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• . LA T~ESE 'A ~E \ · . MICROF.ILMEE TELL'E oue\ .
NO~S.L'AVONS RE\ UE. \
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. . . . . . . . . "' ··AGE DETERMINATION :AND BIOLOGICAL 'STUDIES
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OF NORTHERN' .PIKE ESOX LUCIUS liNNAEUS .:1758
.J~ lOBSTIC~ AREA, ~~~LWOOD RESmV:DI~, lABRADOR· . . .. ..
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. . . ~-· ... · © : ·, J.ohil,P: :.Wh•~ler, B.Sc. (HonourS) ·
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A' thesis submitted iA ·partial , fulfillment of !£.e · requirem~nts
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. fo-:· the deg~e of \ . .. . Master of Sclen·ce . ·
DeP.artffie.Jit. of Biology - . · · Menioriaf University ·Of Newfoundland
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Jul!' 1.'980 · ·
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·A ·sample o-f 415 n~r-thern pike .was tak.en from· l>elo~i · L~bsti.ck . · ..
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, structure, Smallwoo·a . Reservo-ir-; during the su11111ers of 1977 and 1.97.8.- - . '· . -· .. . ·'
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. ·. - . .. :Four· met~ods u.~ determination, scaie$, _op·erc:ula·, d _eithra an~ ; .' ~ .
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·~· ·atoli.ths, were~ompared -to dettrr_ifine .;.f ~Hfer~nt . met'hod~ provid~d -, ' ,, ·: ' .' . r • ' ' ', \ n • :' I • •,' '
.' '.' Comparable , ages· for . th~ ·S~f!le · fi.sh. )malysis ·Of· COV(l~_iaJlce showed . . ' . . . .
.: si gnifi.cimt differenc~s between empirical .and : ba~k-cal cul a'ted age..: - . . . ' ' ·. . . . ' ' ' .
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length. re_gressions using scales, a·pe~c~la . and· clei thra; _ there w~re ./ • •• J , • I : . . ~.. . . ·. • . , . • . . . . . . . . . . . .
· -- .no diffe·renc·es-us.fng otoli-ths. ·otoliths .were - iJs~d · to study a·ge:·.an(f · . ' . . - . . ' ~ . . . . ' . . ' . .
·.- ·· ···growth:M 'pi~~e- · froni ··L9bstjck_: ·:The maximu'~ age. ~co~ded was -J~ years, .· "' . . . ' . .. . . . . . '
-. ·with 49~ of the· fi'sh in the: -7 and-8 age..;g~oups: · The fish . ra.ns~d in_ · ~ ' ' • . . • . . . . ' ' . • ' ' i . : • ' ~ ,,!'. • ' ' • • • • : • •
.. length from.9.3 ·to' 87.5 em, · w"ith a mean · fork -length-.of 62_.0 em .. The · • • • ' 0
- ' . ' . . ·· .. :·: wei ~ht in~rease~ . a_~· th~ · 3:0634 p·ower ot' the 1 ength ... ·_ Coeffi.c.ient of .
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. condition .values of mature. fish, sampled · from June 'tO -September, ·· . .. • . . . ·I .
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.. ' were highest in e~rly June '_and lowest in late Jtb,e. I Instant~ileou~ - .
tot.al · m~rt.al ·i~y rates.,'c~l·~~lated .. f.ro~ :a ~-at~h -curve,· ~ere hi~her fbr · · · -• ' •, , • . ' ' • ·, . \ i ' ' • ' ', ' ' ,' ' • '
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fem~les. (0. 37) ·th .. an fQr _ nia~es· (0. ·32).: . -The overall · sex _ratio was, · · . ... · · ~ .· . .1-{ . · - .. . .
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. clo.se t~ · l :1 . . t~ales . were. ~predominan·t>ly '(sot)' mature .by ~ age 5, 'or. . . . . : . - ··. . . : . .. ( . . : ' ·_ . . ' - . - . . ., . ._ .' . ~ ' .:
· . · at 40 em,· fenia1es by age •.8, ·or at 60 cni. Observation of :. ovaries of ; ' o • • 'o, ' o • ' ' ' ; ' o o ,; • o , : ' ' • ' • o • ' I ,' ~ ' ,I o o : ' ' • • • •
. . mature ·piRe :indicated tna,t all pike did not spawn each 'year. · F~cundity I . ' • • . : . • • • . . . ' : · ' • . '" . : • • • -. • . -:. . . • . ' • • ·. I : ~
. estimates of · fisn 51 ~0 to · 87- ~5-·cm in length ranged . from 5?J2 to 62,000 · . . . . . . . . , . . . . .. · · t
' .· . . . . . . . , . . ' . I , · ~~; th a mean of 28;016 . .. Of the 86 stomachs examined for ·food contents,
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62% "were· empty . . Whitefish · was t~e principal item {64%) where food > ; • :. : • • . • . • • • • ' - • • • . ....... .. • • : .
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. _,_.: ·. : , · . _ AcK~IOWLEDGEMENTS .· ·_- · .. . _: ..
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·{ _. -:- .; ... The author would like -to ex·pres·s ~iricere 'than.ks· to hi'~.: Supervisor, -· . ·. ·::_·-: ···I .. _.·: .- . - . . . ~: .· .·· ·. . .. ·._ ··, . .. ;·· .·:._; - .. . . ·_/ . _.· .. ' . ~ .. ·. 1
·'1. . ·· \ .. ; ·;~ Dr. _ Jrf4. ~_reen, Biology : .Oepart~rent, · for. he·lp_- a~d g_uidance ·,throughO.IJt:thi_.s :: l1
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The author is very··_ grateful to the Fisheries and MarJ ne Servi<:e, Freshwater : .. · i . .
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: ;\_· .. :;a~d Anadrornous Fi~h )·1anage~ent ~r:~~r.~in,f~r t~eir. financia 1 · a ~d man~p~wer. · ~. . ~ . .
~ I. · _ ._~ -~P~~rt ~roughout·th)_ i~v~sti.ga'tio~ ._.. Speci ~1 ·thank_s ~are·_ : ~~xte~ded. 'to : , _., ,
. . . : \ - .Mr.· W.Jf •. .' Bruce, job\stiperVisor, fo'r ·his' con.str~eti-ve ¢riti-c;ism and encouragement:. ·:· · / • , • ' I I ' ' • • ' ;. ! • ' • ' '" • '' ' ' ' • -' '
·1 · during th'e ._study._ ~he a~thor .. would. also· like to: thank t~chnicians~ · p.·. Down-ton, · ' · · · ':' !I . . .· : . . . . ··: - ,.
-. J ·_.· . .· j, .: Caine; anld D. 'Jaco~s for· _their .~ssi~t~nc~ . i~ : _da .~.a. _co1le'ctio1!! Thanks ·are ·.
I : .-.. : l. ·.: . :a,.so: ~xtended tQ 'or; · -~. K. · Misr:a,- H. lear and. fi: Tucker · for~ their . as.sistanc,:! .. ·. r .-- _ . . . .. · . ---'. :. : . ·. · . : . , · . . · . . .. ·_ . ... - ~--- -. c: ··-: ··:· :/
... i ~; th ,'st~tis.ti_ ~~ l,a~ci'l~s_es an~ ~-o~pute~ p~gra_~fn_g _ •. : :~ - : .. ~ ·. ·:·· _._-· . • .. _ . . (. ~ i The. author also acknowledges the ass~stance of the Churchill Falls Labrador ·. · I·. . . .. . . . -~ . . . -. ·. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . -~ . -:. . . '
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.. ·,j:- . .-, ·.-- Corpo:-ation·, in·· particul}r __ ~· · Nuss and S .. Lew_is ' fo_r provid~ n~ water .flow :,da~ .
> oj; -and It Bar~~·s_ for assisting in data _collectio-n. · · 1
. . i . . . . - d . . .· • • . . . . . .
j .. "' Thcinks· are also - ~,.x_tended to or·. ____ D; .La_rson:·:. s;olo_9!-· ~p_ar_t~~t~- - ~o: .
"t- ·:·· ·critically reading the the~i -~ and his -valu~b 1 e conments. im:_~ sug~es ~ions . .. . . . . .I • ' ' ' ·. . .. ( . . - , . -~, . .
· Fi nal)ci a 1 s uppor.t \'tas provided in the form of a _Pro vi nci'a 1 Goyernme·F) t · · ·
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. ' Fellowship :and a University FellO\'ISh.i p which are g~eatly a~kno~l~~ged. . · ... ·. . . . ·... . ",' . -;· .... ' . . . .' i'-' ..... : . : . . . . . "'· . ' . • ,, .
'· Finally, the. author wtshes to thank. Mrs._ M. _ ~nes for ~the ty'ping·of this . . . - . .. ' ·. . .
/ . ~ manuscript.· .. . ' : ·
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:.-. . , · .:· : . , TABLE'· OF CO~ITENTS \· . · · • ·~ • . 'J • .• '
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• ' . ··. . · . · · .· ACKN9_WL.EOGEMENT~ . ~ · . . .
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• · · • . 'LIST OF TABLES . ' ·,~ • ' • • I " . ·.
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·; 'liST OF FIGl,IRES ,. ,· . .' .. · .• --<. • . ,"-
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· INTRODl!CTI,ON · · ,.. . ·. .·. ··.. •, . . . : . . . ; . · .. ~ES¢r_t_I PT){lN OF $,TUDY .. AREA . . . · .. ::-_ .. ·
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· . ! - .. . MATERIALS AND METHODS · ': ·
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. : -!· ·. · .. . :· -. • .. r. Age dete~1n_ation . . .. ' . , •.
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, ( . I : • ,. • ' . ! . ,'· -.. -· •' . . . / ' . . ~ - · ·. · -~ .. ·.· ·IL __ Biological · stud.ies:· · . .. .. · :·:· · ·.
. · _: -L :.-. ·• _.. , . . -- ~ . J.\; s_i ze · a~~ .a~~ ·ao~pos; tion :. _. . :. : _· . . :· . . . · : . 18.' .
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~ . . _ r . .- .. " - · :· · 1~ Length ·.·· ·• ... · -· · · ·
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l . _. ·. · ,:2 We·1gh_~_ · · ·. :-. ' • ---, · . · . .. -. _
. · _ : .. ·. .- .. . d·. , 3) Agf! > __ . _ . . · ,> · .. ·· . . .• • -1 I ' . <l · ·: . · · ·:·:. -- '. :- ·s·. ·GrowtH-. · · · ·. . ·
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'4.1 . . ' . ' -. : . >--~ . ' . . . . • . ' ' .. · \. .· · · · · . ·. · · _. .. l f L~ngth :..we1ght · rela~jons:hip ' · . -.
-; · · · ' 2') · Length "111stribution;:of-age- roups -. .. ·. "-. \·· ·; · · · · · . 3) Weight distributi.bn of age- .roups
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· 4).- Coefficient 9f ·con'di.tion : . . :. '·. 5 r Marta l i :t;y and 's u rv' val ' :
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. c·. ~ Reproductive bi.olo.gy_ . . _-/ ,. · . . . . . ..
.-.:, .' 1~ Sex ratios . . :- · -2 Age an~ length .at f1~s ~ ~aturi ty
. · 3. Fecuruh ty . . . . · . . .... . . ~-..
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D . . Food habits 4 •• ' .. • • • • ' \' : ...
. ' . : DIS_CUSSION. --·. . ·.
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Table
. . . 1
- v -. ~ .
._,
"' .. . · LIST. OF TABLES · ·
' I 'o
·I :\-' . ,' I ' o > \ >
.Relat~on betw'een· fork lengt, of fish (em) and -magni.fied (<:m.-x 22)' ·s~a·le l'ength of northern · pike .from Lollstick,· Labrador. · · .· . : .. . '
· ·2 · . Re>lation between .fork .length of fish (ern) and '· magnified (em x 6.67). opereulam length (if· · ·
northern pike from LobstiCk,. labrador. . l . • ' .
· · 3 Relation b~.t~een fo.rk length of 'fish (em) aiid·.magnified _.(em x 6_.67) cleithrum l~ngth.: of . northern pik.e from Lobstick·, Labr~Idor..'
, .' , ' I • - ' >
.·.ReJation b~tween . fo.r~_ len·gth of _fish(em) . and· - . . · :_!!!agnified (em x··30} otolith length of n·orthern · · ~ .
4 "
· . . _ __. .......... _pike _from .Lobstick, Labrador. · . . •;-/ \ r • • • ' . • .
.. 5,. .. . Jogaritnmi c and exponent.i a f forms . of the . · __ · · regression equations· for _ the relationship . -between--fish .for_k l~_ngth (L) and elength _of the ·agirrg struct'ure (S);: using ·scales·, opercula, clei~hra·, and otoliths~, - of ~.orthern pi_ke fro"'m...,) Lobstick, Labrador. ·- · ·. • _}.
6 Empiri~al - and back~calcula.ted average fork -· lengths . (em), using scales; ofth~ different. · ~
, · . · age-·groups of ·northern .piRe ftom lobstick, ·.: ·
/ 7.
8 -
9
·'
I ·
. . ·
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· · · LabPador. -: · · · r., :
...
Empirical and back-calculated avera._ge fork • -1.1engths (em); using opercula, _of. the different
·_ ag~:.groups of ·northern. pike· from Lobstick •. ~abr~dor. . : · · • . · · · . · ·
. ' , - ... . - /
. Empi ri c'a (and back.:.:ca lc'ul a ted avffft~ge- fork . .- · ·1 engths (em}, us i rig ~ c 1 ei th r:a, ofthe ·differ!!nt age-groups of no'rthe m pike (from lobstick • . Labrador. · . · i. • · · . ' . .
' .
Einpi\t:ical aAd back- calculate-d ave'rage fork : ·, lengtlis ·(c!f!), using .otoliths, of the different· age-groups of northern pike from Lobstick, ; · Labrador:
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32
34
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10·
. 11
... . 12
13
14
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· - vi - . ·
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:bsummary of. results· of ,,covariaric~ analyses for · empjric~l arid.t back_-~_l_cti1ated ·age .. lerigth · .,
regress 1 ons, rna 1 es vs .· femql~s il . of northern ·. .. pike· from Lobs t,i c~, ta~ radbr~ ~: ~~. .. . . _. ·· ·
·-~ Summary of results of .covarial.e. _analyses for age-length· regressions (~exes·. separated·
' and combined), empitical .vs,_~· back..:calculcited · of northern pike . from Lobs tt'ck, · Labrador. ·
. . . . I ' I . I • . otto • .'1 . . . : . • . '
Summary o·f results ·.of cova.~iance ·analyses;for ·empirical arrd . ba~k-~alcul:ated age-length- . regression~ . (sexes separated and combined)~ · -:
.scales, vs •. operculaj vs • ./cle.ithra· 'vs . • otol.i,ths ·~ . of. northern pike 'from Lobstick,-. Labrador. . ·
' .I. I I
I I I
I \ I
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, I
. .
. \um~~Y .of• re.sul ~s'. p~· ,'~ovar~an~e· a:n~lyse·s · for back,.calculated~_ageil~ngth regressions (sexe.sl
·separated and combined), otoliths ,vs. · scales, . . otol.iths vs. cleith;r~, oternhs vs .. opercuH1~ · ·' . seal es v~. OP,erc_ul a:; ,seal es vs • . cl E!ithra, an ·
. opercula vs. :cleit~ra of northern pike from , · lobsti'ck, labrador.i ·': ' · . . . . . . ; ·
. . ' ! . •
Page ·_
-. '36
:
••
"37
' ·
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.. . 38
.·• 39
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lEmgth distributiori·· of' northP.rn. pike from · · · ,40 · Lobsti~k - for se~es j~·ombined and _~exes -__ s~parated~, . ./ · ·
15 . · · . . Wei -~ht .diS t~i i>titi 0~ Of ·nO ~th~rn ~i.ke . . from . ;·I . 43 · Lobstick fo~ "s~xes~ ;combined .and se~e~ . sep_ar~~e~_· . · . . ·
Age composi.tion·ot ''n.orthetn pike from Lobstick · 16 .
1.7
18 .·
19
. for sexes -combi.ned- ~and 'sexes . separated. . 44 · ••
45 · Loga.ri ~hmi c. ·arid exp!pnen.ti a.l regressi-on ,equ.at·i~ns . . for the relationship between fork length .(L em)
· and whole weight (Wl' kg) ·of northern pike from ·. · Lobstick, Labrador. · · · · · ·
· Empirica~ ~md -~al .~~ ee1 · a:ver~~e \'/hole . weigh~s-. . . 45 . . · (kg) ~of the differe t fori< length· (em) interva.ls .· of . northern 'pike from Lobstick, · Lab~ador f . . . ' .. : I I . ' .
·· Comparjson o(the c~icul .ated fork len.gths ((:m) of . .. 4l
' . ...
·. the diferent ag~- groups ' ' sexes combined, of ·. nqrthe • pike from four -areas of Labrador.
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Empi rica 1: and c~l cul a ted .a v£{~age ·weights · o·f . . ··.1
the different age-groups _of norther:n pik~ · .. ' • .
/ 20
from · Lobstick, Labrador. . ._ - - · . . - ... . .; -~ ' ·. -'\ . 1-
Change ~ coef.ficien~f · 'c<?~dition~ . from , June to September 1978,- ,of mature northern,.,.· 1
- ·_, ... \ ·. pike •. stomachs , e~pt.Y. a.t ti~·· of captl!r.e~ ~ 1fn)' orTI' . · \ Lobst1ck, .. Labr~dor. · ·. . . 1 _ ~t~J:_ . i
. 2~. -. -: Se~ · ratios .of. northern pike• by age-·grciup, . ... . . '- _ from Lobst1ck-, .Labrador. . ._ ....._.. · . ;
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i .. · 23 ·. Percentages_.; o.f rna ture nort~ern ·p; ke; by -age / • .. cla!is ' ·· from Lobstick, Labrador. . ·
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, . Percentages of mature northern· p1 ke ~ by I
length - class~ from Lobstick, Labrador. · - •' ,. . · . The·.· ~e11~tionship between t~e· .n~mber ~f ~mat~·re · ~ · . eggs · (greater than . 1..0 nm. in di.ame.ter) per .. · . - female· and :fork length (em) . for '49 northern · pi~e . from L~bstick, 'Labrador. .. ,
' Th~ re.lationship 'betWeen the numbe·r.of ·mature. ' . eggs· {greater than l .. O.rrm tn diameter) per:: ·. female ~~d weig~t (kg) · for 49. northE!rn pike . <from Lobstick, Labrador . . · - . . '. . .,
. . . . . ' . ,. "' . a . . . -
· .The ·relationship between 'the nuriber of. mature eggs (greater than l.O .rim in diameter) ·per .· fema 1 e · cmd age· .(y~ars· ). .fot- 49 northern pike
' ' .
~ Jrom L~b~~ick, ·Lab:a~'ir· · · " ,
Percentage. occurrence ·of food · i terns in stomachs · \: . with food present from pike of various 'sizes . frqm lpbstrck• Labrador.
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Locati.on .map of ·smallwood R~se-rvoi r . and . ~· •• !'
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·,, 2 ; lobst1._ck structure, .Smill'lwood Reservoir.
'· . . ·. . . . . . r·. . . . - . . . . . . Fyke·: net j,"" flooded. ba.ckwater _bel o~rlGbsti ck · '• . ' J . .
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4 · .' · .. : l~b~-ti ck .,s;urface .. wa~Efr. temp~rature· (C) :from-. June· to September.1978. . · . . . . ·. · . .· . . I . . . . / .·.· .. ·
· 5 - ·. Average ~aily ~ater. f ,1 O'f! '(M3/~ec) through · · lo.bstick ~tructure from · May -to S'eptember 1978. ·
' ~ tl I ' ' • ' ' ' ' ' • , ' ', : ' ' ' ' ,' ' I
.. Empirical . (sea tter p·l ot·s an·d . rahg.es.) and. . · · ·. c·alcuh~d {fftted;curves) body ·length-scal.e
. <' . 0 . ' I ·,
' . _. . :· · · length r:-el~tfonship~ of northern pike .from · ~obstick, L~brajlor. ... . . ~ - .:. _ _ :· . . : . ':
. , ,, . 7 • o • I . . .
·. ·.
. . :.. 9. 9
· · :· lo ·, 1 .
1·1 · •. .. ·
~mpir.iCa_l .:,(scatter pl~ts arid. -~a.n~es)_:_artd~ . calcula._fed {fi tte~ curves) bo~-etJ9th-~penculum . 1 ength -rel.ationshlpS .Q.:t.nOrtfle-rn · P.l.ke 'from · ' .Lobstick, Lab ra o~ .. · .
. /'
jr{lcal {scatte'r plots and ·ranges) an'd' ·calculated (fitted curves) body ·length~cJei thrum length relati on.ships· ·of: northern· pike ·from · Lobstick, Labrador: . · . · ;, · . ;: . .. . . . . . ' .
" . Empi-rical (scatter 'plots and ranges} · and . . . c~l culated ·(fi ttefcurv~);o,dy ' le~g~h-otol i th.
