A PEOPLE & A NATION SIXTH EDITION
Norton •
Katzman •
Blight •
Chudacoff •
Paterson •
Tuttle •
Escott
Chapter 3: American Societies Take Shape, 1640–1720
Ch. 3: American Societies Take Shape,1640–1720
• 80 years establish economic & political patterns for 1700s⎯ever greater European, African, & American interaction
• Slavery develops in English colonies, & colonies active in Atlantic trade
• England reforms colonial administration• Greater conflict between English & Native
Americans as well as w/ other Europeans in N. America
I. The Restoration Colonies
• Civil War & Interregnum (1642−1660) between King & Parliament affect colonies
• Charles II, restored Stuart king, grants 6 “proprietorships” to royal supporters
• Vests land & government in a small group• New York granted to Duke of York (1664),
easily conquers Dutch settlements
I. The Restoration Colonies (cont.)
• NY Population is heterogeneous: Dutch, English, German, Native American, African, & others
• Duke moves cautiously to impose control; eventually allows elected legislature (1683)
• Duke grants land to Carteret & Berkeley for New Jersey (1664), & unlike Duke, they successfully promote migration w/ promises of land, religious toleration & a legislature
I. The Restoration Colonies (cont.)
• Quakers (radical egalitarians) move to Jersey (1680s) to escape persecution
• Pennsylvania founded as Quaker haven (1681) by Penn who promoted migration w/ policies similar to New Jersey
• Jersey & especially Pennsylvania grow quickly, & like New York, heterogeneous
• Unlike others, Penn treats Indians fairly
I. The Restoration Colonies (cont.)
• Carolina founded (1663) to block Spanish & produce valuable products
• Quickly divides: north settled by Virginian tobacco planters & south settled by English from Barbados⎯split formalized in 1729
• Like other early colonies, South Carolina initially depends on Native Americans for survival
II. 1670−1680: A Decade of Crisis
• Key conflicts between Europeans & Native Americans
• To expand into Great Lakes & Mississippi, New France weakens Iroquois through war
• Found New Orleans (1718) to dominate fur trade in interior
• French settlements are small & accommodate local Native Americans
II. 1670−1680: A Decade of Crisis (cont.)
• Pueblo Revolt (1680) caused by Spanish brutality⎯most successful Indian uprising
• Spanish regain colony by 1692, but forced to be accommodating
• Expand into California & Gulf of Mexico⎯ extend practices from New Mexico
• English tension w/ Native Americans are mostly over land, not trade or religion
II. 1670−1680: A Decade of Crisis (cont.)
• Population & territorial expansion in New England lead Pokanoket chief, Philip, to attack (1675) w/ help from other tribes
• Tide turns (1676) as Philip’s forces lack supplies & English ally w/ key Indian tribes
• Exhausting war for both sides• After King Philip’s War, power of coastal
tribes in New England is broken
II. 1670−1680: A Decade of Crisis (cont.)
• Virginians attack Native Americans for land (1676), but governor does not support them
• Bacon, a recent immigrant, leads rebellion against governor & war against Indians
• He is supported by former indentured servants• Rebellion collapses, but takes much Native
American land & shows problem w/ lots of former indentured servants
III. Introduction of African Slavery
• Chesapeake planters need labor, but fewer English migrating as indentured servants
• Less population pressure (England) & better opportunities in Restoration colonies
• Adopt slavery model created by Portuguese & imported to America & Caribbean
• Pre-1660, few Africans in Chesapeake & status varied: free, indentured, or slave
