Who were the first human’s to come to North
America and how did they get here? Why is something that happened 12 trillion
years ago important enough for us to talk about?
America
I. Asians crossed the Bering Strait 12000
years ago. Nomads Beringia
Ice Age, Glaciers II. North Americans
Hopewells, Iroquis, Creek III. Central and South Americans
Mayas & Olmec, Aztecs, Incas
The First “Americans”
Agricultural Revolution – 9000-10000 years
ago. Central Americans learned to plant and grow
crops. Maize
First American civilizations arise in Mesoamerica.
Mesoamerica
Olmec-in modern-day Mexico are considered
to be the first civilization in America. Mayans first appear on the Yucatan peninsula.
Very smart bunch… Aztecs had an enormous empire throughout
Mexico. Large impact on modern Mexico.
http://www.history.com/videos/the-aztecs?cmpid=MRSS_Bing_HIS#the-aztecs
Olmec, Mayas, and Aztecs
Hohokam
Irrigation Canals Anasazi
Cliff dwellers– Mesa Verde, Chaco Canyon Ditches and Basins
Hohokam and Anasazi
Hopewell
Created tools, clay pots. Burial and Ceremonial Mounds
Mississippis Great builders and architects
Hopewell and Mississippians
What does it mean to be a “nomad”?
People who travel from place to place. What does the Ice Age have anything to do
American history? Name two major Native American tribes the
arose out of Mesoamerica. Maya, Aztec
Question Time
Native Americans’ culture was effected by
their environment. Western Tribes Far North Tribes Eastern Woodland Tribes
Native American Societies
Southwest
Many small groups--Pueblo Tribes Anasazi, Hohokam, Zuni, Hopi Practiced corn farming, hunting, and gathering.
Pacific Coast Many groups- Tlingit, Haida, Kwakuitls, Chinook,
Salish Harvested lumber, fished, hunted deer
The West
The Great Plains
Hopewell, Mississippian, Sioux, Pawnee, Kansas, Iowa After the introduction of horses, they became
great hunters and warriors. Sioux famous for “scalping.”
The West
Inuit and Aleut
Depend on hunting whales, seals, and caribou. Only Native American culture to develop lamps.
The Far North
Two distinct language groups – Algonquian,
Iroquoian Practiced slash-and-burn agriculture Longhouses and wigwams
Iroquois often went to war with each other. Founded the Iroquois League
Hiawatha - Chief
The Eastern Woodlands
People of the Southeast were spread out and
lived in towns. Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw,
Natchez.
The Southeast
African culture is vital to American culture.
Islam – Most West Africans were Muslim. Mosque – Islamic place of worship.
Trade routes between West Africa, Europe, and North America were impacted.
Sec. 3 - Africa
Africa was important to North American
colonization for two reasons. 1. Gold, Sugar, and Spices Trade 2. Slave Trade
The Trade Game
Discover the causes of European exploration.
Why travel 5000 miles, experience hardship and possible death?
Were the Europeans technologically ready to explore?
Daily Objectives
American society is most similar to European
society for a number of reasons, but the main reason is that the United States was born out of Europe.
There had to be a reason/motivation for European exploration. We are going to discuss these reasons today!
Why this is important…
10th -14th Centuries
Crusades – Latin word crux, meaning “cross”. Pope Urban II Armed struggle against Arab Muslims.
– Regain the “Holy Land” - Convert Muslims to Christianity
Importance Influenced curiosity to travel and trade outside of
Europe.
The Crusades
During the Middle Ages (500-1400), Europe
experienced a decline after the fall of the Roman Empire. Feudalism- Western European Kings grant
power to nobles who owned land, creating an uneven heriarchy of power. Manorialism – Economic ties between serfs and
nobles Created social classes
Fall of the Roman Empire
“I work very hard. I go out at dawn, driving the
oxen to the field, and I yoke them to the plough; however hard the winter I dare not stay home for fear of my master; but, having yoked the oxen made the ploughshare and coulter fast to the plough, every day I have to plough a whole acre or more.”