: length relationsh1ps O'f .northern . p1ke from · Lobsti~k, Labradqr. · .· . .. ,. · ·· · ·,. . /.
· .. Empirica_l · {sca:tter plqts a~d ranges) and back- · _: ca.lcula ted· {fitted ·turves) . average ·1 engths ·(em),' . using ~ca-les, of the different age-.. groups of · -~· · northern· pike fr.:om ;Lobstick, L,abrador. ·. ·1
. . . :' .\ . . ·· .. : ·. . . . ·_ ·. . . . .
.11 ' .. ·· · . Empirical (;;catter. plots ·and· ranges -) and· back- . calculated . {fitted curves) average 1 engths . '(em), using o'perc'u1 a, of the different age- gro'ups .
·of northern . pike from lobs'ti ck, lab radar • .. · ·. · • • • • Clo • • • -. •
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. ~ . . - . ' . . ·. ·, .. . 1'2 . \ -E~pi·rical · (scatte~ pJots ~ and ·.ranges)_ '~~c(bac~~ ·
__ ... .. : calculated (fitted curves) , average lengths (em),.-,-· using . ~h~ithr~ -. _- of the · dif.f'~rent age~gr-oup_s _: ~-~ . of _no~them pi-ke from Lobs.t1ck, ~a~r~dor. · ' · .·
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33 .. - ·- .· ..
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1.3 · Empirical (scatter:-.: piots and ranges.} . anc(b~ck- . . ---cal.c..uJ:ate-d--(..f.i-tte&-cur~es ) · -average _ lengttls~ .(cm) ~
-_ using otol} ths •. of the d~-fferent a~e-g[.o'ups ~f
: . . 35
· y
. ··r
_·14 .
. - northern PJ ke -from Lobstl ck, Labr.ad~r. - . · ' . . . . .· ' ·: . . ·. . : . . ' . . '· . . ' · ..
Length-wei gh't relations~; p -, sexes separated~----.. · i>f_ northern· pike from Lobs .tick, : laprador • . ·
·! · ·· · ·- · 15 .- .· E~ -i~ical . (~cat~er·--~lofs ~~~ -r~n~e~) a:~ ·d :-<- ~ .. ' · . . i. . ~ : .. . : ca leu la ted {fitted curves·) ·.average wef gh ts . (kg'). . ~\ _··- ·. · ·- · · . -of the -diffet7ent age;..groups of .northern pike · ·
. I - · -from Lobsti·ck,· Labrador. · _·.: _ :..- ·. · . .· ~ .. ·
49 . · .. :
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. ~. _.:: .. : · 16: Cnang~ .i·n· c~ef~i ~~-i oi .cond~ti ~-n·:: ·.~rom : ·~u~e .. ~o .. . ·._, ·· · · .. ·. _ ; September.1978, :of mature northern p1ke, sexes I
.. ·combined, stomachs empty ·at' 'tim~ of capture, .·
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. ·from lobstick, .Labradar.·: · · · · · · -. • • ~ • • • ' • • ' • ••• • f .' •
· __ .. A _plof i.of.~unt~r ~-f - fish· ca~ght (na-tural . _ logarithm scale) and -age (arithmetic scale), ~' . used to e'stimate the fnstantane'ous .total . - · , . .
_ - mortality-rate -of northern · p'ike from . La~stick; · la~rador .. : ·. < · .- ~ · _· i
18 ·_ . The - r~lations.hip. b ·etw~en: fork·leng.th . (em) _.and e'gg . 58 . -·. numb7r in. nort~ern :pike from L?bsti-ck, labrador.: 'I "
. ' . . • b . '
19', ·tne t:"elatio~sh'ip .'hetw~~n whole ,weight{kg) ·an'd egg ·/ . -59 · w: n~n'ber _i:n northern pike from· Lobstick, ~abrador. · ·
20 - ~~-~- The .reia~ionship between. a~e (~~ars· ) and egg number . . . 62 • . f,, '1, in northern _pike ,,from lobstick, labrador. . . ·_
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-" - ·~ ' ~ ' Hed~,r~_trom ~e~OWJized the_ diffi"C.!.!l~~ in aging no~thern .pike; he suggest~d :.: ,"if . ..,:(' ' .... " ..... . • .· • ' -· ... ! ~ ,'· · .. ~ ~t • .. • ~· ... ·· . .. .... ' . ·_' . ..
~{ · ..:~· .· ·:.··.·. , th~t· a f1,s~cou~<t be _a_ged by 1_ts. ~e~~eb?-"~1'~ j\ngs s1~1la:r to .a_ ~re~ b~ittg aged
.. ·.~'}:~ :· _ b/it~· gro~th rin,9s. -Var,iations·. of th';'s t&'hnicfue have ~~en used te· age .· .. · "'· ,;a~~- , ' • • • . ~· • I , - ' ' •·
· -.:·-~ : ·. · ·· ), nortttern·_ pike · f~r the .. Pa~t ·· 220;-ye~r-S·: .. . si~~/ .ann~lar ~r.Owth zones _Wftre .first • ... . . ' . ' ...-;: } ' .
' ~etected 'on ' pi_k~'".c;~~e~. by 'Hof~~4~~ __ (190~·), ·:~ey\~h~v~ b~n. · use-~ ext~ns.ively 0
in-age a,nd grow asses·s~rents H1i11e·r. and Kenm!dy \, l948;rWilli'ams 1955'; -Frost • • ~ ' ., • • - • • , • ':f ... <> ' • :l .. ... • • . 1 . , ,. · ·.l·apd ·Kipling 1959; -Ca~,selrnan . ._19()7_)'. ·~everal_ hard t'issues· have ~lso b~e~ uset
X .., .. I , .._ ,' V • .~ • , , ' • . 'l.l~,.U , 1
·. "- i .. -'·· . · . >o.petlcuJ~ (Svetovidov. 1929; Frost a"'n·d Kipling -1959)) teeth ··(Ast!tnin -1947), . fin '·, . ~ . . . . . ·~ ... . •. ' - .
' · .:.; · .· .: .. . rays:· (doh~s·on 1959)',....o_tolith~ (Hatfie.ld et:· al. 1972) -arid ci-~ithr.a (Casselman·. • • I I • . • • . . •• , I.:-'·; . . . . . . ... . . • . ~ . .
··~:-,- ~·- . · ;. i-~p~ep~r~~-on) ·: .'\ ~-, .. · . ; ~ ·- ~ ~ • ..
, .... . •
.. \· .
-.. ~ -~·-. ·" : ·.> ··. _: ./ T·h~ - ~~a.r~~nt'-'of Ffshar-ies. and O'cea·n·~ has cond~~t~d ·:several fish studies.
--~- • • • .
1
, • !_ bf,na~4·ral~ lak~s -· , an.d t~e · s~a1 )woo~ . ~e·~.~Fi~i :r i ~;-~est~ . labrad~r.. T~ese . . -_ .L , .. ~. i ~:. _ . i.nve~~·igati-~ns·· .. of Ja;o~ie . L~k~ · (Br,uce 197~}, L~bst1ck : a.nd 'saodg.irt l~kes · ·;
~ ~ (~r~~e 1975); Ten · ~n~ . La~e -.CPa~on~·19:75_)~·and · ~·s~okma-nu~~ Red'er,v~ir {Bru~e · .. ~. - ~and P~r~o~s ~979{ have deal~,~~ - ~art:·.~-i -th th·~. : ~-iolo·~ of north~·rn. ~ik~·~' . ~ .. - .. . . . .. .. . ' . . \ . . .·''· . .
<· ·. , . -:, .. · In the_ sunme~ •. ofb_l97,7 and 1978, :a rrored~ta<ilec;f bi_ol __ og1ca1 ~tudy wa_s
~ . ~- l!~ -. : ~
. 1 ' . . . .... . . ' ' ·, . ~ . ' ' . . . . ~ . . · ~ ~ conducted ·on ;northern pik~ froin . wat~:s below!, lob's tick structur~ a release
Ji . •, . . ' . ·, . ,_ . . . . .
g~te :for the .-sm~ll~o~d Reservoir. ·· The ·-if~a was ·· chose~ because of its
' · .. · , ,acd~s• i U.nty an: the, knO:.n pf.es;nt~ .of •a 1a rge ~ ~ ti on 0 f no rther'n Pike . . J ·. · . ·· ...--' The stiuty .Was d~signoid to cdmPare fotir' methOds : Of age .detenriinatiOn; •
·· l , 1: · .s·cal;~.; opercula·, cleith;~ an~. o~tolith~ .. -;J.'The C:~ffip.ari!ion~ ~e~e maje to.-.· \ [ · · _. , · · dete,·~.ine1: i_f __ di~;~~n~ .,rtetho_ ~s · ~ -~-·'i~d~~-. _.· ._· .. a'ble ~g~s f_or the saine fish.
·,J· •,l· Tlie phehoo;<;non · of .differe~ t ages for' fish.' aged by. S ca 1 e_s ~nd : ope ~cu11 a has,
.. \ j :_·. been ~~su~rited (Leer~~ ·19~~; F~d. Kipli~g ~ .9s9; H~~s~n ·1978). Aging ~ . . . . > . . . ··. . ... . ._;· ·. c :? :. . . ~ .. . ', . . . . ..
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s tudi ~-~ \of another. es~~i d,
. 9+ ye_a rs could ~of b~,' aged
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. ' I ' .. . the_!llusJ<ell un~e, have shown that . fish older tha·n
. / . . . fro"l scales, but cleithra were useful for.fis~ as . \ .
old as 16+ years (Har:rison and' Hadley 197~). The preV.:J~ous; tJSe ot' oto)lths . ' ' ' IJ I ' ' ' o '
~ · ···-· . for· a~ determi·natjon of pike has been fimited· (Hatfiel1f- et al ~ 1972); they . .
h-ave ~een usedextensivelY to age other freshwater and marine· species, reviews ' . ( . 'r,.
,I I
. . ' . . ' .· · r;~ • . · . ;.---_ . ,i)r _p
of .w~·ic,h have .been _presented .by' .Graham ·(l929)', ·Trout (1956} and 'Chugunova (1959) • . . . ~ - .. I • · '
Differences have also been -shown between ages derived from -scales ane otolith~
· :of other northern freshwa'ter fish. For e~~ple~ Dubois a~d Lagueux (19~8)
found that: for ·lake trout,· such differenc-es, i .ncre~sed wi.th. old;r .fish.
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Simi ~larly~ for_ i~rgemout~ bass, :Ma~ald~_ · and MacCrimmo~ o9i~)-. found .thatage"s .- :0
_-greater ~han 7 ,yea_rs assigned.:f .rorri scale~ wer~ .more. lik~iy to uhde_res't~mat~ tr~e a·g.es . than th~s~·· assi-gne~ - ~~om oto"l:iths . . such agi~g dis~;epa~cies produce :
. . I . . . • -
diffe.rent _ estimate~ of growth, mortality, · age at. maturity and. ~bundance of year~
·' ' l
' . '
classes, whfch -complicate .s to.ck assessment and managemef.lt-'deci's ions.-
Di fferenc.es betwe~;~ . the ·g-~owth . rates· genera ~d· by 1 each. of the . four aging . . : . . , . . . ' . : . ... ··~ . . ,;.. . ' ' . '• '
. •methods ·were · analyzed to-try to . deternlin.e if the results · of any one method were ~ . '. ,. • I ' ' • ' ' , ~ ' ~ ""':' i \ ' , ( ' • ' ' ' ' ;t '
, .
~~re- rei iable .tha~ a·nath~~· · . G~ow~~ --~asuremen,ts obtaine·d 'from fle~gi n~. ~ethod • ~ • : ' • • ' ·. ' • • • • • ~ ' • • • : • • • • \ • <:> ' •
ll)_ay. be precise if'visi.ble annuli : are ·eas.ily ' delineated; however, ' those. meastiremenl s . ' .·. . ' . . . . . .
may not be -biologically meaningful if f;or ~orne reaso~ one or more annuli are . .~ ..
· obscured and are·_ not counted in agi'ng the · fish. Even if .tfle 'annuli.' ar.e··
easily delineated., it must ~e . <!et.errrii ned .. that they are yearly and not fals_e p
-. checks caused by a cessation of grow.th during ·spawning_ er advers~ . envh·oryniental
conditions.1
Empj,rical .and back- calculated growth rat es should . not dfffer . . . ' . . . . • t. • . ' . • - . '
, . . signifi~an.tly 'assu~fng that the aging. structure acc'urat~ly reflec'ts. th'e growth .. . . '• ' .
·._· . o( the fish a~d that no a~ing -.~rrors ha~e b·een made. lee's phenomenon, a de_crease .
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in the lengths of younger ·fish ~aH:ulated froin succes~ively older ·age-groups··, 'J . . . ·, ff.
' ' , . . could produce differences between empirrical ·and back..;ca'lculated growth rates.
' ' . .. ' . ' . . . . '
It has been doculiiehted -for pike sampled by ·gi'llnet (Wolfert ·-and Miller: '1978}; . . . . . \ - , ' . . . ~ . . .
.. howe:Ver, Mi.ll~r af# Kenneqy (194.8> · suggest· that for pike·, 'Lee's .. ph~nollEnon '-1 • • •
: is pr:-ob~bly 'an . artef~ct - in.troduced by inaccur~):e ~thods of 'grow~h"-"-~~mput~tion. ~
· · The aging method . which showe,d the least -variation between ·e:mpir.ical and.·back-. ' . l ' . . . • ' . .
. ~ .·calculated g'rowth ..... rates was used' in investi g'ations 'of the size and aie · .... ' . . . I . . , · '
' I < . I .
· .~ .structur.e, growth .ra·tes, · and reproductive ·~iology of\ pike · -fr~m the .Lobstick . . . ' . . •' ·. . . . . ' '.
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DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
' / '\
: ," The development of,:t:he upper Churchi.il River hydroel~ctric J • . . . ~
:potential has created a single -large water system over much· of the / . ' .- \ . ' . . .. . ' . -
,- Lab~ador. _. phteau -('fig. 1}.· 'lobstick -structure (53°52 1 N-, 65~0l'W) ' \ . I , . . . . ' . .·. ,' ; . . . . .
• · (Fig. 2), approximately 90 kril northwest ~f .the town of Chur~ill
F~~l -s, ' releas~s water fr~ t~e -5700 km~ Smallwoo~ R·ese~voi/. .From
· Lob'stick;;the water flows· southeast, approximately 6o' kni, to
Jacop.ie lake where· it is reta'ined in~o · foreb~ys before .entering . . . . . : > I · .. ·. the powerhouse at Churchill Falls.· . · • - ' •• • • <• ~ •
· ....... • • • • \.. 0
Be 1 ow Lobs ti'cl(, the ·sys tern fo 11 ows a natura 1 ri',er channe 1 , . -.. .
wi denin'g approximately 2 km belo~ the ' st~ucture into slow-movi-ng . . . . . . .. . ..
. '
areas wi-th n_umerou·s backw.at~rs and bays (Fig. 3) .. ·The rivfir. ri~rrows -
0 /'
. a~~i-n ap?roxi~ate.ly ' ~2 . km downst~eam. ~11 ~amples were. taken -f~oni the area in-mediately below the .structure to approxim~tely 16-k,m .
. downriver. .. Surfa~e water temperature ·below Lobst-i.ck structure {f'ig. 4), . .
.• . . r 'during the summer of 1978,· increased froni 2 c 1n June to 15 c in
A:· July·, and · dropp~d to ·a ·c by 'septemb~r. ·
... - )h~ · dail,X water flow through _Lobstick structure' durin~· the • ' ' ,, I • ' · , • • ,• . ' ~ • •
sunmer of l978 ranged _from 550 to· 3l30 f.i3/sec. Water. level I • ' • .
fluctuations · up :to'l.5 _f!!, observed in the system.below- (obstick - - - - -- ·- ----- - - . ~ . ' . ' .. . . . :. . ' . .
structure, were due to the variable ·rates ·of \'later -flow ·through I . . _ . ~ . .
the structure (Fig. ,5). Entire backwaters and bays were flooded -. · · . . I -~ . '. '. ~ · ..
1,1 '
· ?r drained wi'thin a few hours - .~ue· to t.he rapid wa~er level-//
f.l uCtuati ons .
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· .. -. . · . / . · A heavy gr:owth of deciduous bush~s· .e.xtends ·tp the ~iater•s ·· . ·
( . . edge throughout ' much of' the studY area; combinations of marsh and · . . ' . ~ . . . ·· .. ' . . .. _. . .. . . . .· - . '
low bushes are found along some backwaters. At times ·of high • ' I
~ . ; · < ' • • - , • • , _I
~ter, these · areas are inu·ndated and. small ponds and bogs are I
I : . . . united with the main system . .
·' · The bedrock of the area · consists . of archaean gr~ni tes .a.nd
' . I .
gneisses 'dating back to the' Cainb_rian era (Po~ell 197-1 L Limnological
· . studi~s of the are.a' (Duthie·. and o'~tr~f~ky- - 1974) sugges ~ that the. . ' .
': . . bedrock·, which is poor in nu·trients ·and · slow ·to 'weather, ·is
• I, , , • • , , ' I . , , '
·ill)portant in determining ' the water .chemistry, of the system. . : . . . . . ' ' . ... The fish faunQ. of the area· consi?ts of at least ten species:
•.
9 ' .. Large concentrations of lake 'whitefi'sh (Coregonus clupeaformis) are . .
/.
· present iinrredi ately bel ow Lobstick stru~ture : _Qther species present. . ' •' . . ' . ?'
. t• .
. . .·- .
i~clude: nqrthern pike (Esox lucius), l~ngnos~ suck~rs · cca.to~tomus ' . '
catostomus),. white suckers .(f.. · commerson·n "'. lake trou;t (SalVelinus ,·' '
· n'amaycustii,. broo~ . trout (~. ·fontinalis), lan,dlocked salmon (Sal.nio · ' .1 ' : , ,1 . '
salar)~ _burbot ~(Lota. lota),, r~und whJ_ ~eJis~ (Prosopium cyl i ndf.aceum},
and ·lake ·chub ·(couesius plumbeus) .. ' .
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LOCATION--· MAP
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Fig. 2. Lobstick structure, Smallwood Reservoir.
Fig. 3. Fyke net in flooded backwater belo~tJ the lobstick structure.
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f'lg . 5, Average dally wa te r; flow 5eptelltler ,' 1978.
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,. · MATEk'IALS AND ~1ETHODS '1: .. . ·:· I
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i .. I • . . .. . Sev~ral . methods w'ere us~q_,-to collect pi~e: - angling~ fyke nets, \
.. I . ' . . I gi_l.lnet, sein~ an~ pl~xiglas~ traps:. The fyke nets, or live traps, '(·
were constru.cted of 1. 9 ern s'.tretched mesh ~nit ted nylon. They, . . : . ~ . . . . . I . . . ·. . . . . . . . . consisted of _'a 30.5 -~ .le_a~er,\ t\'10 '9.1 m wings, a·. body of -one ·. l.2 m
frame, on'e ,0.9~ f~ame, three\ 6.·6' ~ fr~rres and a trailing cod ~nd •.
. , ' }he. leader ·a~d wingswer~ 1.8·~- ·in .deep .... · ~he gil.lnet, with. 7:6 em . · .... ~ . . . . . . .i) .. ' . ·l . . . . : . { . . . -~·-. . .
• .. ~tre;ch_ed JnC?_nof~l~ment nylon ~esh, .was _ 45:5 m ~ong ~nd L _8 m deep·.
The sei'ne, constr~cted of L5 \em stretch~d mesh . knitted nylon, ·was· · ! • . ' •• •· • • '
. . ·. . . . .· \ . . . . ' . . : 3G.5. m long and· 3.0 m deep \'lith a central bag-like extension .of .
• ·. , ' I ' ' Ill ·, .' • ' ' \ , •' ' I : ' ' ' ' ' •
4.b m. · The_'pl.exiglass _tr,aps~ ~imilar in design to the 'fy~~ nets, . .. . . . ·: . ·· ' . . . \ . . . .
· were constructed of 6 .mm commercial grade 'plexiglass ·(Casselman . . . . . , . . • . . I. . . . . . .
. and·.Har.vey 1973). They · consi-sted of a. 1.5 m stretched mesh knitted : . . . . .. ··. I . . I . •. : . . ·• • . _ . • ••
nylon. leader, tv1o 0.8 m plexigl~ss ~lings and a .tw.o compartment .
. \. plexi~lass · ~fap bo~, \neasurin~ 0.9. ~·lo.ng; 0.4 .m wide a.nd 0.4 . m ' . . . ' • ..
\" . ·., . J
A sampl~ o·f 415.pike was cblle.ct~d • .' Diie .to the restricted . . ' . ! ' . . .
• .. • • - ~ ' ' • ! '
· field season inLabrador., samples \'lere collec~e~ from . ~y through·
September. Most of the sqmples \'Jere t 'ak_en in June, prior to and . ' ' \ : • ' • ' ' ~ • I
!fter the .pike had spawned. A -su.bsample ~f· 213"of th~ 41~ pike
was selected for age .determination s·tudies. · This ·subsample· . ' , .
