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Page 1: Chap46

DIGITAL MEDIA FUNDAMENTALSExplain the different types of colour.

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Explain the different types of colours.

In This Chapter, you’ll learn on: Different types of Colour Management System

o RGB Formulao CMYK Formulao Black & Whiteo Duotone

How to convert between colour modes such as o Black & White to Duotoneo RGB to Grayscaleo RGB to CMYKo RGB to Indexed.

Advantages of web-safe colour tools : o 216 web-safe colourso HTML colour codeso Colour Matters / web-safe paletteo Colour Logic for web-safe colours

Differences between process colour and spot colour in a desktop publishing documents

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Explain the different types of colours.

Color plays a vitally important role in the world in which we live. Color can change actions, sway thinking, and cause reactions. It can irritate or soothe your eyes, suppress your appetite or raise your blood pressure.

As a powerful form of communication, color is irreplaceable. Red means "stop" and green means "go”. Traffic lights send this universal message. Likewise, the colors used for a product, web site, business card, or logo cause powerful reactions.

Color models describe colors numerically. There are different methods of describing colors numerically, and a color mode determines which method or set of numbers to use to display and print an image. Photoshop bases its color modes on the color models that are useful for images used in publishing. You can choose from RGB (red, green, blue); CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) and Grayscale. Photoshop also includes modes for specialized color output such as Indexed Color and Duotone.

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Explain the different types of colours.

Black & White (Bitmap)In bitmap images, pixels are either black or white. This allows for incredibly small file sizes, but there is a corresponding loss of image quality. Because pixels are either black or white, they can appear jagged along the edges. At low resolutions, this can lead to a "blocky" appearance. Images that just contain only black and white dots should in most cases be scanned in 600 dpi to obtain a good quality. The exception is if the files become too large to handle, 300 dpi is in most cases acceptable. 

When converting a grayscale image to bitmap, the computer analyzes each pixel, and "rounds" it to either black or white.

In bitmapped mode, each pixel occupies 1 bit. A pixel can either be the foreground or the background color. Bitmapped mode is mainly used for scanned line art or for special fonts or symbols to be used on the web.

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Explain the different types of colours.

GrayscaleGrayscale is similar to bitmapped mode, but it stores shades between foreground and back-ground. Photoshop supports either 8 bit (256 shades) or 16 bit (65536 shades) resolution. This is the universal mode for anything that does not need colors.

Grayscale images are 256 shades of gray. Each pixel is assigned a brightness value that gives it the gray tone. Color images can be converted to grayscale, as can grayscale images be converted to RGB or Indexed Color modes, though the color palette will be made up of gray shades. When you know your final product is going to be grayscale, it is best to work with them in color first, to get more of the subtle tones that you may want, and convert it to grayscale as a last step.

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Explain the different types of colours.

A grayscale image at 8 bit color depth.

Close-up of the grayscale image. Notice that there are black, white, and shades of grey making up the image.

Grayscale image converted to bitmap image at 96 dpi.

Close-up of bitmap image. Notice that there are no tones of gray, all pixels are either black or white.

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Explain the different types of colours.

RGBRGB stands for the colors Red, Green and Blue. RGB are the colors that computer monitors, scanners and televisions use to show colors.

Most of the images people create are RGB, and when working within your own office, it is generally the better choice when creating and processing images. The computers colors (Red, Green, Blue) is the best option for the web or electronic publishing. They are also called additive colors. Advantages of working in RGB mode include the following:o You can save memory and improve performance because you

are working with fewer channels. o The range of colors in RGB spaces is much larger than that of

CMYK spaces, so more colors are likely to be preserved after adjustments.

 

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Explain the different types of colours.

RGB When working in RGB color, you are working with

3 color channels. Each primary color, red, green and blue, has its own channel, and the intensity of each channel, on a scale from 0 to 255, contributes to the color per pixel. Think of it as like mixing paints. The proportions of red, green and blue used on the painter's palette create a color. If a warmer shade is desired, more red is added, with less green and blue, etc.

But since white is a pure color, it is created by combining each channel at full intensity (255).

 

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Explain the different types of colours.

Colors are created in the RGB mode by assigning values ranging from 0 to 255 for each of the color channels. The overlapping areas represent the colors created by full values for each channel, in this case creating cyan, magenta, yellow, and white.

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Explain the different types of colours.

Even though you can perform all color and tonal corrections in RGB mode and nearly all adjustments in CMYK, you should choose a mode carefully. Whenever possible, avoid multiple conversions between modes, because color values are rounded and lost with each conversion. If an RGB image is to be used on-screen, you needn't convert it to CMYK mode. Conversely, if a CMYK scan is to be separated and printed, you needn't perform corrections in RGB mode.