--quoted in Colloquy
Back to the Crusades…
Demand for foreign goods was high in Europe (spices, sugar, salt, silk) European traders reap huge profits
More tax $ for countries= more money spent on exploration.
Less reliance on the feudal system.
The Age of Discovery (15th -16th Centuries)
Renaissance – 1350-1600 (about)
Intellectual revolution in Europe. Highly influenced by the Middle East
New Technologies Caravel (Portuguese), Lateen Sails (Indian) Astrolabe (Muslim), Compass (Chinese)
The Renaissance
The Printing Press – 1454 – John Gutenberg
Greater access to maps and knowledge Less “rediscovery”
New Technologies-cont.
15th Century was rough for Roman Catholicism
Protestant Reformation Indulgences Martin Luther
Church of England
Religion in Europe
Find a sea route to Asia
1419 – Henry the Navigator 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias 1497 – Vasco da Gama
Discovered water route to Asia.
Vikings were first to the New World, about 1000 AD Leif Ericsson – Set up colonies in Newfoundland,
but they failed. No success, no credit!
First European Explorers
Look at the map on pg 34. First, answer
question number 1. Now, answer these questions:
After the discoveries of Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama, which European cities had the greatest trade advantages?
If I wanted to ship spices over land from India to Cordoba, Spain, what would be the easiest path for my goods to travel?
Assessment
Why were Europeans ready to explore?
Why would they want to explore? What happened that made them change their
isolationist ways?
Make a cause and effect T-Chart justifying your response.
Question Time…
Cause and Effect of European Exploration
Causes
Crusades Weakening of Feudalism–
More power for nobles, less for kings.
Renaissance New tech.=> Compass,
Astrolabe, Caravel Competition between
nations. Missionary zeal - Pilgrims
Effects
Exchange of goods, services, and ideas between cultures.
Slave Trade Disease swaps
“America was discovered accidentally by a
great seaman who was looking for something else: when it was discovered it was not wanted; and most of the exploration for the next fifty years was done in hope of getting through or around it. America was named after a man who discovered no part of the New World. History is like that, very chancy.” - Morison
Christopher Columbus
Leif Ericsson discovered North America nearly
500 years before Columbus. Why does history remember Columbus and not Ericsson? History honors the successful…
Why is Columbus Famous??
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator, believed the Earth was round. NOT a new idea. Claudius Ptolemy drew circular
maps of the Earth in AD 200, complete with lines of longitude. Pg 39
Columbus Background
Columbus is quoted: “…the end of Spain and
the beginning of India are not far apart… and it is known that this sea is navigable in a few days’ time with a favoring wind.” Severely underestimated the size of the Earth.
Why important? –See Google Earth Waited 7 years for final approval.
King Ferdinand of Spain
Columbus’ Problem…
Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria Reached land Oct. 12, 1492
Watlings Island, San Salvador (Bahamas) Found very little…
Indengiounous People – Called them Indians Small deposits of gold Explores other islands, returns to Spain
Promises Ferdinand more gold than he can dream of.
Columbus’ Voyage
His findings encourage other expeditions.
His success is due to the fact that it was publicized.
Columbus
Portugal and Spain were nearly at war over
disputing trade routes. Pope Alexander VI had a solution: 1493- Line of Demarcation (Bull of
Demarcation) Vertical line of separation in the Atlantic ocean
between Spain and Portugal. Spain gets the Americas.
1494- Treaty of Tordesillas Significance?
Race to Claims
Juan Ponce de Leon – Governor of Puerto
Rico, discovers Florida in 1513. Searched for the “fountain of youth”.
Vasco de Balboa – First European to reach Pacific coast of America.
Spain Explores America
Ferdinand Magellan – First explorer to
circumnavigate the world. Magellan didn’t survive the trip
Why voyage significant?
Spain Explores America
Hernan Cortes - 1519-1522 : Conquers Aztecs
Pizzaro – 1531-1535: Conquers the Incas in Peru with only 180 men.
Spanish Explorers
The Columbian Exchange
Europe to America Livestock Technology Coffee Wheat, Rye, Barley Disease
America to Europe
Corn Peanuts Fruits Tomatoes Tobacco Potatoes Disease