··· ··.ir:tcluded .alJ Of the, Smaller· fish (Q-55 em) ~ollected and -a . I . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , -· ·repre-sentative sa!llple of the .large length . classes {56-9o ,cm) .. / The
: su~sample facilitated· faster a~alysis of age and grol'lth 1,1sing each
of. the four · aging . structures •. . ... · .
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Scales were remoyed fro111 the .ri gti_t side of ea~h _fish ju~./ . ·
below t~e d·orsat fin · arid above · the lateral 1 i~~- The · sagjftae, ·
the largest of. the' three· pa.irs o~ · -otoli~hs. _were-· i.fmov:d. after
maki rig·. a mi d-:-sagittal cJt. through the skull. ,The opercu1 urn and· .
cle~thrum~ere removed 1from th~ right side 'of·thebodyanQ_were ~.- ·· ·.
. inmedi ate-ly cleaned;using a s·cafpef ·and_ water. . . . Sca·J es, .oto 1 j ths,
cle.ithra- -and opercula · .·he+tceforth called "aging structu.res": . ... u .
were ~ach pla_ced between paper and-stored jn an ·~nvel'ope.
Fork .1 ength,.' the d·istance from ·t:he most anterior ex.tremity . . . . . . . . . : . ...
. to · the not~h in th~ ·caudal fin, and total lengt~; 'the distanc~ from
the ll)OSfanterior extre~ity to the tip of -the caudal fin, ·Were . , ·
measured to the .nearest 0;1 em . . · A conversion factor was calculated I' / ,'
; .... - .
for · ~ork length t~ total length... Total .weight was ~e:asured to the -~ . ·
nearest o •. o(kg ~si:ng a· Chati.llon ba_lance. I ' '' · • , - ' "'
' 0 ' ' a r ! ' . ' ' • Sex and stage of maturity were .. determi.ned by gross inspection · . . . . . . (
of·,the gon~ds. Males were designated immatu~ if the testes were
smal.l~ narrow and th~ead.ljke~ .'and s~~~ed.:nb sign of vasculari·z~ti~n. ~ . ' ·. : ~ ' . . ·. ' ' ·. ·. ' . : ' . ' . '. . .
Maturing .males _had lar:ger, prominent, highly v_as_cularized tes.tes. · .. . ~
The testes of spent ·males showed this . vascularization but .were : fla2t;d a·n·~ not a~· prominent ~ :.·.F~males w~'re desi_gnated -immatur~ if
. the ' ovaries w~re· small and narrow,_ with mi~'ute eggs less than 1· mm
. in ·diameter. · . Maturing ovaries of fema,les . wer~ ·-larger and very . , . , ' - '
\ ' \ ' I
prominent, filling · muc~ of the body cavity. The ·ovaries of spent·
female~ were large, flaccid ' and 'bloodshot, and somet~mes CODtained
a few ·residual eggs .. · -1 '
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., The s.cales were examined using a Bausch and l'"Onb 'mic o-. ' . ~~ . ·:' . . . . . : . . . . ' . . . ' .
projector. (22 x) and aged (lccording to the method of Wil iams . '. , : ' I ·:, / , .
(195~)· ~ ···Drawings 'were made of ea~h scale ~nd annular increments . .
' l<o ~ ~- I • • ~ C"'..-.-:-{- • ' ~ ' ' I ' '
of ·_growtJFM~re measured from these ·drawings. The opercula_ ·and ' . . ~~~i~}'.}. ' . . . . ·, >:- . • • • •
. cleithra.1~·~ examined using a Bausch and Lomb dissecting ; ' . . . . ' ' . '
. I
mict-Qscope _(6~67 x). The: epercula were aged. according to Frost • ' • • • • • ' • .. ,, l \ ' ' • •
and Kipling (l9.5~L the ~jthra ·accord.ing to ~asselman {191'4)~ ,. . lti ···.; • . . : • . ' • • . • •
For botn operc.ul a and c1ei. th.ra:~ annul a·r . i~crements'· of growth·· were • - I "'
measured using . ar:~ _optical micrometer. Pr'io·r to aging·, the·· ' . . . ' : ' '• . . ' ·.. . . . . . . . ·. · ,
:~ otoliths "were · g~ound and. bur~t", a mo.dification o(the: techniq.ue • ~ • ' ': : ' • ' • • • · ' ' •' •·• . . _,... -- · ,..,... .... . • • • • I!
. outlined by Chr.istensen .·(1964).: · The Jatefal surfaces of the . . . . .. ... - . .
otoliths \'lere polished usi·ng· a·~w;t' stone.; the otoliths were then • • ~ • ', ' • ·, 0 __,.~J-"' ~· .- - I ' I ' ' ' ' . ' · ~ , ' • '• . : • • • ' • ·_
placed on· a hot rf:>lale at a· temp·erature that caused them to brown • • ' ,..... .......... • •• p ~. ' ' • ' ~ • • • • • • • Q • • ~ '. : • • ' \ - • •
in about~2o · sec. They were droppe'd iJ'111lediately into 95% 9lcohol ~ · :., ..... " ....- . ·... •' • ' ·. . . then he-ated again, dropped· once rrore in alcohol, and alldwed to . . ' ' ~ . .
. I
~ool. When ex9niine~~· th~y were ifumersed .. \n -.~lcohol and v)ewed .. . . . '' \'
against a bla¢k. back·~round (Schott '1965). ·using a Wild M7·binocula·r-- J . . . ' . . . "-.; . . · .' '
micr~scop~ (3.0 xJ.. _.}he otol{th_s ·we~e · agec!.'according ·to Ch~iste~se~ . . . ' ,.
{1,964_) a·nd· resch. {1968). Each. otOlith i~age 'was drawn, using a
camera J uci da· attactied to ,the mi c~oscope; ~nnul ar ·growth . \ . . •/"'
· nieasureme_nt·; -were .ma~e· from the drawings (l~acKay 1967)·. ·. . . . . ' . : . ./ . . . . • : : !
· To, determine·. growth, total lengths ~nd annual growtt) increments ·· ' . . . . . . ~ . .
. of'· the aging structur_es were · measured"... T~e. radius o'f ·each aging ' , . r • , , • ' , • • •
. structure was meas_ure.d from_ the mid- point of the 'nuCleus to the ' •. . . ' - . ' . . ..
• : .!:; . · ~-argin . along a ·sta?dard axis: The distance ·from the· nucleus to each . -··. . . '. ·.: . .
._ . · ,· .• ,· ' . ' . ,, ' '.
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·annulus ·was also · rileasured· a·long ' this a·xis. The opercular nucleus._:.'' . ' ' .
wa~ chosen .. ~s the · po~nt where a line drawn' Jrom the opposite .
indentations of the articulating nnubn is -biseciJd; mea·s~~e~nts ' . - . •' . . . ~- .
. I ' , , ' , ·,. ' ,
were made on the · concav~ ,(inner) surface of. the bone at·.ri,ght
angles . ~~·the line used in locating the .chosen ce~tr.e (Fr~st ·,. . • . . . ' . . . ' . • • • ' • : . . • . 0 : . ' • . ' .
and Kipling ' l959). · .The cleithr~l. ·radius was ·measured from :f:he .. _
or.igin to the p~int whe'r~" the t.ip of the an~eripr bl~de inters.~cts .. ' - ' ·. , ' ' ' ' ' f ' ' ' • '.. ' ,• ' ' , ' • ' ; t_ ·:; '
· the. 1red1al cos .~a (Casselman ·1974),. ~ The origin was cho.s~n .as the··: • • (l · . . , - . . ' • .
· point of i ntersectipn of two lfnes, one 'drawn· along ·the medta_r · -•• ' • · , ' . . ' 1, . • • ' • • ' · • .
·CO~ta , arid the . . othe·r along'the 'inter1or ni~rgi· n · of -th~ ,bone. frQm : . .. · . ' ~)i ' "' • - ' ' ' . ·. . ·: • '
-the 'ti .p of the dorsal spine.'' . . Otolith . radiu·$ was ·~a~ur.ed along an -' ' ' ' ' ' " ' ' ' ' . ~ " ' .·' .
. axis from the nucleus. to the . edge of t~e .Postrost:rum~. · ·
T~: l:fack-calculate growth of pike~ the ~ctual ·relationship . . . : . I . . , : . . '
b.etween the grm<~th . of each · agir}g. stru~ture and the length ' of the -
•' .
·' l . . . ~ ' . . . ~ \. . ' . • ~ ' ..
fish was de.termined. )ndi_vi.dual · tis~ ·len.gths a·nd .the corre.spondi~g ' . . l"' • , • I f:i 0 : •. • • • , # • ,
.. aging structure 'lengths were used · to calculate these · relationships. . -:- ' . .. . . ' . , . ' . ~
Linear and · cu~viline·~·r bcidy~;· .. aging s.tructure.· relat1o~ships .~~re . . . . ' . . . . , ··,
. deri veil; the· curved relationships were used based upon .their .higher . . . . . . . .· . ' ..
correlation coefficients. · Each _of the .expon.ential equations was
co~verted to a strai.ght.lirie. _ using ~ the fol'lm·ling transformation: . . . . - ' , . ' . ·._ .. 1 o.g _: 1 = l -+ n . ( 1 ci ~ S ). · .;. ..
.. ' '
' ~ .
! where 1 is fjsh length, K is the ¥-intercept '(in log units)·, n is
, I ~he· slope of th~· _r:elationship · a~d .S. is the- length of .. th-e aging .
.. ..
' .'
· structure (14onas. tyrsky i.930) • . . ·
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Back-calculated age-length relationships we~e determined . . ;. ! . ; . .J . ' • ~ •• ' ' ' . • ' • • ' • ' .. . . t • ' ' • • · ,, •• • • • \ \
. ·, by fitting ave_rage annular aging · structu~ le,..gth~n th-e '-.- . . ·. : I I • '
' a~propri'ate boqy.; : ag~ng· struct~re regres~ion. ·. ' • • ,t I
·-.· ' . \ ... ' \ -· ~ ' , I ' "\ I I . . . ~ .
·. -< . '· ' '
. ' , '
test the _·age-length ··regressions generated ·by . each of the · a ·
methods. ·: Th~ :cov·aria~c~ ~nalysis'~was tis~d · f~_r ,com~a~· a- ·- of - b~tf( -·" : . ··<J.-. . . ' . ·,. . ~ . . . ~. . . - ·~ '~- .·: .• i .
· sl_opes ~nd ~d~·usted mean.s. - • , Als~; .j:"·. ~-?~e. c_~ses, . ~r _:. . .. . _·\. _ _. . J:-~·
.regr~ssions:·· were -~nipaf:~d simul taneousJy. · By· co~ r.ng 'adjusted··._ · .. . . ·-· .- :· ·. · . · · ·. · !_ ~ -. \ . ' : . - . . · ···. . . . , -- . ' : _·_ - .· - ' . .. · .. · .. .
, ·.. , . ."~ II , , , ' .
· ·· 'Analy'sis of covariance (Zar 19~4) was used ·to statistically .· . .. . - ', . · ' \ \ . .. . ' .. . . ----t---
-..
•'.
·· .. ,· . . . . · . - ~~ans~he _ ~leva~io_ns of the regressi~ns _we_r~ c~m ~r-~d -. . Ad~usted_·_ •
:'·
inean~ were tested onlY,. \ f the' slopes PT the regre sions .were-. . ; ~-. . s.i gnff~~at:d;ly :~ifferen~rJ . The-te,for~- , i.f e·i:th~r th s_f~pe~ . ~r - : :.
. · . . ·., , ,. ~ · .. Q/ \' :.' , ·. , , . , . I · , .. ·. ,I ·. ,' ,.
·adjusted ~aris.of -t~e lfnes differed s_1gnifican y _ a~t p ::: -0.05,-
i . . . ( . .
. •·. . ' . . i :; . . I· . . _- . .., · . .
", . . . . : ~- . l- . . . ' . \ .. ' ' . .. ' ,' ~
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the reg~essi'ons were con~i,dered significantly different. . . . - ~ . . _; :. ·. . . .· , . :. . . " : :. - . . . . . . . . . . . . .: .
·: __ · The coeff-fcient of condition· was··calculated. by· the following · ·. · . . · · .:
--; · :· ' ~ .
. .. ,-
·' .
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. .
. , 0 • • • • - . • •
equat1on~ ' . " -' . . . ;
/ ·' ' . 'l . .
K =· w_.x ws . . . .:··.-.. l.: 3 .. . · ·... . . . ~ . -~
' - · Jher~ -w is_ whole · ~~i~ht ~kg}. --.1 is fork' length (cm) .and· lOs · is a · , .. ' I . . • . ' . _· - ~ ·, . . . . . . '. · . . .
•o . - constant Which allows K to assume a val~e near _.unity (Hile. -1~36) •.. . . ' . . ·: · Ovaries fro~· 49 ripe females '.~1ere preseryed ·-;n Gilson's flu.id .. ·.
\ • ' • ; ' , : ' • • ~j • - • • • _l ' '. ... . . ,
. (Simpson .l951). : Fecundity was· determined for 32·ovaries US'ing· an . .. . . . . . . . . ' . . - . . . " . ' . . . . : . . .. . . ' ~"' . . . . . . '
e 1 ~'c troni c DECCA batch count~r ' (Bc:>.Yar and 'Cl; fford 1967 Land :tor-. ' . - ' \ ,• - . . . . . - .
. - .. . . . ' . :~1: ' " . .0 ;_
· .:J-·1 .
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ol . -:. ' !' .
.. ' & , • . I . . -.,. .
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.' ·
.. . . . : . -~
/ < ' the r~maining 17 by yolumetric .displa·celll!nt ~(Kan~le·r - ~nd Pi..Witz , • -:_. ... . ' . . "' . . . , /' . ·~ ' .~,. '·. .'· . : -~ .
,, _.
l957). The volumetric .method -was used fcn~· ·-those . ovar-ies · in .w.hich··. • ? ' __ ··-: · ;·: · .- .. _~ ~ - ~_-:_ ·,. - . ' .· :· . ~.- - .. :· . .'· ._·
egg casings were · too decompo_sed by the -Gilson's fluid to -be .coonted ' . "' I • , • • ' '
electro-nicafl.y. · Egg nUmb~r ~as. e:stimated _twice_;. usi'tlg the 6atch _ ., . • . P,, . , ' , - - • , .
. -. . ...
b ' ' .
.. '7 .
·• 1 ~ . . : ' .. .
, · l •
. . ' . .
r- .·
· • ,t
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'... . l
. .,. . 11 ..... . .. _ v . . .... ....
. : ·· .. tJ · • '
I .. . ..
,
. -. ~- A .
•.,.·, . . , ~~
't:. · . . •
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-~
... " . · .. . .
. , ' . __:./' 1'6~ .· ..
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.. · . :, .. 'i . : ... .... -::... ,
·. ,r .• .. ; .
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·• : )
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' . f :. ~
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. , .. i ! t: 1 r. r !
..
·0.\ . j •. t
• D
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. . ,
/
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(I
~) f .. '.., • . . ·~ r ~ .. f . il
( ~-
, ~ -
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\ i'
.• !
;· !
, .. , . ·:
,
,. ' .
f . ,.
· I
·. ·· .. ••.. . -t
. -· --·-.'.
-: . < '
. . . • , • . .o . . · .. , . . . . .
. · cou~ _te_r~ :_ for . a - ~.-~bS-alJlpl:.· of .f;v~ o_'-:ades: _ Esti.ma~in~d .f~~ .
the .two runs· de~ated less t~an 3% . . Egg count est1mate·s. on. a • • • • • • " • p •
. • . ' ' • • ' • ". t ; ··• · _ - . • • . .
subsample of 'five ovaries .• us·ing both the batch· counter and volumetric· . . . ' ·.· . .
. method, de vi a ted iE~ss than. 10%. ·:
. . t . . '
The .degre~ .of . full nes~ · of the stomach and its contents .were . . .
. .. . . ' ~'·! . l ••
' recorded· for a sample of 386 f]sh,. Fr~quency of,. ·occurrence was used
as a qua.;1 i tiiti v~ -~thod of f~o~ ana lys i_s •. · I .
..
' I ' . ' ·, . . ·\·.
' '
. \ .
• , '
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: . ~ , I
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.,
.· - ~ ., (
0
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• • ' o.,.
' /' ' . \ ·1 ~I '
. , .. .
( '
. . ; ·; , ' 0 '•
. . ···-----· __ ,_ --- - ------·-··. . , . . . .
' . . ~ -.... ' ,•
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i ' \ (
..
..
I
t. !
:
l ·l
- ~ -:~ .il ..
· ;t
j ~ I l :J I
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j . '
. ' .. l '
?r .. ,. I I . . l l i '
..
. ·.
I
. • ' . , . · 0 ' -.... :
, \ ., ; .,.· .~. :....,_ .·. ::._.~ •• ~~-·~: _ _ ;_;, _ _.:~--_;_~~-~ ~~: • • ~~ - :.;: • • :. · .~_:_;_..;.~-· -~~-:-~----•--•·---~-,-- .. -".- " I ~ •• •
. -.. . Q
.. ; .
' • : J •
.... ' I
•.
:
. ,
'
i ' ( ~
. -~
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' ·-,
·· ·i ' !
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.r
I. r
( .
' .
.. .., .. . .-. ·. -. .
... . '
. · .. - 17 ...; . ' /' ..,.' l
.. ' J·
· "'· . o I ~
-RESULTS . ....,. . . ;· .
' ; ' I
.· / - " ,'. ,.- ·
j . . -~· ' : . . . I
. I ' . -; ' .
. 1. Age .determination '<t.u
,. 0 ••
f' •
:
..
. ; ,..· ,;..,
... .,~ ... ~·
.-. • ,I, w
- . .A - . . . . . .
Th.e .empirical .r~lationships between the' length of each aging . 1 ~ ' • ' • , , • ' 0 . , . , ' ' . ·,.
•
0
: ... • • • ) structure and. the_ length_ of the fish ~~e _ p~esented in Tables 1-4 . . . / ' o, • - ' • "
'
~:.
·A
·;
. : and Figs. 6-9. · The . regressi an ·lines are graphic _representatio~ . . '
~- .·· · of the calculated regress'ions (Table 5}, ~1hile_ the scatter plots . . . . • ' .
. ':o r
--.. and ~anges repr.esent tbe empi t:"i cal data · of average fot:k le·ngths . . ( . . . . . . ·. . . . ' . l . . .
and _average length's · of the . pqrticular aging structure. Regression:· .
eq~~tions were _c-alculated for ·sexe-s separated and c.o~b-ined. ·. All·· . . . . . -. . .' . ' . . . )
aging· s1ructl.lr:e lengths in Tables 1-5 are magnified }engt}Js. It • . .
Empirica 1 an'(back~cal cul a ted age-length· data are presented . . - - _ _,., ':e . .
in Table~ 6.:9 and Figs.l0:-13. Sca·tt~r plots and ranges represent ·.
"'empirical .averag~!ork l~ngths' at a.ge·; curves ~epresent bac~.-
.·calculated relationsh-ips derived from ' the appra~ria.te .body ': ~aging :
stru~ture regression (Table 5·)·. : . '
.-Analyses of covar_ianc;e · were ·used ,tP :tes·t for significant
· : . . I ,
· difference at -p .:::· 0.05 .between slopes or adjusoted ·means for the . ~ . . . . . - , ··, . ' .
, following·age-·l ength n:!gressi9ns:
· · ·,Regressi_on·
males v~. females for each aging metho<l; einpirica 1 and _tlack:-cal culated·. . . ·
, Q. • ' , r ,. . I
· eni'pirical vs. back--:c~lculated for each aging .method; sex_es separated .and contined. · 1 .:
: J.'I
10
11
.. _ . ,, .... - . :· sea les vs . ope.rcula 'vs .. clei thra vs . . otoliths; empirical and· back-calculated;
.f2
sex~s~ separated arid combined. · ·
. : '!
' :· . .. . - ........ ------~ ~ --• I
i · .
. · .
..
' - ;.. ....
"-
I
'
.1 • •
' I
' I . I
!· ,I
'
J
l 1
I 'l : i
r ' ' I
,.
·.
.. ~ . ~-f_
f f - f
L ( t.
f ~
. . ·.f. -· f r ,·
' r .
. : ._,; . \ '.-
' -.... ' ··- ;_' ..... ,. .. ., ... -----· :-·"'·-·----:- ..... -· .......... --~ .... ~··"' ~·· .. ; _____ ...,, _ .. ____ _ ,. , . . . •r·-··· -•-- •••··------' --- - ,, -
"I', \i •
I .
- .
<;'
.- 18-
.·.
Regre~sion
. - . / - . otoliths vs. scale~,· . otol.iths vs ~ cleithra,
I ..
I . •
. '
. . . .-'!; .· · Table . No ..