If you must convert your image from one mode to another, it makes sense to perform most of your tonal and color corrections in RGB mode and use CMYK mode for fine-tuning.  

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Explain the different types of colours.

CMYK

CMYK stands for the colors cyan, magenta, yellow and black. (in order to avoid confusing black with blue, its abbreviation is K instead of B) . CMYK are the colors used for full-color printing and is used more for commercial printing. If you look at a magazine close up you will see tiny patterns of dots, these dots are arranged in different patterns and sizes to fool the eye into seeing colors that are not really there, e.g. brown etc. The disadvantages are, the image is a 3 times larger than RGB, and you will lose some brightness as CMYK does not support as wide a tonal range as RGB. In this model four colors of pigment, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black are printed in patterns of dots which our eyes mix to create the illusion of many different colors.

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Explain the different types of colours.

CMYK

Unlike the RGB model, CMYK is subtractive. While in theory cyan, magenta and yellow could reproduce any color; black is added to compensate for some impurities of the inks. CMYK is the preferred color mode to use for color printing if - and only if - your printer supports it. Other than that, it has no real advantages.

While cyan, magenta and yellow occur naturally, black has been defined as the absence of color, but in the publishing industry, in order to get true blacks, black had to be added to the process.

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Explain the different types of colours.

CMYKLike the channels of RGB color, each color of CMYK is a channel, and a pixel is assigned a percentage value of cyan, magenta, yellow and black. A smaller percentage of a color equates to a smaller amount of color available to the pixel. For instance, if a white area is desired, all values would have a 0%. Red may have a low percentage of cyan, high percentages of magenta and yellow, and no black. To create darker colors, the mixing together of inks (higher percentages of color) "absorbs" more light, therefore reflecting less and creating the darker shades.

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Colors in the CMYK mode are created by assigning a percentage to each color channel. The overlapping areas represent the colors created by 100% of each color channel, in this case creating red, green and blue. Notice however that these shades of RGB differ from those in the image of RGB color. This is due to the difference in the way CMYK interprets and creates color.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Printers use the CMYK color system. But because of the difference in the way monitors see color and printers do, you can get surprises when you go to print. This difference is in part due to the nature of the mediums, and in part due to your graphics adapter. Using higher quality adapters will lead to less surprise.

The important thing to remember about these color modes is that what you see is NOT what you get. There are some colors that can be displayed on screen that cannot be reproduced in CMYK printing.

Explain the different types of colours.

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DuotoneDuotone mode is very similar to grayscale. Duotones are used when you want to add some depth or color to a black and white image, or just get a trendy effect. A duotone lets you choose 2 ink colors on your image and will print as a 2 color job on the press. Usually, it will be made up of black and one other color, though it doesn't have to be. There is also a Tri-tone -which has 3 colors and a quad-tone that has 4. You can produce some very sharp black and white (Grayscale) images with this and it is used in photography books all the time.

Because duotones use different color inks to reproduce different gray levels, they are treated in Photoshop as single-channel, 8-bit, grayscale images. In Duotone mode, you do not have direct access to the individual image channels (as in RGB, CMYK, and Lab modes). Instead, you manipulate the channels through the curves in the Duotone Options dialog box.

Duotone image will cut down the printing cost as its only consists of two printing colors.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Indexed Color

Index color images are created from RGB images. RGB images can contain up to 16-million colors. When an image is converted to index color, the 16-million colors are converted to 256. This color reduction can create some image distortions as well as some banding (less-than-smooth gradations). Index color makes use of something called dithering. Dithering is the process of using a few colors to create the illusion of more colors (not unlike the dot patterns used in CMYK printing).

Indexed color helps to reduce file sizes, which is an important consideration for the web, while maintaining the quality of the image.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Indexed Color

Index color is a product of the Internet revolution and is kind of a strange animal. If a graphic image has been saved in this color mode then it can contain up to 256 colors and has 8-bit depth. That may sound like a lot but, when you consider that an RGB image has 16 million colors, 256 doesn't sound like much.

The objective in web graphics is to reduce file size as much as possible while not abandoning image quality. One wants smaller images so they will download to a browser quickly.

The attractive thing about index color mode is that 256 colors is the maximum the color mode can contain. It can contain less (between two and 256). With care, a designer can subtract colors from a graphic file so that it looks like a full-color image while containing far fewer colors with little quality loss.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Indexed Color

When dealing with index color, it's important to keep in mind that, once an image's colors are reduced, those colors are gone for good. If a 16-color, index color image is converted back to full-color, RGB mode, the image file size will increase but the quality won't improve.

