
Northern Lights Custom Cabinets
Manufacturer of approximately 30 custom cabinets each yearWait time =12 hoursInspection time = 2 hoursProcessing time = 48 hoursMove time = 2 hours
Northern Lights Custom Cabinets
Manufacturing Cycle Time: the amount of time it takes to produce a good unit of product from the time raw material is received until the product is ready to deliver to customers.Wait time + Processing time + Inspection time + Move time
= 12 + 48 + 2 + 2= 64 hours= 64 / 8 hours per work day= 8 days
Northern Lights Custom Cabinets
Throughput: the number of good units that can be made in a given period of time.
(Assume 50 weeks X 5 days = 250 work days)
= 250 / 8 days manufacturing cycle time
= 31.25 units per year
Northern Lights Custom Cabinets
Value-Added Time Processing time = 48 hours or 6 days
Non-Value-Added TimeWait time + Inspection time + Move
time = 12 + 2 +
2 = 16 hours or 2 days
Northern Lights Custom Cabinets
Manufacturing Cycle Efficiency (MCE)
= Value-added time/Manufacturing cycle time
= 6 days / 8 days= 75%
Efficiency and Timeliness Measures
In a brewery, beer must sit in storage vats for a period of time while waiting
to be bottled or packaged for
delivery.Is this “wait time”
value-added or non-value- added?
Marketing Measures
Marketing Measures are linked to the financial, customer service, and learning and growth
perspectives of the balanced scorecard.
End of Chapter 12I knew I
should have paid more
attention tothe scorecard!