. --'--l3
'· otoliths .vs. operculcl, scales vs. opercula, · scales vs. · cleittJ.ra, and opercula vs·. clei.thrai back-calculated; . sexes separated · and combined. : . ' . . .
\ ' .. /
-· . ' "
Empirical age-length regres·sions for.males did not differ · "'- . . . . . . . . · significantly from· females, using ,any of the· four aging methods .
' ,\;.\ ' ' I > t, ..;'
·{TabJe 10). The difference be~een back-calc~lated age-length ' . . . . '
reg~~ssions formal'es cy1d females~as signifi-cant, for each of .. ' the four: agi-ng me.thods. : . · . ' '
. ~ -
I \• 'l
,Emp!dc~l .and bacf- calculated a~e .. le~h- ~egressions !diffe'rd ' I • .
· si gnific.ant1y : using/ seal es, opercula·and clei thra (Table 11).
' However, using.otoliths, the difference was not significant. \ . .
' . . . Empirical age-leng~h regressions did nbt differ signifi-cantly,
- ~hen compad ng a 11. fou.r aging. methods whereas _ baek-ca 1 cul ate d
· regressio_ns did differ signifi~ant1y . (Tao'ie 12); . . For s.exes . . I . .
separated·~nd combined, the back-cal_culate'd age-:-l~ngth _regressions
,generated by each aging method diffe~ed sig~i fi cantly from · those
.. generated by any other method with one exception; fo-r )\rna 1 es, ' .
the, back~ca) culated age-length .regressions,_ using. oto1Hhs or -scales,
~i d not differ significantly _(Table 13).
II. · Bi ol ogi ca 1. s tudi.es
A:• Size and age •compositio( .
. 1. length ' ·
., . T~e fork length distribu t ion (Table 14} · is uni'modal with the _
.. '' ;. ' ., ~ ·
: ' .
.(
I '
. \ J i
. )
.. - ~
) \ 1
) '
..
- . ~
~ ...
i · •
J
l
. L..i
} . . .. ------ ·· - •-<• "0. -v-•1 - · ~ ~ ••- # ~ • - . . .
I i •• f • • •
I .
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1 . • I
I
.,
·; 1
I 1 .i
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. I
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-.. \' :, . \ . . .
Table 1. -The relationship betwee_n fork length ('em)' and magnfr{ed ·(c~ · ~ 22) scale length of northern. · · · pi. ke fr~f!l Lobstick, Labrador. . · . · . , ) · · · . · .
( - . Fork 1 ength ·
. · (em)
·- 1 o.o .. . 14.0 .
18. 0 ;.·
22.0
. 26.0 30.0
. 34.0 .38.0 .
. 42.0
.46~ o. ·~--.,: ..
.~o.o ·
54.0
. 66.0
70,0
74.0 ·78.0
82.0 86.0
.(}
Males
Mean . Range
. 1. 3 '1. 2- 1 • 4
. 5.2 6.9
-.
8.8 .. ·'.• 8.6- 9.0
9.8 ·' 8.9-l0.7
1 0 • 0 . 8. 8-11. 5 11.4 10.6-12.5
11.9 ro.3-l3.l 13.4 12.4-15.7
13. T 12. 4-15~ 6. 14. 6 . 1 3. 4-l6. 8
14. 8 1 3 ;O-1 6 , 5
15.3 12.3-17.4 -18.4
·-
. -.. -- . Scale· Length (cin x"22)
Sample Size
.. . 2
0 . ~
0
0
1 .
0 2
7
3 9
14 - 16
14 . 17
.19-.
3 l
0 0
Female~ ___: __ ........).__--..S,-am--p-.-1-~ . ··
Mean~, - Range · . Size ·
1..8
7.7 8.6 . 7.9- 9.6
1
0 · 0
0
-o 0
5
9.2 8.8- 9.8 . . 3 . .
' 10.1 9.7-l1.3 11-.1 . 1 0.0-ll. 8 .
12.0 10.9~13.9 ' 12~8 11.8.:.13.7
. .
5 ..
5
·9.
:., 13.4 ' 12'.1-1(3 . 6 "
. 13.8 12.;4-H?.4 ·
. 1 5 • l 1 2 • 6-1 7\ 3 '
. . )5.0 . '13.4-16.2 1 5 • 7 . 1 4 . 4~ 1'6 ·• 8
. , .
. 16.1 13.5-17i5 -18.6
18 '
18
, 3 . . ·-. r!' .
·.A .
-·
C_ombined
Mean Range. ·
·1.5 1.2- 1.8
-5.2 6.9 ~
7:7 .8.6 7.9- 9.6
9.6 8.8-1.0. 7
10.1 8.8-1.1. 5 . 11.3 .10.-0-12.5
l2.0 10.3-13:9 . 13~' 2 11.8-15.7
13.6 12.1-15.6 _'14 .• 2 12.4-16.8
J 5;0 12,6-1 ~. 3
15.1 12.3-17.4 16.1 14.4-18.4
16.1 13.5-17.5 ' 18.6
Sample · Size
3
·.o 0
0 \...
1 ..
1 . . , 7
10 .,
8 14
23. 22
20 35 .
37 , 16.
' 7 . .... l
7 1
\
' '
• • ·~~ .... ..... .... _ ...... ~. ~ .,,::...: , • • h~ .... -:~·-··&dC>'1hA!:t' '>·Cvr i ; ~·.,;·r t i'?i a-
' I .
. ' .
. : i ·:l . . I I .
! i . . . ~ ~ I
. i
.I t . l: •i
l ·. I
l . l i I f I .
. '
I ...
.\ . . . ··. ·- ,, e -·. ·~ . -: ~-··:· ··· -·---·-- -~----~:- ···-·--------~-------·-r·~-- -.-.. . .. - ~-- ----~---_.....~--. --. ·--~-~~--- ---
/ ·
• I
. ;
I ·
. ;
. .
.. \ . '
ao.o ·
j . . . : Q 60.0 . ....
.=· -401 b.Q ,
~ 40.b . ~
~ -1'4 ' e
Jic '2 o.o
- . ~ ·.
i •. ~
' l:l
:
I
i l .l ! .I : ; '"
()
I ' 0
,, ' ,. 1-
...
. '
. .
·•
. , .
( I '
- I
f·1ALES.
'L. = . 7. 1647 s· o • 821 3
r = o·. 97
. I
s~o 10.0
... ~~.0
. ./
60.0 t .
'-· . .
.. '40.0
' 20.0
20- . '\.
I .
-F~I·IALE~ L=5.4oofs o.9 .. 9o _
{ I .
..
15.p 5.0 ·10.0' :15.0
SEXES COMBINED
L =l.4S21 s 0 . 8711
r = 0. 97 /
,.
.. . 5.0 10.0 15.0 , ',f.
~ :. Seale length (c~ X 22) ,. . . . . . .
, Fig. 6. Empirica-l . (scatter plots and ranges) ·and cal.culiited (fitted curves.) body length:.scale length relationships of ·northern ·
·pike f rom Lobs tic~, _Labrador. 1 , ·
·'
...
.. ...
~
\ I
. · ,
• .
.·
. (
! . . i .
. ;
·1 '-"' ·~
. rJ •\
.:J
1 . :f
-~
( I 1 . • ' j .
.. I
1 ~I 1 ~
·. ·.; I
.' :1 1
J q
. ~l . . :'-.~
I j.
1 ,·' ~ , .
)
i . ' . ' I
.. I
- . i ;
____ .,...,_., _______ ~~~---· - · - -·-- · . ----· - ---~ .. .... . - -- - - --~ - --- - · - - - --- .. - --. · : · --- . ·
.' ' ' ~ .. - . \ . :-:.. . Table 2. -The relat'i.onship between fork length of fish- (em) and magnified (em x 6.67) operculum
- · ·length of JlOrth!'!rn pike from Lobstick, Labrador. , n
Fork 1 ength · {em) ·
' .I ..
. ~ .... _.
10.0 14.0 .
.. ' J .8 .• 0
'--,.· 22.0
26.0 30 .. 0
. 34.0
38.0 42.0 "'
\. 46.0 ' 50.0
54.0
58.0
62.0
66.0 70.0
74.0 78.0 82. 0
86.0
_,__~'----- ~ -.. ·- ~ --- ·- •.. -·-- . . "· ~ ~--·-·
Mean
3.4
.8.9 ' 10.1 -
13.5 14.6
14.9 18.4
19. 1
0 20.7
2L8
23. 1 24. 6 ,
26.5 27.8
Males
.Range
' 3. 3- 3. 5
·' ":
-' 13.-0-13.9 .
· i3.5-ls.s
~ample Si_ze
2 0
0 0·
1 1
.- 0
- 2 1- •
14.3-15.5 .· ' 3 17.1-19.8 9
-18.4-20.5 14
19. ·5-22 ~4 16
' 19.6-24 . 4 14
20.7-24.3 --17 23.3- 26.5 19
· 24.3-27 .a 3 1 ' \
0
; . 0
· Operc-ulum Le~gth {cni x f?.~7) .. Q Females·
Mean Range
~- 7_ -
..
\ -.
-11.8 '
l3.1 12._1-13. 6 · ' - 14_. 3 13:-7-1_5.0 .,
16.5 15.7-17 .0 1 7. 5 ' 16 •. 6-18. 0
19.4 18. 1..;21.3
20 . 8 . 20.2-2l~ 5 .. ,;;, 22.3 21.4-23.6
23 . 6· 21.0-26.1 25 . 4 22.8- 28 •. 0
25~9 23.5-29 .o ' .26.6 25.8-27.2 -. 28.2 27. 3-30-~ 6
' 31. 7'
Sample , Size
l 0
-: 0 0
0 0
1
_5,7 3
5
5
9
6 6 -
-18 ' 18-
13
6
7
1
'\
.. ' '
. ' . • • " • • •• . ... .,o • :.. , - .; • ...,. , • .. . . -~;,.-,.,~ ... - - :. .. :.;r.~ <".t:"~4 ".;.~'1,.':o ....... --..>-'_.-l '.l.~ •~'-'-.. -,
.-
. Combi ne d _
Mean Range ·
, 3.5 3.3- 3.7
- - .. -a.9
_loy ' '
11 .:8
13.2 12-.1-13.9 .14.5 l :t 5-15 .. 5
15_.~ 14 ;3-17.0
18.1 16.6-19.8 ~ 19.2 . 18. 1 ~21.3 '
..
20 . 8 - 19.5-22.4 21_:9 19.6-24,4
23'. 3 20. 7- 26.1 25.0 22. 8- 28.0'
26.0 '_24.3-27_.8
26 .& :25.8-27.8 . ~
28. 2 . 2 7. 3-30. 6
31.7 : ? .<
Sample -Size
·;y 0
·a 0
1 -1 -
' 1 .-7
_. 10
8 . 14
23
22 20
35 ' . 37
16
7 ' · ?-
1
\
:J• ' .
_.,
' \ \' .
- . - \~ ' . '
' . • ' ~ I
1 .
:-. '
{ .. I . l l 'l
I
1
i : : . i
i i -I I ! 1 ' i ' 4 J - . I
·, '
1 . I ! . ' 1' I I l -
' ! ' :
.. _.--./" -
. · . .. ', ' . ,
. ( '. ' ' . ' ,1·. -J: ••• .. . ... - .. ~--·· · .. ..... _ . _ ____ .... ___ ............... ___ ..,7"~ ------ - -· .. ,. ·. ·:·
· . . · ,
MALES · ··
' II . ao.o. . L =. 3J l's3 s a. 9104
r = 0.99 -.- s C) -
~ .':
60.0 .
~ ~ . bJ)
' ~ ' CI) 40.0 . ..... ~·
- J.4 . 0 ·· .. .. . ~ . '20.0
' . / ~
.. I.
..
22 .-.·
FEt-.1ALES
L = 3. 3274 S o .-9479
r = 0. 98
/
I ·
•
• I
.·j
...
.. ·'
... ;~ ' :~.
ill .:l . ~~
. ~~ . i ~
L . ·1 . ' . ~ .••.. j
: ~
.; . ~ / . ( .
\ .
:.
I •
.•
i" j • {
~ ..
. / l !
. j
'!-. I i
. J
l.
.,., ,•
..
./.
· t .
·Jo.o
' ...
I . •
~0.0
...
60.0
. I
40.0·
20.0
I
20.0 30.0
, SEXES COMBINED
L = 3 ~ 1908S 0 : 963o
r =o ·:gg ·
)
\.
10.0 : 20.0 . 1 ... ..
/ .
. I .
20.0 . - .30.0
Operculum lgt (~x 6.87')
ao.o
(;
' I .
Fig' . .7. · Empirical . (sca tter plots and r anges ) . and ca·lculated (fitted . · ' curves) body length-opercul um l engt h r elationships of · ·
. northern pike from Lobstic~1 • . Labrador. · :
L.
<' ; : t '. ,..
• f
- - •... .- I
.. ·- ..
.:.
. - .
. . r . • $
.. · , • • !
r· · ~ .. ;
. :.
. .. . : .
.! :.
I .
....
• !I"':'JJ'J •. ~ '"":t,t; All P4]4'\UJQ4,t Jiik4q¢4(qq ...... _ .... . • - · ·--· - · ' ·-. ··:-- ~ "-'_' " .. ----. ... - • •• v . ' ... ' ........ " - -
-·
' ' i
• '
. ~ .. ·::<-... <~;:·~: ·. . . ~ ·· ·· . ·-~: · ... ... ~ . ·-., ~ . · · '
3 . The ?relationship 6etW~en f~rk length. of fish (em) and ·.mag~'/'f~e9~-.(~~:"F~'G:67) clefthrum Table . .. - ·Tength of_ northern pike from .lobstick, Labrg~dor. . · · . · , .. · .. · : , . ., . . :- . · "' ..
. . . ., . ~ -:-.
Fork length · (em)
10~0 .
14.0
18.0 . ~-0
·--·26:0
30.0
34.0
38.0 ' 42.0
,46.0 50.Q
54.:0 _-_,·sa:o
62.0
66 •. 0 7p.o 74.0
78.0 82.0
·. 86,0
. .
Mean
: ~ '6.9
18.5
21'.0
l -. .26.0 27~9 -_,.
33.8 3i.9 35.9 -
39.5 ., 40.3
' 43.6
46.4
47.3
50.0
. . Cleitlirum length . {em x 6.67) \
Males Fema 1 es · · Comb.ined
Sample . Sample ,_.Sample Range "' Size · ~- ·t:fean Size . Mean · Range Size
6.8- 7.0 .2 a·
' 0 - o
' - -1
1 0
25.0-27.0 -2 26.5:..30.0 - 7
30.0-40.5 3 30.5-36.0 9 \ 32._5-.<1-2',0 '14
37.0-43·. 5 -16 36.0-43.0 14
41.5-45.0 17 I
44.5-48.5 19 42. 5-S,Q~O 3 ...
1 • . . '0
- 0
. '
~-
II
7. 7 --
22.5
26.3 25.5-27~0 27.7 - 27.0-29.0
30 •. g 30. 0-31. 5 1-
·32.8 30.5-35.0 ' 36.4 34.0-38.5
·38.8 37.5-39.5
1 0
0
0 0
, 0 -~ 1
5 -3
5
-5 -9
6 .39.8 35.5-42.0 6
43.5 40.0-46.0 - 18
45.5 35.0-48.0 18 ~8.0 '43.0~50.0 . 13
49.9 .48.5-51.0 :52~0 47.0-56.0
60.0 " J•
6 7 '
·. 1
..... · ·:
7 • 2 . 6 • 8- 7. 7
18.5 - '
21.0 ' ' 22.5- .
26:2 25.0·27.0 "- 27.8 - 26.5-30.0 .
. 32.0 30.cf-:40.5
33 ~5 30. 5-36. 0 36.1 . 32.5-42.0.
39.3 . 37.0-43~5 40.1 35:5-43.0
43.5 40.0-46.0•
45.9 . 35.0-4~.5 47.9 42.5-50~0
49.9 -48.5-51.0 ' 52. 0 4 7 ~-o- 56. 0
'"So.o -- -
<
.. 3 0
0
0 1
" 1 1
.]
10
8
14 23"
22 .
' 20
35
37 . ;"
16
7 7' ~
l
- _/ I • - -. . . .,J -- '
_:.~ .~..:_~--~~.C.-"-'-......... ""'""-._ ":"i ~ _... ' ~ _·_::*o ; ._. ~
-N .w
. -_ ·._.. _(
; · .
' ' l .
. ~ . i .
' 'l ; -! . . 1 ·. 1
I .j \ ' ' 1
' -~·t ··· . i
f
? l I
.J I
'· ;
'.! ..
I I _
• .
.-
I •
I I . I
··'
....
. I
j
' . ;
\ < ' .
. '
' . ·: i
~ . t
I
t '·
i !
/j
l I I . •
·: .
. I ·~·- ..
: . .
..
·,
.. -. .
-. \
...
'
/
\ .
;~ . ~o.o
·-·.a : . ~ 60.0
2o.o .
. I'
. '
"/:' .
!. ·-
I
.· \
Fig. 8.
" . \'
' - ~
" . - 24
· \
I . . ·I
t-1ALES . . FEMALES .. \ . -
l ;;, L3820· ' ~ _1· _02 38 , I ' r- = .0.99
.L = 1.4122 ~ - = 0.:9.8 -
L. .
• ' !
,-:
. . c( .
\
\ '
20.0
. 60.0
40.0
·20.0
-. ~
·40.0 ·. , 60.0 /
SEXES COMBINED.
L = 1.3574 S
\
-20.0 40.0 . 60.0 ' ' I
-Cleith~m lgt. (em x 8.67) . .
40.0 601J
. ,
l .
:. "
Empirical {sc.atter plots and · ~ ranges) and calculated (fitted curves) body length-cle-ithrum. length -relati onships of northern pike f _roril lobstick, labrador. ·
/ ' :,\' . 1
-,
.. .
- '
. . · 4
/
I ,
. l
_. \
. .
. ; .•. -i
. '··
l < _,
"·· ~ l .1
' . .. ·. :
. , . .
1 ' ...
. '
.·.
I· I I ! · i .
. . ; .
...
. : '·
. . . . -- .., • • .. -·- ·•• .......- •-r·-:-'-• ·-.~-- ~ • - - •;'• • .,. •' •• -· • - •
~ '·
\
. ·rabl'e 4. ·The- relationship b-etween fork lemgth olfish (em) a·nd ~magnified (i:m ·:x 30) otolith . 1 ength of northern pike from Lopsti ck; Labrador. :.. : . ~ ·
· ·. Fork length r (em)
.-. ·.· 10~0.
14.0 18 ~0
'
22.0 26.0 ·- .
\ ~0.0
34.0
38.0
42.0 ..
46.0
50.0 54.0
58.0 . 62.0
-66.0
'70.0 74...0
78 ~ 0 . 82.0
86.0
Mean
1 • 9
4~8
5. 5.
6.4 .
6.7 7.3
7.6 . 7. 7
8.0 ._ 8. ~
8.8
9.2 9. i
.1 0. 3
l .
G
- ' <
Otolith Length (em x 30)
Mean
1.8
5.·0
6.5 6.6
,6.8
.7. 5 7.7
8.0 7. 9 8.2
8.8 : 9. 3 ,
9.4-10.1
11.2 ..
· Females
Sample Ran·ge .- Size
' .
5.9- 6.8 6.5- ·6.8
. · 6.4.:. 7.6
7.1- 8.1 6_. 8- 8.5
7.0- 8.5 7.5- 8.6 5~2- 9.4
7,.8- 9.9 8 ',5-10.0
8.7-10.0 . 9.1-11.5
1 .
0 0 ·· .
0
0
0 1
s · 3
5 "- •
5 9
6 6
18
: 18 - ] 3
- 6 -7 .
1
· · .. Comb;i'ned .
.R.ange Sample Size - .
1. 9 1. 8- 1 : 9 . 3
4.8 .
5.5 5.0 - ~
6.5 5.9- 6.8 6.7 6.3- ?'.4
7.0 6.4- 7. 7_
. 7. 6 6.8- B.B . 7. 7 ·6.8- 8.5 .
·. a.o 7~0- 8.7 -
,8. 1 7.2- 8 •. 9
8.5 , 5. _2- 9.5 . 9.0 --7.8-10.2 9.3 .. 8. 5-l 0 .o
9.6 8.7-10.0 10.1 9.1-11.5
'i 1. 2
0
0
·o . 1
1 1 7
'10
a· . 14. . 23
22 - 20
35 . .
37 - 16
. 7 7'
-1 . 0
\ '
N - U1 . .
\
' •,
I ..
. '
..
' ' o ·
i I ! -!
I . I
• I
! 1 . . ; ·
·\
--~ . \ i
. ' . ' \ ; .
i .
I·
I ·
·,·
. .. . : \
.-
' . . '
.' r. ., .
.. •.