Instead of storing the full color data for each pixel, indexed mode only stores a pointer to an entry in a color table. Photoshop supports up to 256 colors in indexed mode. Indexed mode is used in the popular GIF file format.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Appropriate color modes for presentation media RGB Color mode (Red, Green, Blue) is the best option for the web or electronic

publishing.  CMYK Color mode CMYK are the colors used for full-color printing and is used more for

commercial printing. Duotone

A duotone lets you choose 2 ink colors on your image and will print as a 2 color job on the press. There is also a Tri-tone -which has 3 colors and a quad-tone that has 4. You can produce some very sharp black and white (Grayscale) images with this and it is used in photography books all the time. Indexed Color modeIndexed color helps to reduce file sizes, which is an important consideration for the web, while maintaining the quality of the image.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Conversion of Colour Mode From Black & White to Duotone

The actual Duotone Mode built into Photoshop was designed to facilitate commercial printing needs so some of the terminology such as "PANTONE" and "process colors" might seem confusing to the casual user. Don't let it bother you though since these distinctions don't matter for typical home use.

To create a true Duotone, first create a Channel Mixer layer to achieve the black and white look you want or use your own preferred black and white conversion method. Then, flatten your image and use Image >> Mode >> Grayscale to convert it to a single-channel grayscale image. If you don't flatten the image before going to grayscale, Photoshop will warn you that your adjustment layer will be discarded in the conversion. Not what you want. If you get this warning, be sure to select "Flatten" instead.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Conversion of Colour Mode From Black & White to Duotone

Next, use Image >> Mode >> Duotone to begin the process of toning your image. You can play with the color choices yourself, but you are generally better off starting with one of the many presets Adobe thoughtfully provided. To access them, click on the "Load" button. Open the Duotones Presets folder from the resulting window. From here, you should see three folders: "Gray-Black Duotones," "PANTONE(R) Duotones," and "Process Duotones." In each, you will find a lengthy selection of presets to play with. The specific differences between each of these three types is not relevant to home inkjet printing so feel free to play around with any or all of them. Unfortunately, there's no facility to preview what each preset does, so you'll need to open them to find out. Be sure you have the Preview option checked in the Duotone Options dialog so you can see the effect of each on your image.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Conversion of Colour Mode From Black & White to Duotone

Once you find something you like, you can feel free to tweak the effect. The Options window has three main columns of information: A curve for each color, the color itself, and the name assigned to that color. To change colors, click on the color square itself to open the Color Libraries dialog. To control how that color is blended into the result, click on the curves icon to the left of the color. If you are familiar with Curves in Photoshop, you should be able to figure out what the Duotone Curve control does, but it is odd that Adobe chose not to make this identical to the regular Curves window. The grid here is fixed at ten divisions on each axis. To the right of the grid is a table allowing direct entry of what the resulting value should be across the range of input values in ten percent increments. Thus, each entry box on the right corresponds to one of the vertical lines in the grid. Click on "OK" to return to the Duotone Options window.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Conversion of Colour Mode From Black & White to Duotone

When you finish setting your Duotone options, click "OK" to complete the creation of your duotone. The results will be applied immediately to your image. If you mess up the Duotone Options to the point you wish you could start over, simply hold down the Alt/Option key and the "Cancel" button will turn into a "Reset" button. Click it instead of "OK" and the Options dialog will revert to its default state.

If you master duotones, Photoshop also supports Tritones (three colors) and Quadtones (four colors). Simply select how many colors you want to work with from the Duotone Options drop-down list.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Convert a color photo to Grayscale mode In this tutorial, we'll look at the absolute quickest and easiest way

of converting color photos into black and white in Photoshop, which is by changing their color mode from RGB to Grayscale.

Normally, digital photos and images are in what's called the "RGB" color mode. "RGB" simply stands for "Red, Green and Blue", and the reason it's called the "Red, Green and Blue" color mode, without getting into a lengthy discussion about color theory, is because red, green and blue are the primary colors of light. It sounds almost impossible, but every color our eyes can see is made up of some combination of red, green and blue. Also, every electronic device that either displays or captures images, whether it's your tv, your computer monitor, your scanner, or your digital camera, displays or captures them using red, green and blue, since what they're actually displaying or capturing is light, and red, green and blue are the primary colors of light.

 

Explain the different types of colours.