III. Introduction of African Slavery (cont.)
• Mostly Atlantic creoles—mixed race & came to North America from West Hemisphere
• Ambiguities in Chesapeake laws reflect gradual move toward perpetual bondage
• Economics spur move to African slavery, but as it spreads, concepts of “race” & “slave” defined in all colonies
IV. The Web of Empire & the Atlantic Slave Trade
• 1492-1770, over 10 million Africans taken to America, mostly Brazil & Caribbean
• Atlantic trade very complex & different regions had distinct roles
• Slavery linchpin: trading slaves, products made by them, or slave food fuel system
• New England profits by exporting food & wood products to Caribbean sugar plantations
IV. The Web of Empire & the Atlantic Slave Trade (cont.)
• Restoration colonies copy New England & some northerners become slave traders
• Transatlantic slave trade is brutal for slaves (10–20% die en route); e.g. Equiano
• Europeans die too—exchange of disease• W. African rulers are vital middlemen; capture
Africans in exchange for European goods
IV. The Web of Empire & the Atlantic Slave Trade (cont.)
• Trade causes political centralization & gender imbalance in West Africa
• Shifts European trade & prosperity to Atlantic, away from Mediterranean & China
• Europeans compete for slave trade: first Portuguese; then Dutch; then English
• English government tries to tax this extensive & profitable trade
IV. The Web of Empire & the Atlantic Slave Trade (cont.)
• Navigation Acts (1651–73) & mercantilism• Assume competition for finite wealth; goal is
self-sufficiency w/ positive trade balance• Colonies important to England—market for
products & source of raw materials • Acts center colonial trade on England
– only English or colonialists can trade;
IV. The Web of Empire & the Atlantic Slave Trade (cont.)
• Acts center colonial trade on England (cont.)– limit sale of “enumerated”colonial goods to
England or colonies;– all colonial imports go through England
• Effect on colonies is mixed, but English still face evasions—create new courts without juries to try smugglers (1696)
• Board of Trade (1696) improves oversight, but British administration still haphazard
V. Enslavement in North America
• Late 1600s, massive influx of Africans (mostly male) to Chesapeake
• Slaves cost twice as much as indentures— increase gap betw. rich & poor planters
• South Carolinian planters extensively import slaves & use their expertise (rice, indigo)—key to economic growth there
V. Enslavement in North America (cont.)
• W/ so many there, more W. African culture survives; task system allows some autonomy
• Indians enslaved, especially in Carolinas• Brutality of trade causes Yamasee War (1715),
but colonists win w/ reinforcements & Indian allies
• Slavery not extensive in either Spanish or French North America
V. Enslavement in North America (cont.)
• While most slaves are in southern English colonies, significant numbers in north
• Most Atlantic creoles are from West Indies• Some in urban areas (especially New York),
but like south, most work in agriculture
VI. Colonial Political Development
• Despite variety, some common elements– Elected or appointed governor & council– Elected lower legislature or House– Local: towns (New England), counties (Penn),
or justice of peace (southern)– Strong tradition of local political autonomy &
consent—free adult men w/ property expect a voice in politics (taxes)
VII. Imperial Reorganization
• Besides economic control (Navigation Acts), England increase political control
• Dominion of New England (1686)—most drastic attempt—dissolves assemblies & gives Andros immense power
• Ended after Glorious Revolution (1688–89), but MA is a royal colony w/ appointed governor (NJ, NC, SC are also royal colonies)
VIII. Witchcraft Crisis
• Late 1600s, time of economic & political uncertainly, tension w/ Native Americans, & new war w/ France (King William’s War, 1689–97)
• Context for Crisis (1692); most severe in Salem: over 150 arrested, 20 killed
• End because (1) key ministers question evidence; (2) new charter ends uncertainty; (3) new governor opposes trials
IX. Accommodation to Empire
• Colonists resent increased British control, but most adjust to it
• Some colonial leaders support new British officials (court parties); others tend to oppose (country interests)
Summary: Discuss Legacy & How do Historians Know
• Legacy of “Witch Hunts”– Communal hysteria & search for scapegoats
• Africans affected by enslavement, but not completely changed
• How is the survival of African culture reflected in North America (See HDHK box, p. 79*)
*Norton, A People & a Nation, Sixth Edition
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