. ' . l '
l I I
'(
l'
. . . . . . 1'
/ ·
: I' '1"' . , . . • ~¥ .... ___ ... __ ..... , __ .,_~ ... "'"'~'""":"l'•'"''f"'"'~ .. ---...... -~ . ....... r; . ...... - . .... __,....._.: ....... -- , • • - • ...:... .,.._.. • ·· ·· ~·~· ·;-· ............. --- '" :- - .. · ··-.- . ·· ·~··-.~-~ ..... -............. . ' . :
/ . \ .
( .
. .. ·
' ' ' I
· ' ·
, ; . ,lo ti'•
. ·· . . . . , . r .
\" . ' · . . -I
. ) .
26 - .
. ' MALES . ...
8.0.0
-! .. - :o.so .. o · ~
,.a . bD s:r · .
. .! 40~0 ~ k ./ . 0 ,. ..
~ ?0.0
. . . L = 4.2053 S 1· :2 5 8· ~.
r = 0.96 ·
' .
FEMALEiS ·
L= 5.1928
r =_ o.91
·"
.I . .
{ .
,· .
· .
' . .
\; '
' .
.. ) .. .
· ...
I .... : .
· .. " •
.. :
..... :
\ ·.
., .
Fig.· 9 .. . ..
... .
. 8.0 . •
ap .
. . . ..
SEXES COMBINED .· .
SO.Q . L = 4.4802 S 1;22814.. . .
.·' r = ... 0. 76 ·
.so.o
' ..
. 40.0 ,,
20.0 .l
I '
'
.• 4~0 8.0. ' Otolith lgt: (om x 30)
~ . I . . .
Empirical .(scatter ·p.lots and ranges) and· calculated ('fitted ·curves) bodylength-otolith · r~ationships '· of northern pike . from Lobs.tick,· labr:-~dor . . : ·· .. ' . . . .
·~. ( (i) .
· ' /
• •
. . ·
... .. !
. . . /. .
• t!
:;::-.
., .
. . . . . ~
. .. 'l . '! . 'l . . -·~
:1 ·~
.. t . 1 .< ..
- < ' . ' ·
,r ,·• • •' '
.. . ·
.- · .'\. .. !
. i . ~
-~
.,
·) · .. · ~: ·· .. A'}
;.. -·:. -·.
i ,· l I
. ': i . \ \
' . .
. . ,/
.· ,· ,
• I 1·'
t I . \ . .
I .
"":---
\ .
\
, • I
. \ \
·"
-·
, .. j.,
'
. \ . . . ~
Table~ ·5. Logarithmic and exponential forms of the regression equations for the relationship between fish fork .length (L} and length of the aging structure {S), using scales, opercula, cleithra arjd otoliths, of northern pike from l,.ob?tick, labrador-. _
. .~ ·,
Logarithmic Form
. \·
' ..
Exponentia}-Form · · Correlation
Coefficien-t · . " .. . . .....
SCALES (em x -"22) . .• · _Males · ·
Females
. .· . . .
log L =··o-~a213 lo~ ·~ · + · o~:es52.> -. -~- ~ : ,;. ·i:·1s47 ·s -log L =·0.9490 log· s.+ 0.7324 L = 5".4001 s
0_· 82.13 -. . . . o··949o
Sexes Conibi ned log L = O.Q711 log S + D.8097 l ~ - 6.4521 . S 0·.87H
0.97 . 0.96 ~-
. . . . 0. ·g 7 ~ ' ·. . ~~· _.,_ . I .. - - (
OPERCULA (em. x 6~ 67) - . . . . ·Males · · · .. · .. • log L-= 0.9704 1og ·s + 0.4935
F_emales log L = 0.9479 jog s. + 0.5221-Sexes· Combined log L = o-.9630 . 1og s + ·o.S039 .· -
. . . \ " .. _. :
CLEITHRA (em. x 6.67) Males females Sexes Combined
OTOLITHS ·(cm· x .3o") Males Females .
· Se.xes Co~b i ned
.\
"\ log l = 1 1 0238 lpg S + 0~1405 1 og L = l • 0216 log s + o. 1499' log l ~ 1.0318 logS+ 0.·1327
log L = 1.2583 logS + · 0.62~8 log L = 1.}801 log$ .+ 0;7154 log L = 1:2280 log _S + 0.6513
\
·.
.L = 3.l153 ·S 0 " 97q~ · L. ; 3.3274 S 0~9479 .L = 3~1908 S 0 "~ 63 0
.. .. . 0.9"9 · o.9a .
0;99.
L = 1.3820 S l•D2.3S . · .. · 0.99 • 0
·L = 1 .4122 'S 1.:02.16 0;98 . l = 1.3574 S i·o3ia · 0,99 ·· .
. i
L = 472053 S .1 f2-5~ 3 - .
L = 5.1928'S l ' tBOl L • 4;480~5, 1•2280
o;g~
o. gy_ 0.76
' .
~ ..........:__ .
.......
,· -
.. . . . . .· .
. ~- - · - -~-_ .. ... ..J~~ .. :..~ .... :t~~ ... i;;'@t'n('iWr'lf7fr_1'.
f .
. • . • .. · ).l-ot .
..
.-,·.
: }
·.
~ _~_ i .._, T :
I .
0
; -
( .. ~ .,
. ' i
\ . ' I
..:.._..---:-'-----..~-----·-------·-- ~· .. -- .. : .. - ... ------~-:: ... ·:: .
/'
~ _; ..
t.-- ··.
~ - ·
"-' ·· ~ .
0
· '
r ... ·. . "- . ·. ~
·. '
' ' .
.. Tab1e 6.· · Empirical and back-calculated average fork lengths (em), using 'scales, of the different age-groups .
· _of northern pike fromJ Lobstick • . Labrador." . · · · · · · · -· .
' Age · · Fork Leng..t hs (em) (years) · Males - · Femaies CombiJJed
~pi_ric":1 . Back- Emp1 rica 1- _Back-Sample ca 1 c. : ·· .sample -·cal c.
Empiri ta l · . Back-.·. Sample c a 1-c· • .
· .. Mean Range - . Size Mean ·Range Size Mean Range Si ze 1\ •
ti
9;-9.~ 6 .• 1 9.5 - 2 •. 15.7 10 . 7 ~ - 1 ·- 13.4 ~
0 '22.8 .2 - 0 25".0
9.9 . - 9.3-10.7 3 14.8
- 0 <•_ 24-.2 -· 3 27.5 1 34.3 { 0 32 .. 2 . :.
. '4 . 43.3 ' l 41.6 0 .40.8 27.5
,. 33.6
.43.3 1 . : 41.5 :
5 46.3 40.0-52.5 2 \ 47.9 40.2 35.-5.:.46 .• 4 .6 47.8 41."7 35.5-52.5 8 · 48. 1 6 . SO.CF 31.2-65.6 . n 51 ', 5 47 . 0 37.0-59,0 ·n . 5'5, 6 -,.
7 56.4 37.0-66.5 '29 ss:3 60.1 46. 0- 77. 0 . - 18 ):;6d. g-
8 56.4 41.7-67. 0 . 14 ?7 . 9 64.7 53. 4-74 ._2 . 23 q5. 2
-48.5 31.2-65.6 22 . . 53.5
-· . 57.8' -. 37.0-77.0 47 ·58.0 : r: .
61 . 5 4 1 ~ 7- 74. 2 . · 37 . 61. 4 .
9 63.7 ~_M.Q .. 75.0 . 29 61.4 . 67.5 ·- 49.5-73.5 15 ~ 68.2 65.0 '44. 0·'75. 0 '
44 64~ 5. 67 . -.2 - 57. 5 -:.74 ~ 3 13 . ' -
10 63.4 72.5 55.0-80 . 8 19 71.7 -11 57.8 52,0-78,0 5 66 .• 4 76.8 . 62,5-84,0 .. 6 73.0
. 70.4- 5~ . 0-80 .8 . i
32 . 67.6 . 72.7 52.0-84 .o 11 69. 7 -.
,. , \ · _s·o.-o 12 - . 69.5 , 71. 1 . 77 •. 0-82.4 4 74.0 73.1
• .': 82.1 13 =- 1 74 . 8 ' . - ~ "' - ' 0 '·
.. 71. 9 ·- 77 .9 69.5-82. 4./ ·S
73,1 1 76. 1
. 14 .0 - o· S4. 3 ... - 0 80. 4 15 - ·0 87.5 1 8 6 .6 . -87.5
_., ' - 82. 3_
<0 .
- · - · .. . ... ·- -.. . _ _ ...:.,.._.:_.. ... -- ·"!' •"":·:', J: .. .. ...... .. ___ ... _, __ ·- - - ' --- _-:=_
'i
' . . . -~ \ '
. ' I
-. . r
·!
I ' I
r-.>j col _J l i
. ~
1 J l l J
.f I ' .
. ' ., i.
.;
I
i '
·. ·. '·· ..
~ t
' :· •·
. , .. - :
: . t; . ,. ,_.
0. 0
/
..,. ,
J
.., ' f ! [ $
~ t . ~ .
~ l :
. f t i t
..
.·= .. ,;.-. ..•.
( £1 •.
·,
•. ~-
0
. I .
~ . ·----- ., ... -.· --~ .. -. ..... .:. .~:..... ... - \ : - ~# L '
..... a CJ , ._., ol 60.0 .= r •
+l · ' b.O .• / =. ' ~ 40.0 ,!4 . ~
·,
0 ; '
·~~ 20.0
'' '·.
'·
'·.
·--
I
/ .
·I
..
MALES
·•
I
BOD
so.o
• ··-· .. ·--·--. ~-- ... - - .. -··"~~-·--··-·- .. - ............ ..._.._ ,; _ _ .. #Oi o"':::
..
~ -29-
A· - ' . ·'
·I
12 /' .
SEXES COMBINED
4
" !
a· "'
" •,
• 0 ..
/
·• . t .,l '
. il'' . . •.
' I
-~ .
I .. ,.
I
. \
. • '
/ ,
·6:
I ' . .,
·r···-
. ' . .. . I . { ..
~ f I
."'
.. · : ·
' • • '. 1, 0 ' ~ •
. . 40.0
r; 9 • 1o: · . . .. .
20.0
• / I
i' ! :·
4 e . .. 12 .
.·Age (year~) ' · .. . I . ' . . . I . . .. _. . . .• Empi rica 1-,(sca t t~r: p 1 o ts and ran~es) arid (:a 1 cul ate~ (fitted curves ) average . -·1 engths (em) s using s·ca les ~
.of the . different' age;.groups of. nprthe.rn' pike _from .. , lobstick, labrador. · · · · . . . . . . ' • .
• c ~ · .... ' l '', li'
. '
(. ~ . I > \~
. . ·-.: :.
' I •
I.
. " /
.' ...
0 ! :
• 0 .
. ,. ' . . .
- ... -. - ---- "·: --·· .. :·· ---·--··· - - -.-.---------'----~ -. ~
' .~
. . ; -... · . . •. . ..- ·.
./ .
.. . .r.. - . ' . r:-• . . -. . -' . . .
~ • 0 ' · ..
··~ ' r • • . . L-,. _....,:.__,..., ,..,.;, '"'"""'' , __ ...... ,_, • .,...,i'CI'ir"''"""'' s -. • .,...., • ·7;·-....,.·~•--:-.._ _.:_, __ ..... . .
~ . . ' ,• ~ . •. .' . ·- . • . .... '
, · , - · J
\ - . , __
. .. 0 ll ~- .
. - . --- ., .... ~-- · ~-- ~ · -- -.- --.. .... ' -o-
- '
. ·,
.-·'
1 0
"· ~
' • . (1 .. • . • • • , _ • . • 0
} ·
_-_ I . -1-
.Table . . 7. - Emp.ir-ical and back.;.c'alculated ~average fork lengt-hs (crri), using. ORer_cula, of the-diffe·rent ~ · - _ · age-groups of northe-m)-·.pike from Lobsti"ck, .Labrador. · --. . . . . . . . "~.. . : . .
z · ,~· . <
.. . .
_Age . - . . • Q , Fcir-k Lengths"'~ ( em) (years) ·· -~·-_ -".,_;- -~- -:-:M~a 1::-e-s__;,_._,. ··-· :::-~ - _----:---. -'------;::_F,_.em--a-..1-es------------:::;c--om-rb:-;i~ne~d~----.·
-:_· ·. -:... ... '
.. .. :. 1
.f 1 - '
. ' < •
. - . . ' . '. ~
\ ,;
, ~mpi rica 1- . Bac~- ~- .·. Empiric~ 1. _ Back- ·• · Empi rica 1 0 . ·,Sample·-- cal~. · " ·. S~mple ; calc. . - Range ~; ze ~ _ -Me.an Range· • Size - -. . ·. .
. 1) .
.. ..1 · 2
-. I .
·2
·0 . 3 . . ' 33:~8· 27.5-:-40.'0 2 .
24.,7 -.3-3. 5
_-·41-·. 2'Y ' . ..... 0. ~- '
. -.4 39.a ,·31.2-43.3, .s·-. 47~5 .: §: so:2 . 41.7-57.5 17 -S2.9·
1.0. 7 1 26.3 ~t <;..
0 ·' Js:a 3 ' 43\6 .
' 41'( 5 ,. ~7:5-46.4 . ·' ·7 51.3
Mean , -Range
9. 9 . 9 • 3-9. 6 . .
.. , . ,· 6· ~7.2. ·?0.2-66 ~ 0 . _.25. - 57.~ '
48.5 ' 40.0-:_56.'5 60. 3 . :4S.. 5-:73 ~ 4
7
1~
"56 . 5
62·.2
37.6 27.5-48.0
40.8 31.2-46.4 .
49.7 40.0-.57.5
58.5 45.5-73.4 65.0 . 37.0-78.1 .
69.6 62.0-80.8 .
70.8 49.5-83.3
' i
I
' · .
. . 7 62.1 ' 37.0-71.3.-- 2'9 "" 62.0 . . .
a·· ··. 68.1- . ~63'.4-74.3 : 14 _ - 65.4
.67-.1 " 51.0-78.1 '. 39: ' 66.8 ..
77.1 62.0-80.8· .' 14 . 69.3 . . ·,. .
a: ·. 67. T ~ ·- '· 12.2 49 ~ 5-ai-. 3 -~- 9 ·-..
_.-_· 69. 1 _. ~ _64; •. 6-:-7S. o · 9 . 2~
71. 6
74-.0 ' .
10 ..
.11 12'· ~
l3 14
' .. , 5·
68. 6 65. () ... '71 -._ 4 ." • ..
73.6 69.7-78.0
-'
..
0
4 .·:·68.3 78:2 '74.0-82.4
.3 72.1 82.0 79.9-84.0 . "<
' 0 ~~
- .
0 ... ~ 80._5
0
\ 87 ~ 5 0 --
2 -77.5
.' 0 . . 76·. 2
.1 - --7.9 .·6
,o 86 •. 0
1 88·. 1
. - 71.8' 65.0-82.4
' 76.9 69.7~84.0
.· ·-80.5 .
87.5
. ' '~-' .
,,
· Back- :. Sample .c~lc.
Size .. ' . \
3 '" 25.5 .. 0 .34; 7
5 . 42.5
~12 49.5.
24 54.8 43 .--., 60.Q·
68 - 64.4
28 .6Z.6
J-7 ., 69.9.
6 I) 71 .~ 5 75.5··
0 76 :a -
l . 80.3
o. 86.9 89.0
- o
. J
: . r '
I j
l -. j \:: l i .
0 i ' ;
. ~ ~ J
' v
. i /o I .
! . ;. I i ! i
I
,.
. I
' .
·•.
;-
·~· ·
. i
;.•
\ i' J.
t . l !: f· t ! l. t i l t . . i
j ·.·J
·~ '
...... --,.-.. ...... -,.-·\--·-------.... ·-..... - . ---------- - ~·~ .. ~-~~·-.~~_;_'.'-";~ ~.: ~~;~~--~·~·--·-~-·-·---~ -----
/
·, '
.~.·
I .
· ...
. •
·t·
•,
-.=·
. ..-a bJ) s=
-.
..
~ - 40-0
~ ,Joe 0 ~ -
·20.0
' .
: : i
. MALES
• •.
. ......
-I
, •
/ .• ~~·
311
.. \
' ·. .. ,.
.. , . '
\
,. SEXEs·-cor1BINED . . . .
60.0 I
40~0
...
.. -·' .
• ' 0
F-EMALES~~ • ..... -·?'",..- . ,,
\ · I
f· !
. ·~ . I • \
.· .. •'.
,i .
I \.
/".
.. .....
·, .
• I
..
.. ... · I
; • I ' I 1 ~·,; .. ..-# ...
. . ~ ....... ...!..-
J '
l .
·. ' . ·
· ..
/
''
··.
\. : .. . 1,· •. ' •.
. . \ I
'· 20.0 I
. " " ' I
• .
! I
I .
• • . . .. ,
_.r' ' .. I
. I I
I ·.
. Fig., ll.
! '
"
' '
/ . .4 8 12 i ·\ . · ·~ge (-ye~rs L _ ', . . .
- . ' f • ' o • • ' \t ~ 1', \ :' I
· 'Ern~ir.i~al (scatter plots an~ rahges}. and.ca·lculate·d · · (htted curves)· average ·ler,gths (em), us1ng opercula~ ·of'.-:the di ffe~nt age-groups of rior.t~ern _pike from '-
... Lob.~tick,' Labrador. .. · . . · · -
···' •. 'I'
I
I
4 ' .\
··. -.
.. , ~ -~·---~~ .··.t;t '.
L
·• ··:
l • t .H
' I . I !
,. ·'
.• ' .
....
- ..
. . •
'-
. !
•' . .... ~
: i ._. il
l ' ~
· .~ ·-· 'i
. j
-, ... , .... .· .
... : .
.~
\ . - '
i I· .
. ·• .~ ,. ·,
/ . .. .~ ,·; :.t . ..
·J. ...... .
. ·: i I. •I
.-, )
. " ·< ·
I .
. '·
• ·
-.
; •,1
I ' . ' -· ·. • '
.-,
i-• . • ..,.. __ ____ .,..,,_.;.. _____ ,...-.. --,_..,..,_ ,__ ....... -. ..,......_,___.......,.~---c-~·-w------· · ••-·---- ,._ , . . ... . ...... -. ~""'·•-;
I
' -
_, -:
- 0
Tabl'e at. _Empjrical and ba~k-car~u!ated average fork ieng~ -(cm), using_cl--eithra, of the- , different~ ..., - age-groups -of _ nor~hern :ln ke from Lobs t1 ck, Labrador. · · _ · t
Age (years) Males·
Empirical
Range Sample Size
Backcal c. __
Mean
Fork Lengths (em)
Females Empirical
Range
B'ackSample calc. Size
Combined Em pi rica 1
, __ Mean-Sample
Range Size
Bad<calc w
2- 17 ;4 ' 10.7 ' 1· 18.1 -- 9.9 9.3-10.7 "3 : 17.6
--
· i
~. 2 - 3
4 -5
6
7 - 8 -
9
10
11
12
13 14 15'
., -·
.;. ..-.•_..--,. ,.•,, ,.;:, ro .• ••• ' • -
r-
27.5 39.7 31.2-43.3
- 48.3 40.5-55.5 58.1 50.5.;.66.0 61.1 . 48.0-75.0
0 28. g·
1- 37.6
5 44.9
14 51.0 34 56.3
-25 60.3
~68.6 " "64.3-74.3 -12 64.0 68.0_ 61.0-72.0 --- 8 '. 65.8
- 68~6 65.0-71.4 - ~ 67.4
7.8.0 - ' 1 68.8
73.1 ' 1 64.2
0
0 . .-
- 0
35.5
43.5 - 37.5-50.5
-:47.2 39.5-56.5
58.3 37.0-72.0
66.5 51.0-77.0
. 70 1 3 62 ; 0-80. 8
72.1 49.5-80.5
72.2 55.3-84.0
82-.9 82.4-83.3
-·' ....
87. 5 )
· '
0. 29·:·3
1 3"8.5
4 46.3
l1 - 52.5-
19.- sa:s 29 63.6
18 , 66.7
' 12 69.6
5 . - 73.0
2 76.9 -
0 77..3
· · 1 8L2
0 - 86~ 3
1 92.6
~-
· . - ... : - -....... . . ··' ....... -· - ' : ... ..:. ·.- -··---- ·;...: .. ·- ... ~ - -·- ·- · ; .
~1.5 27.5-35.5
41.4 \ 31.2-50.5
47.8"' 39.5-:-56'.5
58.1 37'.0-72.0
64.0 . 48.0-77.0
69. 6 62. 0-8o-.-8·
70. 5 49 . 5-80. 5
:70.-2 55.3-84.0 1
: ~~ 81.2 78.0-83.3
73.1
. 80.5
-87.5
0
2
9
25
51 54
. 30
20
11
3
1
1 0 _1
29.0 -38. 1
45.7
. 51.9
57.7
62. 4
65.9
68.2
70.8
74. 5
_73.2
81.2 -
86..4
92.8
----,-----+-
w N
-·
. ! .... .
. !
! ' ~ j )
-' 1 . i .