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Convert a color photo to Grayscale mode

Open the photo you want to convert to black-and-white. Choose Image > Mode > Grayscale. If asked to discard color info, click OK. Photoshop converts

the colors in the image to black, white, and shades of gray.  

Explain the different types of colours.

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Convert a RGB color photo to CMYK mode When you take a photograph with a digital camera or

scan an image using a digital scanner, the resulting file will use the RGB (Red Green Blue) colour space. You can then view it on your computer monitor and print it out using your desktop printer and get a good representation of the colour in the original image; this is because your monitor and printer use the same RGB colour space.

If you need to have your photograph printed by a commercial printer using 'full colour process printing', you will have to covert RGB files to CMYK, as a printing press uses the CMYK (Cyan Magenta Yellow blacK) colour space. 

Explain the different types of colours.

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Convert a RGB color photo to CMYK mode The problem is; the range of colours, referred to as gamut, that can

be produced using CMYK colour inks on paper, is a lot smaller than what can be represented using RGB. This can result in a photograph printing with some of the colours changing hue and looking dull. This often happens to the bright rich blue found in sky areas of an image.

Thankfully, Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign, are design programs that provide CMYK Prepress presets recommended for press setups across the world.

In Photoshop, select 'Edit' then 'Color Setting...' and look at the dropdown list under 'Settings'. Here you will see presets for Europe, North America and Japan.

Select a CMYK profile that best suites the final printing conditions, for example, 'ISO Coated v2 (ECI)', which is used for standard ISO printing based on the FOGRA39L characterization dataset applicable to reference printing conditions according to the international standard ISO 12647-2:2004.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Convert a RGB color photo to CMYK mode

Clicking on the 'More Options' button will allow you to set the rendering intent to use when converting from RGB values to CMYK. For continuous tone images such as photographs, selecting 'Perceptual' will generally give the best results while preserving the visual relationships of the source image.

Once you have setup the best colour settings above, you can open the RGB image you want to convert.

A photograph from a digital camera will probably have an embedded RGB colour profile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1). If Photoshop presents a window with 'Embedded Profile Mismatch' then select 'Use the embedded profile'.

If you need to make any adjustments to the image or apply any filters etc., do it now while the image is still in the RGB colour space.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Convert a RGB color photo to CMYK mode

To see which areas of the image that are 'out of gamut'; select 'View' - 'Gamut Warning'. Any colours that turn grey are colours that can not be produced in the CMYK colour space and Photoshop will have to select the nearest colour it can, depending on the rendering intent you selected earlier.

To covert from RGB to CMYK; select 'Image' - 'Mode' - 'CMYK Color'. You will probably notice that some of the colours change and become much duller. As shown in the images above.

 

Explain the different types of colours.

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Convert a Grayscale or RGB image to Indexed color

Converting to indexed color reduces the number of colors in the image to at most 256—the standard number of colors supported by the GIF and PNG‑8 formats and many multimedia applications. This conversion reduces file size by deleting color information from the image.

To convert to indexed color, you must start with an image that is 8 bits per channel and in either Grayscale or RGB mode.

 

Explain the different types of colours.

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Choose Image > Mode > Indexed Color. Note: All visible layers will be flattened; any hidden layers

will be discarded. For grayscale images, the conversion happens

automatically. For RGB images, the Indexed Color dialog box appears.

Select Preview in the Indexed Color dialog box to display a preview of the changes.

Specify conversion options.

Conversion options for indexed-color images When converting an RGB image to indexed color, you can

specify a number of conversion options in the Indexed Color dialog box.

 

Explain the different types of colours.

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Palette Type A number of palette types are available for converting an

image to indexed color. For the Perceptual, Selective, and Adaptive options, you can choose using a local palette based on the current image’s colors. These are the available palette types:

Exact Creates a palette using the exact colors appearing in the

RGB image—an option available only if the image uses 256 or fewer colors. Because the image’s palette contains all colors in the image, there is no dithering.

System (Mac OS) Uses the Mac OS default 8‑bit palette, which is based on a

uniform sampling of RGB colors.  

Explain the different types of colours.

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System (Windows) Uses the Windows system’s default 8‑bit palette, which is based on a

uniform sampling of RGB colors. Web Uses the 216-color palette that web browsers, regardless of platform,

use to display images on a monitor limited to 256 colors. This palette is a subset of the Mac OS 8‑bit palette. Use this option to avoid browser dither when viewing images on a monitor display limited to 256 colors.

  Uniform Creates a palette by uniformly sampling colors from the RGB color

cube. For example, if Photoshop takes six evenly spaced color levels each of red, green, and blue, the combination produces a uniform palette of 216 colors (6 cubed = 6 x 6 x 6 = 216). The total number of colors displayed in an image corresponds to the nearest perfect cube (8, 27, 64, 125, or 216) that is less than the value in the Colors text box.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Local (Perceptual) Creates a custom palette by giving priority to colors for which the

human eye has greater sensitivity. Local (Selective) Creates a color table similar to the Perceptual color table, but

favoring broad areas of color and the preservation of web colors. This option usually produces images with the greatest color integrity.

Local (Adaptive) Creates a palette by sampling the colors from the spectrum

appearing most commonly in the image. For example, an RGB image with only the colors green and blue produces a palette made primarily of greens and blues. Most images concentrate colors in particular areas of the spectrum. To control a palette more precisely, first select a part of the image containing the colors you want to emphasize. Photoshop weights the conversion toward these colors.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Custom Creates a custom palette using the Color Table dialog box.

Either edit the color table and save it for later use or click Load to load a previously created color table. This option also displays the current Adaptive palette, which is useful for previewing the colors most often used in the image.

Previous Uses the custom palette from the previous conversion, making

it easy to convert several images with the same custom palette.

Number Of Colors For the Uniform, Perceptual, Selective, or Adaptive palette, you

can specify the exact number of colors to be displayed (up to 256) by entering a value for Colors. The Colors text box controls only how the indexed color table is created. Adobe Photoshop still treats the image as an 8‑bit, 256‑color image.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Color Inclusion And Transparency To specify colors to be included in the indexed color table or to

specify transparency in the image, choose from the following options:

Forced Provides options to force the inclusion of certain colors in the

color table. Black And White adds a pure black and a pure white to the color table; Primaries adds red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, black, and white; Web adds the 216 web‑safe colors; and Custom lets you define custom colors to add.

 Transparency Specifies whether to preserve transparent areas of the image

during conversion. Selecting this option adds a special index entry in the color table for transparent colors. Deselecting this option fills transparent areas with the matte color, or with white if no matte color is chosen.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Matte Specifies the background color used to fill anti-aliased edges that lie

adjacent to transparent areas of the image. When Transparency is selected, the matte is applied to edge areas to help blend the edges with a web background of the same color. When Transparency is deselected, the matte is applied to transparent areas. Choosing None for the matte creates hard-edged transparency if Transparency is selected; otherwise, all transparent areas are filled with 100% white. The image must have transparency for the Matte options to be available.

Dithering Unless you’re using the Exact color table option, the color table may

not contain all the colors used in the image. To simulate colors not in the color table, you can dither the colors. Dithering mixes the pixels of the available colors to simulate the missing colors. Choose a dither option from the menu, and enter a percentage value for the dither amount. A higher amount dithers more colors but may increase file size. You can choose from the following dither options:

Explain the different types of colours.

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None Does not dither colors but instead uses the color closest to the

missing color. This tends to result in sharp transitions between shades of color in the image, creating a posterized effect.

Diffusion Uses an error-diffusion method that produces a less structured

dither than the Pattern option. To protect colors in the image that contain entries in the color table from being dithered, select Preserve Exact Colors. This is useful for preserving fine lines and text for web images.

Pattern Uses a halftone-like square pattern to simulate any colors not in

the color table. Noise Helps to reduce seam patterns along the edges of image slices.

Choose this option if you plan to slice the image for placement in an HTML table.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Web Browsers Colors Web colors are colors used in designing web pages, and the methods for

describing and specifying those colors. Hexadecimal color codes begin with a hash. Using the browser safe color palette is a choice you need to make when you're creating a Web page or Web image. It is especially important that you know what the consequences are for not using it.

  Example >>> You might use the color #dddddd for the background of a table. On your

monitor it would probably display as a nice neutral light grey. But when you show it to a friend, it could look very different. Depending upon how his monitor interprets the color it could look grey or it could look green or some other color.

  What displays as light grey on a 24-bit, 16.7 million color monitor might display

as a really ugly greenish grey on a 8-bit, 256 color monitor.   Why? This is because #dddddd is not a browser-safe color. "Browser Safe Colors"

are the 216 colors that can be viewed on 8-bit PC and Macintosh monitors and looks the same (or close to the same).

Explain the different types of colours.

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If you use browser safe colors, you can be sure that they will not dither on these machines and your pages will look the way that you intended them to look.

  8-24 bit Colors Personal computers with CRT monitors usually offer a choice of

settings for screen size and color depth.   The amount of memory available to drive the display is fixed,

but users can choose a large screen resolution with a reduced number of colors, or a smaller screen resolution with the maximum number of colors.