! . i
- ' I
. ! ~ -' . I ; t
! ·I'
lv 1'
· J . \
I ! I
! .j ' \
I • I i ! ;
--~
. '
. . . .. ~ ...... ":'~~ ....... - ._. ... ~: ___ : ...... ""' ~~~-.--:-.. ~----:_:.._~-, -- . 0
---·-~---. - ----- .
·._.... .
a .0 ~
.= ..., ~
= C) ...... .!at ;:.. 0 ~
-~. : I
' I I'• ,..
, I .. '
' I f
.:I .f [
/ I
I l-f, ' • }
' '
\ . ' '
I . :
' .. I
, . ,.. '0
" '
80.0
so.o
40.0
...
I·
' 33, ·- ;-
MALES : · · FEMALES
/ ,
\.
"! ' , •
• • /
... .-. .e
I '
SEXES COt-lB I~ED acto
• ... 60.0 ·, .
' 40.0 f. '
' ··--. • . .,.·.
' f
. ' . . Age · (year~)
/
· Fig~ 12. Empirical (scatter plots and ranges) a~d - ~alcul~ted (fitted .curves) average"l.engths (em); using cleithra~ . of the different age-groups of north.ern pike from ~obstick, Labrador.' ·
.• . .
- .·.
' . I t ,.
. ' . \ .
.. l . \ .
!• .·,, .· .•
I I
l 1 .
·' ' ' :
•.'
.....
- -,
·-
Table 9. - Empir_ical and back-calcula-ted ave.rage fori< len-gths (em), using-otoliths~ of the different age-groups ·of northern pil<e from Lob~tJ c~, Labrador.
\ · ·· .. , .
I'
~ • I
' ' '
j '
' '
I
. , l
' ' j
•,
I
'•
.•
" '
80.0
- .. e:. 0 / -/
· ,.t( 60.0· .
~ -Ql) "
=· Q) 11""4 40.0 ~-
J-1 o . ~
20.0
..,.
. .
I"" / "
. I .
i .
- _, ____ ., __ ...... ~~-.. _,..._ ., ...... ......._... ____ . __ " _____ .:~--
.- 35.
~1ALES , . . . \"
·FEt1ALES . I ,
··. -
/
\ '
•• ' · •
' 4
\ . \
S~XjS .COt-18 I f~ED · ' ·
. 80~0 . I
so.o
·. ' '40~
.6 ..
-. .
. 20,0
• , .
4 8 12
Ag~ . (years_)
ll' . ' ' ' • ...
I ., .
.. \ ·, . ' .
I ' , I •
Empirical (s.catter P.lots ·and ranges) : .. and c~l .c~lated (fitted curves) average lengths (em), . using ot~liths, of the di ffererit; age- gro.ups of northern pi ~e from
· Lobstick, . Labrado.r. "'.
. , ( ·-
. ..
·'
., ~
/ . ~' ., ~ ,·:
"I
' :1,
:~·
"
J ~~
., i
' -! ' i
I J
n . l ·,. I
'
I .
I i·
~ ~
.. i
i I
I
I t . !
,.. Table 10. Summary of results' of 'co_variance _analyses for empirical -arid back-calculated age-l ength regressions,
males vs. females, of northern _pike fro·m Lobstick, Labrador (p = 0.05_; significant difference • ihdicated _by '*'"). . ,
Method of Aging ·
Scales .·.
'Empirical- · Back-ca 1 cul a: ted
·, .
Mean s9·uares ~~-:-----.i-----:-- \. Within Regression Samp 1 es .Coef_fi ci ents
.001419 .'000070
.000735 ,'007998
Mean Squares Adjusted · · ·. Slope ·. Common Adjusted .!,1,:.~ns _. ·
F . · ·p . . Regression Means _, _ .~ F . P ~ .~ ;
0.05 0.822 ·.001329 .002788 2.10 . 6.165 10.88 0.004* •• 001051 · .001'234 1 • 1 7 ' · 0. 290
·] Opercula E'mpirical · · · .003278 . . 000058 0.02 0.891 ' .003088 • 006607 2. t4 . 0.159 ' .000099
·\.
!J
' .
~
• '
Back-calculated
Clei thra ·. Empirical ~ . . Back-ca 1 cul a '!:ed
Otoliths . Empirical Back-c_a 1 cu1 a ted
.000104
.. 002217 .000914.
.001986
.001675 .
·-
;·ooo·oo6 0.06 •,
; 001122' .0. 51 . . 000927 1.01
· .Oo'0002 0 \00 ·.000490 0.46
-! ' :
~
. I
' .
. '
. 0.811 . . · ~004842 ' 48. _85 <0·.001*
0 . 507 - .002153 .004969 2.31 0.144 0.32? .000915 . ~ 003878 4.24 0.04~~:.
. O.QTl · . . 001854 .003770 · 2.03 0.172 ; 0.512 -':'"001040 .011229 10.80 0.004*
"
''\
_ ...
·. , . . . . . \.
'."")
·. bJ . 0\
_ . . i ... ''
. ! . ~ I .. l I
·l ~ - .i
, I
l !
. f.
• • • I •
• 0
' ..
. . Table· li.
.,
. -' ' '
Surnnary.of results of covarianc;e analyses . for age-length reg-ressions (sexes combined and separated), empirical vs . . back-calcu1ated, of northern pike from .Lobstick, . Labrador (p _= 0.05; significant difference indicated by·~·). ~ -. .
.' \.
·. Mean Squares
With1n Regres~ion . Slope . · ·. - Mean ·Squares
Common Adjusted' Adjusted · · ~1eans .·" ·
Method of Aging. Samples- . Coe!ficients F P . ....:. . Regressj on Means F p
· Scales
. Opercula.
.. · Cl ei thra
; ...
__ Otoi i ths
·Males Females, Sexes Combi-ned
Males Females Sexes Combined
Males · Females se~S. Cornbin.ed
Male·s Females Sexes Combined
. 001981
.001089 .. 001468
.001.754 . -.
.0.02415
.002259 I
. 002251 · - : 001944
.002061
~OQ2444 .001397 .~QJ r7_1
.018885 ~ 006472 . ' . 015513. ' .. .067087' ·.057054
9.53 0.006* 5.94 0.025*
10.57 - ' 0.004*
38.24 <0.001* . ''23 .. 63' . <0'.001*
.. 058289 . - 2s.ao ·<o ;oo1* I
.042907
.018139
.024871
. 00136(
.001967 .. 001439 .
\
19.06 0.001* 9. 33 0.006*·
. 12.07 ~ 0'.002*
.·0.56 . 0. 530- . 1.41 - · 0.250 o.8i o.619.
·· ·-· . - -.... ~ ~ ... ~ .. .: - -- - ~-· ··· . _. ___ ,_ .:._.:_ .. -....... .. - --
J.
. 002786 .
.001406
.Q0207-9
. . 003669 . . . 001887 ... . 002944~- .
~005597 .015864 .·ooso16 . - . 01 022s .004927 .013726
.004390 ~00l716
·.003053 '
.002387
.001427
.001757
' .
.0039l3 ,·
.003298
.OCT4853
.000484
.000306
.000215
'\
1.32 0 . 263 . 1.34 - 0.262 -1.42 ' 0 •. 245 . . 2.83 0 . 107
.2 ... 04 0.165 · 2. 79 .:· 0.107
0.89 .0 : 641 \•
1. 21 0.283 1.59 0 .'218
0.20 .• o.-66l 0. 21 0.653
·o~12 0. 729
..
. ·,
'
·' (
-. . I '
I . l W " ! 'I · - i
' ;
\ I.
- ·1 -
i
\ . .
· .. -.
., ... ·! .
(-
. f1
' .. .... -.~ -- -.
( --0
:... .
(i • -
;. - ~
Table '12. Sumniary =of.. results of cova'riance-an~1yses· for emp-irical and back-calculated age-length regressions (sexes contiined and ~eparated), scales vs: opercula •vs. cleithra vs . otol iths, of northern pi_l<e from _Lobstick;Labrador ·(p = 0.05; sigriJfica~t differenc·e indicated· by · ~ ·) _.
I
Mean Squares ~ • Mean Squares Adj~sted rteans F p
Slope Within ·oRegression Samples Coefficients
Common Adjusted Regression Means F p
.-
-1.01 0.403 1:7}. 0.176 1.4 - -0 .. 231 -
\ Empirical Males -.002898 . 000626 • 0.2~ 0.885 . 00_2704., ' .002719
-Females ,;002409 .000063 . .I 0.()3 OA94 . 002181' .003822 Sexes Combined .003047 I .000114 0 . 04 . -0.-990 .002821 · .004210 .
I '\ . f
11.82 <0.001-* " 8.83 <0.001*
14;00 .<0~001*
-Back-. Males .. 000623 . . 016'496 . 26.49 <0.001* . _.001844· .021795 ca 1 cu·l a ted Females .000597 ' ·. 021449 35.90 . <0. _001 * ;001735 .015325
Sexes Combined .000544 .'018767 34.51. <0.001 *· . .001538. ·.021535 \
' .. ... '.
- -
·' ,.
:,-· ''ff -
; .· .. ,I
... .... .
\• ·--- '
• .. · - ·- , - · .. - - _,_.. ·• -.. : -·-· ,._,,:.. ....... ~ ... (~~ .: .... :. ·.:. - :_ .. _, -<. ~: ;.,., •. .__ •• ~ ..... ·-~-...:-~~ ..... ...... . ··- ·-~-~ · ., : , ..... -. ... ·-~ ....... -.,.-........... ... ·.}...:;.,(L•i. ~~f.;·Sc_. L.~l.?;/Si ' '? : y ··
·-· '
"
'
·. .• t w ' ~ ;
:v "CXl. ' j
I ·- ! . ~
-.. -"\ i
:,. i ' 1
-1
'\
1"' .• I
1-,
.. .
. -·=·
_, .
Table 13. Surrmary ·of results of co·variance analyses for back-calculated age-length regressions (sexes co~bined - and separated}, .otoliths vs; scales, otoliths vs~ cleithra, otoliths . vs. opercula, .-scales vs. opercula,
scales vs. cleithra,. and opercula vs. cleithra· of northern pike from . lobstick, Labrador (p = 0.05; ·. · significant difference - indica ted by ·, * ' ) . · · · .
. . ' "
Otolit~s vs. Sea-les ·Males Females
• ' Sexes Combined
OtolithS vs. Clei thra ·Males Females ·sexes Combined
Oto 1 i ths vs. ·Opercula Males Females
· Sexes Combined
Saal es . vs. Opercula -- Males ~·
Females Sexes Combined
-Scales vs. Cl ei thra Males
Females· Sexes Combined
·;.~. op~rcula vs. Cleithra ~Males
. . .
.· -.in-. : ""~ ~ . . .":'
,F:emal es Sexes Combined
. ' .
Mean Sguares
Wi th:in ~gression· Slope·
.. Samples Co fficients F p
.000824 .013558 1'6.44 0 . 001*
.000869 . .000012 0.01 o. 902 .
.000746 .006945 9. 31 o'.005* - .. 018205'. ' .000878 . 20.74 <0.001*
... :ooo616 .010194 . 16.54 . 0.001* .000696 .015849,. 22'. 77- <D. 001 *
. . 000557 .048q72 87.34 <0.001* .000493- . . 048220 97.73 <0.001* .000463 . . 054211 - 11 7. 21 <0. 001 *' ..... $
.000368 .·010854 29. 52 <0. 001 * . ~ .000579. .010467 80.72 <0.001* • 000391 • 022350 - 57.09' <0.001* ..
.000688 ' .000342 o. sot o. so4 ·
.·000701 . ,009501 1 3. 54 . 0. OQl * .. 000625 ~001811 2.90 0.097
. 000421 .007343 17 .45_ 0.001* • 000326 . 014071 .. 43.i2 <0.001* .000342 . 011436 ,33.48 0.001*'
' .i
-..
. I
Mean Sguares Adjusted .
Common -A9justed . fwleans ·· ·
Regression Means F p· .
.001946 • .006126 4.10 0.055
.000837 . . 000001 0.00 0.967
. 000976 . . 003142 3·. 22 0.081
.001790 .026730 14.94 _0.00~ *
. 000971 - . . 010550 10.86 0.00·3*
.001257 . . 025052 19.93 '<0.001*
.• 003090 . 058121 1 ~~ 81 O.OCT1* . 002261 .032701 1'4. 4'6 0.001* .002453 .053990 22.01 <0.001.* .
.000920 .026508 28. 83, <0. 001 *
.00'2287- .032282 . 14;12 ' 0.001*
.001205 . .031085 25. ~0 <0.001* \_
.000670 . ': 0072~3 10.84 - Q.004* ·• 001274 .Ol03f3 ·10.04 0.004* .. 000669 .010045 -15.62 0.001 *
..
.:_ .000785 .006020 7.67 O.OlZ* . . 000835 .006103 7. 31 0.011 .. .000753 .005488 7.29 0·.011 *
. . -·
\
, ·
,.
~\! ·· lO . i I ' ~ . . \h
. . 0
1 . ~
' '\ .-.. . '
. ~
..
; . .
' .,.
I. ' . '
. ~· ' '
•. ~
'
. \
. . · ( ·'
..,··.
' ·.
~ ·. I
' . /' .
I ; '
. . I.: I . ··/ . -.
. I: · / . i -
/ · ;
~ l. ·.
' I . i
-.
I
1 t ·
.·. \
I
·. '
'I
. . • • - - ··::-----·- ~ ._.._ ....................... , ........ -r-.,., ~ ..... <.-:•-T"r>:•<" -•· .. . - ...... . .......... ! .. - ··-: .... · ~.--·· -·
"' 40 - · . '.
...! • ,
Table 14 . . . Length distrjbution of northe~n pike . from Lobstick fQ,!' · ~ 1 sexes combined ~nd sexes sep-arated .(sample size in ·.
· · 'A parenthesis). · ' . Percent~ge. of fish in each length class
Length class (cf!l) -. Males
,. 0; 0- 4.9 5.·0- 9. 9 . 1 .l (2)
10.0-14' •. 9 '
. 15.0-19 . 9 ·' . . 20~ 0.:.24~ 9 . ·'.·
25.0-29·.9 0.5 (1) . _30.0-34.9 . 0.5 (1) 35~ 0-39.9 .. 0.5 (1) .
"40.0-44.9 6. 3 (12') 45.0.:.49.9 . ·5 . 3 (1 0) 50. 0-.54.9 13'; 7' (26) 55.0-59 . 9 20.5 (39) 60.0-64. g. . ·18.4 (35) 65.0-69 . 9. .. 22.1 (42) 70.0- 74.9 10.0 (19) 75. 0-79.9 1.1 . (2) . 8'0. 0- 84 . 9 . 85.0- 89.9 I
~ - · ' . Total s lOO ·. (190)
Mea.n l'engt h 59.3
Range '9; 3-78.0
.. Std~ dev. 10; 34 .
Std. ~rror · . . 0. 75
' . \
·.
' >- ~ \~·.
... -- ,.~ . . .
• ' ·. ' ..
'I
Females . Sexes Combined
0.4 (l)
r . 0.5 ' (2)
0.2 (.1} {1 '
"
0.2 (1 ) \ - / 0.2 '(l') ... .
2.7 (6) ' 1).
1.7 (7) 3.6 (8} . . 4.8 (20) 5.3 ' (12 ).' · 5.3 (22) . 7. 6 (17) 10.4 ( 43 )• .
1 0.2· (23) 14.9 (62) 14.2 (32) 16.2 (67) . 22.2 (50) 22.2 (92) '.· 17.8 . (40~ 14.2 (59) 10. 2 (23 6.0 (25) 4.9 (11) 2: 7 (-11 ) 0.9 ( 2) . 0.5 (2)
' 100 (225) 100 (415)':
. ' 64. 3 62.0
. 10.7-'87 . 5 . l
9. 3-87. 5
11 . 51 11 ' 26
0. 77 0. 55
. ,.
' ' '. ·, , I ..,
\ · , : •
I .
/
'·
, .
' ---
\ ~. '
· , \ .·
• ' .'""' I I . • I . ,._ ,~. ~ · ; · · ~ ~ -. _. , .. ... -........ _...,.. ..... ,_ .... ~_-.......... ... ______ · -- - -: .. ~ . - . -· ____ .............. - "PV'''" ""Il''"' ...... : ,,..... . ._......,.""1:'7,--,.- .., __ , ........... ,_ ____ ..,._. ...... ...... ..... ~ .. - .... . . . .. -..
I •
. . I
. ,"" .
·. \ o. I
' ! ·' . '
,. ; .
' ·! ' I , <1 > ;.· I
..
.; ' I
41 ; I
I ./ -
. . ' ! . -. . .
.
I / ~
r ·. • I . -. . . . . ··majority of fish (78%) bet\'1een ' 50 and 75 em. · -Males and females
('I ' / • ' I
.show.edd1ffererit .. length .distributions, femal~s growing -longer · · . . . . . . . .
than mafes. The .average length of males ·and -females differed · ~ . . '
significantly (t; 4.50, d.f. · ~ 413, p < 0.001) •. .. .
A .. conv~rsion factor for :fork i~ngth to ,. total' -l~~th was · . _
- . calculate~~- .fork length = ·0.94 total length. . ' I , ' •
2. Weight · ·: '·•
·. - . . ' . / . I .Similar to 'the length distribution, the total weight . •.
• ' ' • . . b •
diS'tr.i-b~ti·o~- 'is unimodal (Table 15). ·. F~r-· males, . 43% of_ the fish . : ,· . . -.
wei gtle'd. be~een 1. 00 and 2·. 00 kg; . for . f~ina 1 es. 36% weighed . . ·,. ' . ' ' . ' . , '
betw~~ti 2.00 and. 3.00 -kg: · The he~vi'est fish collected .were . .
:females'; mcdes and .fem~les 'differed si.9nifica~t1y 'in ave~~ge
_. we.ight. (t= 5.13, d.f. =.-4'13, p < 0.001}!. , I
'·
~ ' ' ~
I
/ ' -. · .. \
.. ' _,
. 0
. '
. Age composition, as detemined _from~otoliths, ranged ' . . .. _./ . . - . ' . . '
. ·. : .- ·from 1 t9 1'5~ with 56% in the 7~9- age-clas~·es (Tab_le_ J6). As . I
· .... . with -length1lnd wei ·ght di~tributions, '.females tended to b'e older
--- .- •~:-~~ttHm-mal~s;. the oldes .. i m~e sam~led'was 12 and ~he· oldest f~mal~ / . .15. . ., .. ,\' . . . \ . . . ; . ;.·.
I •
l ~ . , ..-:-
- ~
j ·B. ·Growth
1. Length:..weight relationship· I .
. · .J
> .
\ ' ' . . . .. The· length-weight regressions f~r . males · and femal.e~ (Table 17) .
: o I ' •
i y'
•"
,_·
l 4
! l ! .
·! ., . ·-: : ; ~~
.s I '
·i · • j , . : . ___}---:-
· \: ~:f
---~- _·.· .. .I ,I: . -..d
.J
(
! '
{ ·.
. .·.' __ di_fferent signifi~aritJy (F.= 16.~9·, ·d. f. = 1,410_, p < 0~001')~ There ' ' '
was. golod correlation ·between iength and \'leigh'( (r"'= 0.98 f~r ~ies.~ : . . · . . .
\ .
, . . .-.· . · ~.-
•. ' ' ' • • I ~ ;;
.. '. \' ' . :. , .'.· ' . ' . . . '··_- ... ~ .... - --.-... -:-· . ·--:-·--.. --;-,-:-.... -~---· . _ _... .... _ ~"'":---· --~.--- , ·, ·,.1: •• ~-r· : .. .... .
' .
I
, ..
1
.:.,
-... ·. ~ ........ ~ ... --........ ---··--·;.-·• - --: ~·? •' ·--: ·;l-·•·p·--· --·~ - ·'1'·•·· ......... - .. . ,: . ~ - - ~ ........ -~---;-... ---~; .. __ _.;.:..~ .... .--.. • .._:...... j- .... .... ~~ ...... : .......... ~.- ,..~- -----~--. • --~- .•• / •' <
'. ··
. ~ -. . . . · . ..
' ~ . ·' ·-
r . . . ·
.. : i
;. \ .
. '
. ...
:~ ': •
( 1·
- 'L I
··-t
,, l·-
·:! ~ . I
i:; ( . I h I t ·'· ; ,. \ ; l '.
, , )
i i
I ·. I l i I
.
! (
! ~
\ .L :
I
. . ,
, ; ' :·
' .
· "' I .
42 -' /
- ..:1 ~ . . "· I.
I .
r = CQ.99 for-fem.ales). . . . . . .
The exponent values for b'oth sexes were t
'close to: 3; .for males ri = 2.96~ for females n =· 3.1-a .. . . ' ' ; :.· The mean w~ights .calculated (using 'the COmPUted length-wei.ght .