  The table below shows the standard range of color modes. Note

that 32 bit color mode doesn't increase the number of colors available, but it does allow video memory to be updated faster.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Maximum Colors Bits Per Pixel Comments 256 8 bit 216 Web-Safe Colors

65 536 16 bit High Color 16 777 216 24 bit True Color 16 777 216 32 bit True Color

Web paletteThe websafe palette consists of 216 colours that when displayed on a 256-colour (8 bit) monitor will be displayed as continuous flat colours.These colours will be rendered as flat colours on both Windows and Macintosh platforms - as to hue and saturation, Hexadecimal system (base 16)

Explain the different types of colours.

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CSS SHORTHAND When defining colours in CSS, hexadecimal codes

may be abbreviated to a single-digit for each of the 2-digit pairs; e.g. #FF0033 may be abbreviated to #F03.

The hexadecimal counting system consists of 16 unique symbols;

numbers from 0-9 letters from A-F Counting in hexadecimal: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B

C D E F, where 0 is null and F is the highest value.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Specifying websafe colours (using hexadecimal notation)

Colours in HTML are specified by a hash (#) followed by a six-digit hexadecimal number. This number consists of three 2-digit numbers corresponding to red, green and blue (RGB) values.

#XXxxxx = red #xxXXxx = green #xxxxXX = blue  

Explain the different types of colours.

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The websafe (216 colour) palette consists of a subset of the possible hexadecimal combinations and is restricted to three pairs of the same value at 20% increments, i.e.:

00 33 66 99 CC FF Examples:

#000000 = black#FF0000 = 100% red#00FF00 = 100% green#0000FF = 100% blue#FFFFFF = white

Explain the different types of colours.

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HTML Web Safe Colors Codes HTML colors are defined using a hexadecimal notation

(HEX) for the combination of Red, Green, and Blue color values (RGB).

The lowest value that can be given to one of the light sources is 0 (in HEX: 00). The highest value is 255 (in HEX: FF).

HEX values are specified as 3 pairs of two-digit numbers, starting with a # sign.

HTML colors are defined using a hexadecimal notation (HEX) for the combination of Red, Green, and Blue color values (RGB).

The lowest value that can be given to one of the light sources is 0 (in HEX: 00). The highest value is 255 (in HEX: FF).

HEX values are specified as 3 pairs of two-digit numbers, starting with a # sign.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Web-safe Color Palette Although computers have a capacity for at least 256 colors,

only 216 colors are common to all older computers. Newer computers are equipped with 64 thousand colors (16-bit) and the highest quality systems deliver 16.7 million colors (24-bit). However, approximately 10% of all computers are limited to 256 colors (8-bit).

In the early days of the world wide web, the web-safe 216 color palette emerged. The image below is the most accurate representation of the palette. Even though it's small, you can magnify it after you download the graphic. It's a nice surprise ... so it's worth the time to download the graphic and open it in any graphic application such as Photoshop.

Explain the different types of colours.

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(You can save the graphic of this palette by following the sequence for your computer's saving and downloading of a graphic. In some cases, you can just drag the graphic to your desktop, or alt click.)

These are web-safe greens from the 216 color palette.

You are limited to a certain range of greens (including these) if you address the web-safe range of hues.If you use a green that is not one of the web-safe colors - and if someone's computer is limited to 256 colors - the green will consist of a series of green dots (from the web-safe greens) that approximate the color. For example, the green below is not a web-safe green.

Explain the different types of colours.

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You can see an exaggeration of the "dithering" - the patching together of web-safe greens. This is how this color might look on computers that have 8-bit color.

Explain the different types of colours.

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The various colour classification system for printClassification systems cover the many different ways of classifying colors by bringing its parameters together in one figure so that it is easy to specify a particular color by, for example, its : -

(1) HUE, or color of the rainbow or spectrum, Red, Yellow, Green, Blue, Purple & intermediates, (2) LIGHTNESS or DARKNESS (called Tone by painters or Luminance by scientists), and (3) COLOUR FULLNESS (called Intensity or Strength by artists and Saturation by dyers and scientists).

Explain the different types of colours.

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The basics of spot color printing processSpot color is a method of applying a premixed color of ink directly to the page. Spot color is useful for documents that require only a few colors, such as newsletters, brochures and stationery. Spot color is also used to match specific colors very closely.

Spot color inks come in a rainbow of colors, including some specialty inks such as metallic and flourescent. Unlike CMYK or process color which creates colors by laying down layers of just 4 specific inks, spot colors are pre-mixed and you use one ink for each color in the publication.

There are different brands of spot color inks. In the United States, the dominant spot color printing system is PANTONE. The Pantone Matching System or PMS consists of over 1,000 colors of ink.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Also Known As: PMS colors Spot colors can be used as an area of emphasis on a four-

color process job with the spot color generally printed as a color on a separate plate and not as part of the four-color process.

Specialty inks can also be used as a spot color to provide even greater emphasis to an area. Specialty inks can range from fluorescent, fade resistant, opaque, and metallic inks.

Explain the different types of colours.

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A Look at Spot Colors It's a good example of a Web graphic that would use spot

colors when it's printed. There are essentially three colors in the above graphic: Grey Green

Explain the different types of colours.

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A Look at Spot Colors Each color is a spot color: black is one spot color; green is

one spot color; and purple is the third spot color. If there were two more colors in this graphics, then most likely it would be more economical to print it in process (also know as four color process or 4/c). Since there's only three, it makes sense to use spot colors.

Many customers get into trouble because they don't realize that black is actually a color, but it is. So if you have a graphic that just uses blue,yellow and black, for instance, it's considered a three color job.

Explain the different types of colours.

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The basics of CMYK printing process

CMYK refers to the printing inks used in four-color process printing. Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black are the colors used to produce full-color photographs and designs. (An approximate representation of these colors is below.)

These colors can be combined and printed to emulate a wide number of other colors. If you look carefully at a printed color photograph in any magazine or book, you'll see that it's made up of rows of tiny dots called a halftone screen. The dots work together, at different angles, to fool your eye into seeing a full spectrum of colors.

Cyan Magenta Yellow Black

Explain the different types of colours.

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The basics of CMYK printing processFor a graphics file to be printed in CMYK, it must be converted or created in that color mode. When film is produced, a different sheet of film is created for each color. For the computer to tell the machine that produces the film, an imagesetter, what to put on each sheet of film, the computer image must be in CMYK format. Colors in a page layout program must also be specified in percentages of the four colored inks.

So, why do we refer to these four ink colors as CMYK and not CMYB? Well, quite simply, it's so that no one will be confused into thinking that the last color is Blue rather than Black.

Explain the different types of colours.

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The basics of CMYK printing processPrinting an image in full-color is a complicated process involving a number of steps. A basic knowledge of these steps is not only essential for printers, but it is also important for designers in planning and creating the best layouts and for print buyers in understanding some of the issues that are raised when purchasing color work.

A mistake often made when submitting artwork for 4-color printing is not converting the images to the CMYK color space. This is needed so that the file can be separated into the four colors (see example) so that a separate printing plate can be made for each of the colors.

Also Known As: 4-color | process colors

Explain the different types of colours.

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The colour mixing and matching system of PantonesTo ensure that a printer uses exactly the color that a designer intends, color systems were developed. The most common of the spot color standards is the Pantone Matching System or, PMS as it is more commonly known. All of the modern image-editing, vector-drawing and page-layout programs come with a full library of thousands of Pantone colors as part of the program.

In addition, designers will want to have a set of swatch books that show printed examples of the colors and their codes. Swatches are a more reliable method of matching or choosing colors than doing so on-screen. This is because monitors are illuminated by light behind them which makes colors seem brighter on-screen than they are when printed on paper. Also, colors on a monitor are created with red, green and blue light (RGB) rather than mixed ink pigments.

Explain the different types of colours.

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The colour mixing and matching system of PantonesIn some cases, both spot color and process color can be used on the same document. For example, a company brochure may include color photos (process color) and a corporate logo (spot color). Spot color applies a pre-mixed ink to the page. This color is usually identified by a color system such as the Pantone Matching System.

Your printer or designer will often refer to a specific color using a 'Pantone number'. If you are going to talk about colors in this context, you need to know a few basics.

The PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM® is the definitive international reference for selecting, specifying, matching and controlling ink colors

Explain the different types of colours.

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The colour mixing and matching system of PantonesIt is used by artists and commercial printers to select, specify and match colors very precisely. Many logos are created with specific PANTONE Colors that can be very closely reproduced. By using PANTONE Colors, designers can be confident that their output will match their expectations.

Each Pantone number relates to a unique color in a color palette.

It is not always possible to accurately match a 'Solid' color by mixing cyan, magenta, yellow and black so a compromise is therefore necessary. Pantone produce color guides to deal with this issue. The Solid to Process Guide shows each Pantone 'Solid' color and its nearest 'Process' color equivalent.

Explain the different types of colours.