' . \ ,·. . . . ' ' : . .. . . . equations) .for the mean leng.ths of· fish .. i~ each length ·_group are
the bases for 'the. c.urves .in Fig. 14 • . Thet'e ~as . good aQr~ement ·. · ' I ' . • t ' ' ,
. b~~ the empit:"ica) ~nd ca~ciJl.ated weights .for the sexes sepa:r.ated . / . . . ' ' ' . . .
a~d ~ombined (Tab1~ 18}. Minor. dis·crepancies _occurred.- at the . e~treme?; : .' '. ' . . ' . . .
.• . in the smaller and larger length 'classes, . wh~re ' the number of .. fish : l . ...
· sampl~d was small. , f ...
,"i
, \
. 2. Length distribution··of age groups · ..• ·, .
~--- . , ' ' ~
-~--. The length 'distributfon of a·ge group5 (Ta~le 9 and Fi·g. 13) I •
shows an ove.rlap jn length between age groups, especially in the. e .. , .-•t ••... .
:'
6710 age grG-Yps ·:where sample sizes a.re larg~r·.· The ove.rlaP.· is ' . . . . . ... . . " ~ .
greatest .for. 8~year-ol .d males,- ~hi.ch .ran.ge. from 41.-7 t~O ·em , : ' ' • \ , ' \; ':' . . ,.
a~~d for. 7-year:..:old. ·females·~ which range fro.m 3T. 5· to n'.o em.
Compaf'f~ns .of no~thern . pike growth rates ' fr9m four ·areas :·of· Labrador ' . .. '
I ;:
are _ giv~n~ in Table ll . Si nce Br-~~~ (1~74, 197Sf.and Parson~ (197S} '. .. '
use,if scales. for age. deter~jnati~n, ·age-length data. usi~g both cS~~les
and otoliths . have been in.cluded' i~ this comparison: .. . . - ' .
~-
. ,. .. , ), ,· _,_..,
. 3. Hei,ght distribution O'f ·age g.roi.Jps .- . . ' .
Empirical apcl calculated age-weight data are· given in Tahie 20 ' ' , o .' • ' I -o ' • • I \ , ; ' < ' '
an~ Fig.lS. ·_.· The .calculated· weights wer~ :obtained ~?om .th~(ien~th- . ·. ' '• ': •
1
D "' • • ' r , • • " ' .. • ' · , • • •
. . . weight relatiqnship!. using the back-calculated leng~hs .for each . ./ . . .. . . . .- . . ' . . . ' . . . . - ' . .. . · . .
age group.· ,The· cu·rves ·in Fig. 15 a're graptii!= representations . o~. }he·;;: : ., . !!,.' · ~ · .... ' · / ·,y-:-
.. '\.
.. . '
~ 0 ,' .. ' ..
. ·-·. ' . .
I . - .• • ·- ~ • . !
.I . , \
I . J ·_ .· l· .,..
'! • _r_'.:· . ..,
l
£ . ~
. {~
' ·; - ' , I !
i . !
d l .· : : Q t ;
. · ~
' ..
, .... .. .
' : \
. . ·.( . . I '1 ·i
'.j . . '
·'
' .
· .'
.. . \
'
~ __ ... _ -·
' '- , ' I .
·- ...... ,~, ... - ,.._-... -. ---...:::~ · ·- · ··---~-. ... ~-.• V.. .... - ...... - ~-.. , ... ,_,, .. ,_ ... _- -·-.. -- ·<~.· --·: __ __ :._ - ,'
·.· ~ .... · :r~ ........... _ ___ . ------------.. ·--.
I ' . -·· l o. . ... ~ 43 - '
. . , . ·'
'•
' · . , .....
- ~. Ct
·Table ·1s.' . We1ght distribution of northern pike fro·m lobstick for .. ;~ sexes combined and'sexes s~arated (sample size in -~
. . .
'I • '
· ... ..
·parenthesis). .. r:J / · ·'
. /
c: . ' . . . . . o ;,, ·w · -~t 1 • · ' ·! !0!1 g c ass .
'. ' kg) ... . . . ~ .. . / .
0.00-0.49 ,0.50-0. 99_ .. 1.00-1.49 ·. ,·.5o-1. 99 2.00-:2.49 ' 2 ~ 50-2. 9.9
" 3~ 00-3. 49 .. . · . . 3.50-3 . 99
I
~ Pe'rcent age or flsh· in. each · .we{gh~ :cl,as~· ·: ~les F~males · Sexes _Combined ,.
s.8 (11) . s.4 ,·(12j· ·. · ". s .-~ (23j. 12.1 {23) '8.9 (20 ' 10.4 (43 21.6 (41) 13~3 ·· {30.. ·, 1~.1' (71 21.6. '(41) 13."8 (31) .· : )7.4 . (72) · '
. 19·.5 . (37). 18.2 {41) 18.8 '{,78)•
. 14'.7 · (28) _· ' .. _17.·3 (39)'• 16~1 : - {67) . · 4.2 . <e> ,~ 11.6 (26.) a : 2 .. . (34)·; 0.5 (l) ' 5.8 ('13) . 3.4 (14)
. J!fj' _. 4.00~4.49 . ~ 4.50-4.99 ,( . 5.00-5-..49
2.2 ·,: ;(5) 1.2 (5) 2.2 . (5) ' 1.2 {5)
. ,
, To~a1s \ '
., '
.... ' _c . · ·' -. Mean. weight
. ' ' ' .
. • .
I p
. ,
.• · .;--~ .
' · r I . . i
·:-~ .
\'' .
·'.
.. Range
· · Std ~· dev.
Stp~ ~rror
·,
. ~ .
. f1
. )
100 . (1, 90)
l. 72 ' !
0.01-3.68
. 0. 7]. '.
0 . 06
' ( '
~ . . \ .
. · . ~ ~
-. ~ ..
'· . ... . . . . . '
. ·-
,, '
• f •
- ---'-··_,_,, ___,~·., · .. ------- ~
L3' (3)', ._.0.7 (3) . .
100 {225) ' 100 · (415) ' '
" 1--
2.22 1.99
0 .. 01:-5.30 0 . 01 -:5~30
1.10. 0,.99 '
0.07 . 0.05 ...
. r
t · . . . . ...
· ' ' ...
"·· .
. .
' ' ·'
~ . . ' ..
. .. ·. ,.
. ' . - ·'- -
.. I .
·~
I • ' · ' .... ·. - - --·r.:- -- - · ·. 1
.·,·.
. . . . i '
: . ) J.,_ .
,, .
./
:•. ' .,
.. / '
. .
. f . .J . ' < ·,
. : 1. . . . cr
. 'i' . ' ~ . J· . ..... _ ...
,. ~ . , --
. . . ~ ;, .. J-'' . ~ ' ' ' ' ~ ' I •. ~ : \ . .
I ·. v·. • .
1 ,o
I ;
· !
·' '
·I ,
I I .
! ,: .
c L , . . ,• , ' "1
~ ··· .. . I . . . ·. . . ... -:-. \.. \ ... 0 • r \ 0 0 > I ;_~ 0 -0 :, . • .. , '", • •
' f :· • ~~ ...... ,.,--~-,........_..._ ......... ___ --:--....;......-
·~ .. ~-~~ ~- ~- . .. ' ... '.. .- . ·" . ' . ··. ··- . ·: .... . '
' ' ':I .:
~' • I .~ ~. . ' . ,. ' · • . I , . ' . oL"<"".t_. 1 •
~ ~-- .· '~ : .. ~: : . . · . . -_; ...... ;:; ... ' . :- D • ._: ,.
~.-. •, . ' ' ~ "' . .
• l
·! -~ - . ' !: . ·'
• •-o::J ' ~ ' · ..
• ~ · ,/ : ,: • I
I • • , • •
. ·. - . .. " " . ~ . . ... . .. . . . ' \ ' ~ " • ·,. ' ' • • I I
, I, f ' '·. · .. ·.' .. · •, ,._ ·,. '! .. : ... ·. •'
.. :~ . ·' . :. . ' · .. ~ . . ~ . \. .
" . • ' .. ,·
..:. 44 - . , . . ' o I '
.. . ., . •
• ,1 ·· . I; '
. ... • . ,· I . _:'
·' . . ·. • . r•:,
.:: ··?(' .'~ -- . . . ' . ~ ~ . ~~\0 . - ·. . . . / I ; I'
' ; • . . . 0 • . • •
.· Table 16. ·.' Age· coinposi tion··,of· northern pik~ from Lob.sti~~ . 'for . ~exes _. . . . combined and sex~s separated (sample sfze in parenthesis). ·
. - ' (
-· . · Age . . I Percentage of fish .· in eac.h· age class • . • ' (J '" ) ·. .. -wears
·'
0'
.. .
. , , n
" " ; ' ·i i r
·t . ~ !-
. . ~ ~ L .; .. r! " . . r ''-
{ I
. . \ '. <,) ·. 1
' \ ; . -. , !
' r ~ '
I ., .... I
;.
l -2"' . ;
-· - . . 3 ' . ' 4 5 ' '6 .
. 7, -8 .
·g.
"' 10 . 11 .
. . . •12 :'-. I 13 .
14 . . . 15 .
Totals
. ·.·
. I. : . . . .
. .· . .. ... .J.
. . I .
- . . '/ · .· . ..
~~; . . ~~-·
.. • . , I .. . !
·. j
. . . . . ·.· .... .
,• '
. ~ . .
I
• • # •
I
I \ _.
Males ,/ .
" l. 9 . ( 2) . - .. (0) 0.9 (l) .1.9 . . (2) 4.6 (S')
~ 1.9 .. (13) ·22.9 .(25) .
. : ' 22.0 '(24) ' / 17.4 . (19).
8~3 .·.(9) 7.3 . (8) 0.9 u (l) .
(O~ (.O (O}
100 (1 09)
,.
' " I ~ :
..
' . ' . '
•
I • o o \: ' .
· ·~ ' . . . . . .
' • . ..
. Femal_es Sexes c.omoined
1~o · (1)_ '(3) . . '- .1.4 . . - . . . (O} (0) :
(0) Po· 0.5 (1) . . . -(0) 0 .• 9 ('2)
-6.7 (7) 5.6 (12) 10.·6 (11) ·.
' 11.3 (24) .
26.0 (27) 24.4 (5,2) . .26.9 (28) . ' 24 .• 4 - (52) 14.4 . (15) i 6.0 (34) . 5.7 (6) 7.0 · (1'5) ... .. .r ·. 2.9 (3) . 5.2 ·on-· ·.\ 2.9 ( 3) h9 - ~4) .. ' ~ -- . (O) · .. .. ' 0) . .
1.0 (l) . o.5· (1 -) · " 1.9 . (2) . 0.9 ' {?)
100 . {104) .. .. 100· (2l.3)' ., '
j
. . . ~ .
I . . .. o .
/. ·
\ :· .. .
. . . ' ' ... -~·: ·
, : I ' '
' I-
. I ·. \ : . .. .
'<. • !,) ·• .
' , . .
IJ / ' ·-
: . .. ..
·-. ..
· '
.. ; . . ,
" .
...
.. . '
• • • IJ
. . '
• ' ·,
··· ...
,.. . . ·, .
: I '
' I · .. . : !
... . ·=,/ .
- . . . . . -:...-.;,.-... _ .... __ -·~ · . -.~ ~. - -- . -... -.
... • ·-· ·-· .. --.......... ,.,;:.~-....... ~::;4'1>,.....;:...-~~~'t.~·:wir · 1 ... ·.-;a;nman
. . I . . ,. !
. I . '·. 1
' !. ~ -
--! - ' -:-:-· '
, ·
·' :
. . , _ !
.. ~
: • t -
-·
•, . - "' • <r '
. .-- --~---·-- - · ... . . ,.----.---- ~
- ---• ••• ;.~.~- -· : , -...,... .... -~: ...... ~_:__ ·- c_· __ . . .. - ··-·· .-·· . .. ......... . . . - - . . -
- · t • • ' . --I . '
Tabie ·1,7 •. · Logari~hmic and exponential - regression _equati~ns_ -fo'r the re.lationship between:f~rk I · · · · - length (L em) and whole we'ight (W kg) ·of n_orthern pike. from Lobstick, Labrador •. - ·' .· I . . . . . .' · '
-. - ~ Log .. regression ·form • r
._ ... :, ' j - - -
1 l I Males log W· = 2.~~15 : 1og - L ~ ~~05?8 :
log W = 3.1822log_L- 5.456.1
. W ·= 0. 000009 L2 • 9 6 1 s w = o~ooooo3 L3· - ~ 822
. 0.98 0.99
. . . . -~ -F~males
Sexes -.Combined -- . 1 og-W = -3. 0634 1 og . L -· 5. ~401 W = 0.000006 L3,0634 0.98-
TabJe l8 .. Empirical and caTculated average -whole weight~ (kg} of 'the. different fork length {em) i~tervals ' of r\orth~rn· piKe_ from Lobs:tick, Labr~dor • .
. '.
' ; ---------------------------------------------------~--~------~------~----------------------------~---Sexes' Combined · ... i - Average · . __ Ma _l~s •· ~Fema·les
,..;.. ~ ' length · Eriipirka.J . . Calculated- ~o ... of .. ·. Empir1cal. Calculated No: of ., -' (Gm), , Weight _(~g) Weight {kg) fish - Weight {kg) Weight '(kg):- - fis-h .
Empirical · Calculated No. ·of ·We1ght- (kg) Weight (kg) fish
0;01
' " . ~ · ,
. .. · . ' . ... e. . ~· ... -. '
. ·-' . --,
. -- 1-· r I ,
L ·- .. , ' 'l
I .I
. . .. ,
- J, ' . ·-
:;~ . - . .- . ~- ~ -· . .. - '
/ - ' '· '· ' ~ .·t ,' ' . ' '
;it .J 1 j l
1-
i.
I j' i l
l :1 ·J
~ (
-1
I i
l.
.
. '
y ••.
~ 8.
I ,'
, I
I t I
l. < I ~
I
" t t ~ L . r-r i: •. i
. ! . - c
I. t
I - . -
t t
I . ·~
. .. ..
. .
.... ---:--"--·- ..
/ ,
-·. · . ' ' .
~ •.1 •
. -:. ·. Q) -
r .
' ··
I .~ . ;
0 .c. . ~
. . , ·
5.0
. ·1.0
•
'MALES ., .• : FEr-tALES W = 0.000009 L 2 • 9Gis ·w = o.booooJt
·r- -=-o.98-\ ' .
.r · = 0.99
•'
·' .
..
'1
:··,'
· 20.0 4o.o··so.o eo.o
. Fork ·length ...
3 ; 182 2 ••
I
:Fig. ·14. ,L:ength;,wei ght re 1 ationship·, -sexes sepa rated, of northern pike f rom Lo_bst ick, Labrador. :- .
· -· ~
•,
; .,
' . ;
./
•· • · .1
. .
. ' ..
.·
.·
·- '
I .
.. .- '
.' .. , ., , ,
' ; ~ '
I .
-. -·:----·--:--___;, __ _ ~__,__.....: .. ~---\-- ... - · · - f- · -- ·· ---t.-;__._. .. _,_ .. - ··-- - -·!-·_..:__ ,._:...,.,,_,,_ . "" / . • ' "'·· .
"P!!'h """!0!'. ;:t...,SII'!I!!E~P.I\;P~-!'!1!!. -. ,""'' I'PI! e-.... BI!Ol!X'!!"!.9 .l""'i ':"": lfE~, ""'#..,,_IMI!.""'""""''"'""!· z._,...;_ ._......__:. _ __ ,_:_;.:._~--- -~~---~~-... --.· .. ....-- ............... -~ -•• -_..__. ~;r _-----:.· ..:.._ .. ........ . ·-·:· • _. - · • . - • • " o ' O"- ~-- • ••- .. • • • * • - • • A , • • • • -~
--! . --· ;.
I
l .l . i
•I .. . i ·i·
.~ . i j.
-·.I --, . t.
I
: r -
-1. .- i .
-r . . ~
.,
- ' l
-. ~ -· . . \
·-. --~ . ---
\ . '
' -'
·'
._ L~
Tabl~ 19. Comparison of .the_' calculated fork. leng-ths (em-) of the diffe~ent <age .. groups ~ sexes combine·d, - . . · ()f northe~n pike fr.om jOlJ.r 51reas of Lab r ador ( sample ~ize · in parenthesis).
Age ·· (years·) -
' · . ' 1
"- '1 ' 2 -
3 . .
4 '
·5 .
6 7
.. 8 9
10 1_1
12
13 . 14
15
1L3 . ,· ·14.8·. 21 _.9 24.2
~ 31.2 33.6 38 ~ 4 4L5
44:3 . 48.1 '49.7 53 ~ 5 54.6 sa:o 58.7 61.4 62.9 - 64; 5
67.0 67.6 70.4 --.. r6~: 7
74.3 7-1.-9 .
. 77.0 . . . 78.1 81.1 - ~,o.4
88.5 82.3 ..
·- -. .
----
0
Sea 1_es - Scal es .
1 2~0 i'o.2 7.8 20.2 . . . · 19 ·. 7 20 .-2
-.· 27.6 29.·5 31. 7
33.9 36.1 - "41 • 9. ..
40.1 - }' . . ~6.1 · 50.5 > 46.0 / 51·. 7 . · ~7. 3~
... TO.'? 5&~ 2 : 60.8
55.8 60. 1 ~ 64.6--, 62 : 6 : ~ . 62.9 67 . 6
··66.0 . '65 . 5 69 .6 - 67.5
. I • • . 70 .• 2 ·
.70.0 71 .4 .
71 • 1 . e -73.0
. \'
-· . .. . -.. : - ' .. - - .. ~-
- I . -
• I·
• J
I· •. ~
. .
.r I
. ''i . i
. i
. I • I
' . ~ :
-•,. -. ; . .
!
! .
I I
\ ... _, .. . ,I
'\ .
__ ,· ;:, · .
. ~
Table 20. Empirical and. calculated averag~.:.weigh-ts of. the different age-gr9ups ·of northern pike · from
... .. ··.Age · (years)·
' ...
---r
. . 1 2
3 ·. 4
5
.. 6 7 -
a g ·
lO ·1,
-:· 12
13. H 15.
"
Lobstick; ~aqrador. · ~ - . \ ~ . 1 ·
- -~ . WhOle Height {kg) .
· Males · Females Empirical
Mean .Range
- o-~m ·
0.14 · 0.1921.20 0.70 _,
·o.a1 0. 37-1 . 09 ·,
0.96• 0.42-:-1.75 · l :s8 ... 0.35- 2.85
1.60 0. 38-3.14 ~-~2 ,0 .,48-3.18,.
. 2.35 . l.65-·2.93
2 ~ 91' 2 , 50-:3-.68--3. 16' .
-
. ·· Calc. Elripincal Calc. .., Sample ·
Size .. -.~ :· .. .. ..
b
Mean Range Sample_
. Size -
2 0 ·
. 1 2
5
. .Q. Ol 0.08 .•
0.22 0.40
0 .. 63
13· a·.a8 ·
v
·0 , 01
~ . -0. 71 . 0.40:..1.20 0.86 0.26-~.32
· 2s . 1.J8 1,8"'2-.- 0A0- 3. 16 .
24 L43 2.42 1.10-3.8_0 19 · Y. 76 2.60 . o. 70-4.-05 ·-
. . 9 2·.15 .· ·. 3.41 . ·2.22-4.38 ..
8 2 ~ 52 3.08 2 .50-3.85
. , ~.22 4.08 3.37-4.58
0 0
· o
I . -
4.30
4; 91 . 4. 7 4 _. 5. 08 .: .
,. :
0 "
0 0
7 ' •
1 -~~ 27.
. '28 . 15
6 .. . 3 ' .
3
0
'2
o.oi 0.09
0.26 .. \. 0.49
0. 74 .
1-.09 1.42
'1, 84 2.29
2. 71 .
·3.13· .
3. 73
3.95 4.63 .
.. 6.07
Combined
, Sampl e Mean Rang~ . . Size
0.01 3 I . 0
·0. 14 · '. ,, ":
0 . 70 0.19-1 ~?0 . 2
0.75 o~37-lf20 12 0 . . 91 0.26-2.32 24 1:71 0. 35:-3 •. 16 . . 52
2.04 . 0.38~3.80 . I 52 .. 2.22 0.48-4.05 34
2. 78 . l. 65-4. 38 15 •'
'2 . 96·- 2.50-3.85 ' 1-1
3. 85 '3, 37-·4. 58 . ~ -r"
. -· 0 4.30 .· 1
4 ."91 . . ·4··: 74-5.08 2
. -0,.01 0 . 07
0.22 ' ' 0.41 .
0.64 .· ' . r
0 . 91 1.21
1. 51 1.86
·2 .26 '
2.63
3.11
3.46 -4 . 04
5.30
. . . . .
;::,. (X)
"<:: I
. '· \. ,~.
. ' _, .. • : ~:-' ·:·:~. ''. ;, __ :<;:. .. ;,.,--:...._.:" :";;<_,;;;~...:~;.;_:_;:.~·,.._ ... ~,.-• .:,:... .. :.. .:,.._,;,,~~·-. .;;..¥...-.c;.,,;;,,;;.,·,~~'-""".:..~::.-~! ;..:.- -~ ..... -:--;;;;...;~. ;;,_,;;,£,~~{&~~~-~
. }
' ...