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The colour mixing and matching system of PantonesIt is used by artists and commercial printers to select, specify and match colors very precisely. Many logos are created with specific PANTONE Colors that can be very closely reproduced. By using PANTONE Colors, designers can be confident that their output will match their expectations.

Each Pantone number relates to a unique color in a color palette.

It is not always possible to accurately match a 'Solid' color by mixing cyan, magenta, yellow and black so a compromise is therefore necessary. Pantone produce color guides to deal with this issue. The Solid to Process Guide shows each Pantone 'Solid' color and its nearest 'Process' color equivalent.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Before actually printing with color, it is necessary to understand some of the factors that influence the appearance of colors on a printed document. Listed below are some of the important points to consider:

Although color guides are a good tool for determining the color that should be used, (such as spot colors), they should be used only as a guide. There is no guarantee that the final printed color will look exactly like the color in the guide. The colors in the guides tend to fade, so the guides are usually valid for about a year. The color swatches in a guide are usually printed with a saturation that may be hard to achieve on some applications.

Explain the different types of colours.

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The type of paper on which color is printed has a huge affect on the way the color appears. The same color will appear to be quite different when printed on coated and uncoated papers. The ink absorption rate, along with the brightness and the color of different papers can result in significant changes in the way color appears on different papers.

There can be differences in ink pigments between different ink manufacturers, which is another reason why it is difficult to perfectly match the color in a guide. Most printers use ink from one vendor, so they can usually expect consistency in the ink they use.

Lighting conditions affect the appearance of the ink color. Differences in daylight during different times of the day and differences in artificial illumination, such as fluorescent and incandescent, can cause a wide shift in the appearance of a color.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Precise color matching can only occur when the preceding factors are considered. A color viewing booth can be used in order to accurately match the printed color with the proof.  Lighting conditions, materials, and the techniques used, must be controlled in order to achieve the best results when printing with color.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Compare spot color and CMYK process, its advantagesand limitations

Design choices will affect cost!The cost of printing color documents is usually related to the number of ink colors used. As process color requires four or more inks, spot color can be cheaper if you use fewer than four colors.

Spot color also has the advantage of printing a wider range of clean, bright colors. If a color seems smooth and even no matter how closely you look, it's probably printed with spot color.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Compare spot color and CMYK process, its advantagesand limitations

Design choices will affect cost!The cost of printing color documents is usually related to the number of ink colors used. As process color requires four or more inks, spot color can be cheaper if you use fewer than four colors.

Spot color also has the advantage of printing a wider range of clean, bright colors. If a color seems smooth and even no matter how closely you look, it's probably printed with spot color.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Cons & Pros of spot colorIf a designer needs to match a particular color (a logo color perhaps) in a printed piece or has a limited budget, then spot color is something to consider. Spot colors can also be used alongside process (CMYK) colors for greater flexibility.

Though some may view spot color printing as being much more limited than CMYK printing, there are many interesting possibilities.

Two or more spot colors can be mixed to create interesting colors and effects.

Spot colors can be combined to create duotones, tritones and quadtones that can be very effective and can add some visual interest to otherwise grayscale images.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Unfortunately, it's difficult to proof spot color jobs. Most proofing systems use CMYK-based technology. Some laminated proofs, which work by attaching colored sheets of clear acetate, have some spot colors available but these are often expensive.

You can create the illusion of more colors in a job by using shades of your PMS colors: these are known as screens, shades, or tints. For instance, the golf ball in the GolfScapers logo has gray in it. This is a shade (or tint) of black.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Full Color Printing Vs. Spot Color Spot colour printing is not like full color process printing. In full colour process printing, four primary colors (cyan,

magenta, yellow & black) are used offering hundreds of thousands of possible combinations to create full colour printing.

In spot color printing, single colors of ink are used that limit the possible color combinations to those specific inks. For example, if you had a spot color job that was being printed in green ink, the only variations in color you will see is where the ink has been "screened" to give the appearance of a lighter shade. If you are printing with two colors, you are limited to those two colors and the lighter shades available through screening those two colors.

Explain the different types of colours.

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Imagine your printing coming to life in full color. Our "Four Color Process" makes it happen for you. People will sit up and take notice when your product or service is presented in full living color.

 What Is "Four Color Process"?  It is the most common color system for print, producing full

color. The vast majority of magazines and color books are

produced using four-color process. Originally the artwork and originals were separated

photographically using filters to produce four printing plates. Today's separation and production is carried out digitally.

The four ink colors are Cyan (Blue), Magenta (Red), Yellow and Black - often referred to as CMYK.

 

Explain the different types of colours.