' . ~
J ' \ I ·• ~
.1 ·' 'j .. '
·-.· . ~ .
·, .
. -\. .
.. / > · /
.. .
. ' I ~
r ··.
·, • '. 1
'. r j; ._/
' ! •.. .. . ( ~-
r. i.'
. ~: f;· f~
f. · ~-
·t . ... ,:_
. r .
. ·· .. . . . . \ .. __,.. .·· --.
..
. ,
.,
• I
~1ALES
-Cl .J .¥ -- G .c Cl
QJ
~
1!-0
\ . - 49 -
FEMALES
•
/ '
.. · ....
l .·I . I
I
I r . · ..
' ' '
· 4 8
' ' SEXES cmisrNED
4.00 / . . '
/ '. 3.00
' .
2.00
· ' .1.00
'·
' "
4 I .
. . i
. :
. . . I .
·8 .·.·• ·,,
.. - ,. :· • '.
. '
. ' '
· 12.
I I
,,;;t. \ . ,.~ 4 8 1'2 "' . ·,
•••• : ·Age . (year sf
. ·. _Fig. 15. Emp.f.ri cal .. (scatter . plots .an<f ranges) and ca 1 cul ~ted · .· · {fitted curves) a·verag~ weights ( kg} of the -different : age-groups-.of. ~ortherrf· pike from Lobsti ck ; l abrador . .
! . ' I ' ' ' • • '
'/ :l'·' . '. . . . . . '. ' . ~ . . ' . . · ~ :~:~:.~~~------· - .- --- ~- ----~-~--:: .. _-~----, . . ... .
'. ; ..
' ' '
J ! I . ' . I
.. ~ ' ·: I . .
. j ... 1 ' '\· ' i . ) .
I ~ .j
·. ' j . -·--- -- ·--· ....... ~ .. : .
....
. '.
, .
} ' ; ,
. ' ·
t
. ~ . ~
! I. I. ,., . ~· ,. ]·
r t- ~
' : . .
'
~ : ... ·.. .
. , .
~ ' - .. ~
' ·'" . ' . . .
/
. .. - ·50 -
calculated age-weight data;. t~e sc~tter plots and ranges represent
ttie empi rica 1 ~ata. ' . . .
Simi 1 ar to the length di stri buti on, the weight distribution of I .
age. groups (Table 20) exhibits o,verlap in weight .between ag·e groups,
· the 1argest ove.rlap being fo·r 9-year-old females which range in ·
weight .from 0. 70 to· 4.05 kg." .
I ' ' ·. ·4. Coefficient of condition
. .
..
· · On.ly condition valu~s of m~ture fish; .\'lith empty stomach's .at ·
. · ·the ti~ of.."capture, were used ·to· sho~r the change in the coefficient . . I . . : . . .. . . . ....
. of· ~ondition ·from Jurie to September (Table 21 . and Ffg : l6), Of the . ' . . ' .. .
fish samp'led, . ~axi'muni .conditi ·onwas ' reached by the mid<;lle of June; . I .' . . .
minimum condition values were retarded in late June .
. · . · · ~ . . ..
·5. Marta 1 ity . and 's.urvi·va" . . .. ~ ·
results · obtained were: for m.ales l = 0.32, A"' 0.27 and s·. = 0. 73; · . . . . . ' .. . . . . .· for .feinales . l =· 0,37.;. A ·=.0.39 and s = 0.61.
. ·C. Reprodu'cti ve Bi'O 1 ogy
1 • . Sex . ratiOS '!' \ -
,.
' I
./ . \ . . . . . The ratio·.of males to females did n_ot differ signifi~antly for
' . . ..· . ... . • '
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, · .
/
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, ., . . -r
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:::
Table 21 • . Change if coefficient ·af ·condition·. · from .June to S~ptember 1978, of_mature nort{lern . \ pike, stomachs empty at -time of-capture, 'from lobstick_, .. Labrador .
. Males .. · Females· Sexes Combined
·oate of . · Sample Sample Sample Capture · Mean· · -Range Size Mean Range ~ize Mean - Range · Size
5 June b. 74 0.62-0.88 10 0.73 o·. 71-o. 74- 2 o. 74 . o. 62-o.·aa 12 '\ .
' 6 June ;, 0.68 0.54-0.76 7 0. 72 - 0.68-0~75 .· 4 Oo'69 . 0. 54-0.76 11 . ; '\ '
8 June 0. 81 -· . l . - 0.79 -· 1 0.80 0·. 79-0.81 2 . : ' -
-. ' . 9 June · · o.76 0.69-0.~4 0.75 0.68-0.·82 7 Q;76 0.68-0.86 '21 1 o June 0.75 ._0.69-0.83 ' . 6 ' 0.78 0.72-0.8.2 8 ·- r 0. 77 0.69~0.83 ' 14
13-June '. 0.38 ' o. 82-0. ~1 4 . 0. 75 0.62-0.91 16 0.70 . 0.62-0.79·._ 2 14 June _- o·. 73 · 0.62-0.8_9 .. 17 0 ~ 79 0.65-0.97 15 . 0. 76 0.62-0.97 32
16· June 0 0.83 0.78-0.86 4 0.83 0. 78..:0.86 •4 20 June . ·o.s7 0.49-0.70 3 · -. -. o· 0.57 0.49-0~70 . 3 .
23. June 0 ' - 0. 71 0.60-iJqg 3 0~71 · 0.60-0.79 ' 3
7- July · '0.}7 0.63· . 1 0.70 0. 63-0.77 2 14 July . 0.64 0.56-0.75 3 0.85 0.83-0.88 • 2 . 0.72 - 0.56-0.88 . 5
21 _July 0~73 1 0.7-3 0.63-0 :-82 ' 2 . 0~' 73 a·.63-o.sz 3 I
22 July · . 0 :- 0. 79. 0. 71-0.86 ' 2 0.79 0.71-0.86 2
8 Sept. 0. 75 o·. 71-o. ao 4 0. 72. ·0. 61-0.82 4 · ·a; 7.3 0.61-0.82 8 ..
' ·.
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~ 52
, ·
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July ·. August · September -
. i Change in co~fficient of .condition , ff,om · · June to September .1978, of mature nor1hern .pike, sexes -combined,' stomachs· empty t time of capture, from Lob~ti,ck, Labraaor.
I • " • " ~ , , , . • , , , . . .
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v=s:sa ·-o.32X
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v = s.'85 -. o.37 ·x :.
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.. . . .. . Fig • . 17 .
.·
. Age < years> . . . . . . . ..,.,
A plot of numbe r of f i sh ca.ught (natural l og arithm scale) on .age (ari thme tic scal e ), used to esti mate t he instan taneous tota 1 roorta 1 ity r a t e of nor t he.rn · pi k'e from Lobstick, .l a brador •
---~-----~----:...._~.-· -- . ~-~ - •. ·• .. •
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-· · any age group· (Tab l.e l2) • . o·ata ·were g~buped for ages . l-6 an-d
• • J • • •
10-·lS ·where sample sizes were small. Ttie overall male to female . - .
ratio ~.as ·1. 04.:J .00. - I >
· '-
' 2. Age and length at first maturity . . The percentage of -mature fish, b}l age group, (Table 23)-shows
that males are predominantly (50%.) matt~re ·by ag·e 5; females are not . - · ·
·. predominantly mature until age. B.
_The _percentage ·of mature fish., ~Y l~ngth class·, (Table ·24) · . . ; ·· . . . • . • fJ . . .
· shows _that mal~s are. predominantly mature at 40 ·em, f~male~ at 60 .em. " . ·-.
.' .· For sexes combined, the pike-are· r)ot enti~ely _mature until .· 75 em.
. ' 3. Fecundity
Fork · lengths were grpupe·d into 5,.:0 em intervals and_ -~he rrean
. : nflmb.er of· eggs ·per female was determined fo~ each (Table 25-and · : . · . . : . .. , / . Fi!;J • . -18). · The. empirica1 data·, fitted to a log r .egressi cpl, .gave the' . . equation:' .,
'• / ,
log F = ' 3.7~ · ·logl __ - -2.48 (r = 0.77) ·
~there 'F' is .the ·number of eggs and 'L' is 'fork .length· (~) . . · The -. . . .
:·cal cul~ted nurmer of e~gs per female -·\'lq.s c~niputed from thfs equation :
\~eights \'lere grouped ·into 0. 50 kg intervals an.d the ·mean nutrber
of· egg~· pel" f~male was detennined for . ~ach. {Table 26 . and .Fig. · 19).·
.The_ empi_rical data, fitte~ to ·a ;log regression~ gave the equation:
· _ . ·1 og F = 1. 21 : log)J +~ 3. 83 ( r· = 0. 81)
where 'F' . _iS number of eggs and 'W' i.s whole ~eight (~g) . .
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·_Table 22. • cl '• • • •
~Sex ,ratios- of i10rthern pike, ·by ·a'ge-group, . from . ·~b.[ador. · · . I • . • ·
AC$ (}'ears ) 1 ~6 ' 7 8 ' ' 9 ., 0-15
' '
.Male 23 ' 25 24 19 18
Femal~ 19 27 2·8 15 ' 15 X2 value " 0.38 0.18 0·.·31 . 0.47 0.27
\
Si'.gnificant. · di He renee . None None None None None
... - '
•
lobs t'i ck;
Total
109 .- \ 104
0.08 '
None - ·
Table 23- Percentages of mature northern pike,' by age-class, from -
' o I
· · lobstick, ·labrador· (sample size in parenthesis)._ ·, '
Age · (yea·rs ) · -
~-1
2
3
4
5-
·6 . . 7 8
· g : '
10 ' 11
l2 13'
_.14 . ·15 I
. • f .
I'
( ' '
-, .
\ ' ' ,.
Perc,entage of mature fish
.Males ·' ·.- Femal es Sexes Combined
1o 0. 0 .(2). ' . o· .. o. (1) ' :. ' ' ' 0.0 : (3) . JO) {0) . , .. (0)
0.0 (i ) (0) 0.0.· (.J)
50.0 (2) ' ' (0) 50.0 (2} I
75.0 ' (5) ' 2~L '6 . (7) 4.5-.4 {12)
76}9 ' (13) 41.1 · {n r . 6P~o · (24) '
87 .s·· (25) . 42.3 (27) ' 64.0 (52) -
"'100.0 (24 ), ' 60.7 (2~) 78.8' (52)
94.1 ' .. (19)' 94.4 (15) ' 9~. 3 (34)
' '
. 100. Q ('9) loa ·~ o (6) lOQ .0 .{1-5}
100.0 (8) .· 100.0 (.3) 100.0 (11 y-100.0 ' _(1) •' ' 100.0 (3) '100. 0 (4) '
(0) / (0) ·(O) .:.. -
(0) 100.0 .' (1.-) ' '''100 ·.0 \ ' (1 ') .,
.:. (0) - 100.0 '- (2) ' 100~ (2) . '
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rabl; 24. p~·rc·entagesof matu~· n~rthe~~1length class' fto• . · · Lobstick, labrador ·(sample s,iz.e .. in parenthesis).
Fork 1 ength · (em) · Ma.les
2. 5 · ( 0)
7.5 ,' 0.0 {2) ,;•
{0) 12. 5· ' ' '
17~5 .: { o')
' -· Percentage·of ·mature fi~h I
Females
.{0)' "
' (0) ·. , I
.0.0 ·(1)
.-· : (o>
. -Sexes Combined
(0.) ..
0.0 (2)
0.0 ' (1) '
. (O)
·I
'
{0). -. ' (0) - (O) · . .-, 22.5 .
27.5 ' 0.0 { 1) ' ·- (0) 0.0 .(1)
32.5 ·_' ', o.o {l) .. - .,(0) 0.0 (1)
100.0 {l) . . 33.3 (6) . ~2.9. I (7)
' 75.0 (12) ~2.5 .(_8) ' 50.0 '(20)
90.0 ·-(io) · 16.7 (12) ~ . . 50.0 _(22_} ..
37 ~ 5 ., '<
42 . _5 ·
47.5 •I . '
(251) ' ' ' ·, .. 2 5: 0 ' ·~ 16) "6;3;f· ' (4~) . '88.0
89.5 ' (38) . 33.3 {24') • . 6 ·7.7 . (62)'
' 52. 5
.57. 5
100.0 { 36) ' . 61·.3 ('31) 82.1 (67) . -/ . 6a. s ./
. 67 .·5.- ·.· 97.6 (42) 73.5 -· (4_9)' 84.6 (91)
100.0 (19) 92~3 ·( 39) ( 94,8 1 (~8) 72.5 .
"
77.5 . 100.0 ' (2) ' 100.0 ' ( 21) 100.0 (23) / ' I
o:O - ' ·. (0) . lQO.O ·. (11) ' 100.'0 82.5 '
,87·. 5 (0) ' 1 00.0 {,2) 100.0 (2) '
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' ';. , •. --... - ~---.• ··- ....... .. __ , . .. 5
. . -~ __ :
· / ' ..... · • ... . ~ ~ • . .. . : •.• i--~,.. ~- ~- , : ~ ~-~ o '( •'J ' -.~. J•,· ..... _ .. ~ :•\ ,; ~: .. ......... :;~~ .... ~~ ... --~-~~·)t.\.1..,,--;-: . ..,.j• ,,r-r.-::; .. ,!';~~·:"'·"'r•--,;:--::-..,.,~. , ""';-: ~.,.,..,.,~ ... ~---..... --. -· ·•-:' ~ .. • ;-·
. ' ... ' ' . ,.·. . . , . ' '
· Table 25 • . c
' ...J 0
.. -.. ;.
- ,~'.'" . ·- . . • • ~l. .. ·.
' •1 ;.· . ... , ·- ., . . _ .·.57 --' .. '
'• ...
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.· : ..
The rel,~ ti~nshi p between ·the. number bf ma~ure .eggs (greater than· l .0 nm i .n diameter)· and· fork length. (em) for .49 northern pike from Lo.bstick,· labrador. -.. · · · ·
•. ' . ' .. _:, ,. ----':--:----.,.----:----__.;_---:---:.--..-:--..:__~---'-;..__;,.....:...__,_.....__;__.,:..._ __ ..:....,......:... ..,., Actual '·Numberof Eggs· per. F.emale . _l!, ,", Fork length
· , · . ' ,l
. ' j ,·
/ . . '
. I.·. .. . · (em)' ·· Mean . ·Range Number of fish
Calculated Number of EQgs per _Female .
·~.~ ~··
. I . • '
52.5 ;
57.5
62;5
'67.5
72.5
.. 11423
ll -544 .· ... . . 13969
. . -~ 2·169.5 ..
. . · 27348
:-' .. 'fi367~16720 ., ... _:
• ;' 5'732M21983 <•• . 10382-2-9200
.0•<.' . : .
.. 135·70-:40000 . •:
1 .
2 . 5 .
. 9
. .8062 .
11298
i5394 ~
20481 .
26699·
' •
:J : 't
i
T -~ .. 1 j '
I .
{l '
·. · . '- 77.5 ·. 33414 .
.. 46945
-~ - . '
' 241 00-475001
. 15. '
·-10 ·. . 34194 ' . '
43121 53640 .
f· !· \'
I .
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. 82.5
87 .. 5 I • '
'47050 .• "
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. 29752-73873
. 321 00~62000 ·.
' . ,-,;... . . . ~ '
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Table 26_. :The telati~nship between··the number of ~atu~ egg-~· (grea·t~r. tha~ l.O mm · " in di~meter) per female and weight (kg) for ·49 northern pike fr()m- · .··
lobstick~ Labrador.. · · : I. ' 0 I ~ .. ., . / j~·
~------------~----------------~------------~--~----~-----. Wh~ i ·e weight . ·"'Ac t"~a ~ N~mber of Eggs per Fema.l e
.'I
· (_~g) . Mea·n .. · ~ange :
1 • 25 8895. 6367 .. 11423
1. 75 14712 12991.-16720
2.25 18488 / . \ :. 5732-~9200
r • 0.
135 70-38836 2. 75 . 24524.' '. '
3. 25 28304 .15330-40000 ..
3. 75 32799 28000-42800
3,9500-52000_
' 36300-7.3.873
4.25 .. . 46333 ... '
0 4. 75 '55087,: .
5.25 .. 47QSO 3~1 00-620!)0 ... . . ~ .
~ .
: ' .. L ..
• b . •
" ..
Number Cal cula~ed .Number · ·. . ) · . · of fish :. · .of ,Eggs per. Fema~e .. , .. . · · ~
2 ...
4 7 . · . . .
10 10' ..
9
.3
2 .
2 ....
I ·.
..
. :~ . . .
. 894~ < -.1.3435 . .. ·
. 182H) ,
i3l15 . \1
284115
33787-
. 3~312 44975 50765
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. · ·.· ~ork ·length ( em ) . ' '
r ·- •
The relationship .between: fork length : {em) •and egg nu'mber in northern pike from lobsti ck, . . .labrador .. {scatter· plots and . ranges' represen t .empirical results; fitt~d curve represent~ ·. ·
·. cal cul~'ted regression}. · . . · ..
=-... • ' ·I ·
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70 ·, ' >1. ·.
60
....
r~ ...
20
- b
/ · .... . ._ . .... . .-.w'~~·i·a : w•i~-~~;~- < ~o ·> . ·._., · .. Fig .' 19 . . Th~ relationship ~e'tw~en · whol~\iefght (kg) and
. ,
·_egg n~ ·r in northern -pike f rom lobsticl< , . . l abr:· _ (scatter plots and ranges represent ·
, eq>i'r~. 1 res ults~ ~itted . . curve · represents>. cal cul'a ted regression· ) ~ · · . . . · · '• I , .. ...• _ , • ' ' .
.. ~ ' ... . ,. '
. ... , . -.•,.
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., I
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··:· ...
. : ~ .
. . ' - 60 -:.. :
. The. rel··ationship between the .number of mature eggs per
female and age is given in Tab,.e 27 and Fig. 20. The· empirical
data, fitted to a log regression, gave the e~uation:
log F := 1. 36 log A + 3.11 · (r =. 0'.54) · .... . . · ~
. · wher~ 'F' is'the number of ' eggs an·~ _ 'A' is a9e ·(y~ars) . / .. 1. J'.
n~ Food habits ' .
' I
' .
\ .
I
'·:. Of the 386. stomachs examined for fo9d contents,' 240 ·or 162_% were .
. emp1~. Tne_'prj1cJpa··( foe~ it~ms ~~re: whit~fis:h . (6~-%:} an·~~· un_ide~~i ~ . :
ffable fi~h remains (25X) . .. Insects .- (~%), lake chub (3%) and burbot
(3%) \'lere also present . . ·.
I ,Of tile fish angled ... )'0%. had empty stomachs as oppos~d to ·. ::. ' .
' appro~ifnately 50% f.o.r those caught by fyke net,- gill net or seine • . . . .
A comparis·on .of the food ~a ten by pike .. M va ri o_us ~ i zes.-
. · (T~bie .28) shows that l~rger fish tend. to -eat larger food ite~; . . . . . . I
' • • ..-. ' . ' • I .·
the diet. becomes en~irely piscivcirous, mostly·whitefish, the mean I
· si ~e: .of \'lhi ch are 1 arg~r · than any of the in-sects or lake chub found . . . . . .
in the stomachs of .sm~l-ler ipike • .. There is als·o· a~ increase_ in the. .: · ,I ·
.. This · may be ·
. . l .
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1) . .. , . I ' .
.,._, .... " . . ';- . . . .
· ·_ .· -:·~~€~M..,_ -,...,:'''""'""'"'~'~"'~"'.._.-:-.... ~,.....,...,,....,..,..,..,.~Il:!'~>~l~~?.L"'!~~·~~~:.~'!':t't~-~w~:-~·~JVJ1'"::~'.:C"~"~""-\"~=·s~·- · •
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-t -.
Table 27. :r _he relation_s.hip between the number qf matu-.:-e eggs ' (greater than - .. ----. . 1.0 mm in diameter) per_ female 'and age (yea~s) -for ·4a n~r~ern. · ~
. Age _ (years)
5
.6 .
7
-8
9
. 10
.11 •.
12
13_
14 - :
15 .\
pi ke from lobs-tick, La bra d0,r • • 'I , .... • • •
. 1 . .. •
. · Actual Numbe-r o·f Eggs per· Female
~lean . · · .- · Ran~t . ! '
636·1
5732
_.q9713
. 25318
I 29398
-· . 1142_3:-28276 .
i .299l-42aoo··
33485 .
38836
319~~~
.. ... : ' · ' .
" ·
1 0_382~ 73B73
. 13570-.52000
: . - 1 ,•,
21983-47500
--
-,, • · ' •• 0 ' \
.,
Number of fish
I
_1 .·
1 -! . . 5
... }4 - ·: ' - I
13
6
·.-_ 1
6
.. () 4 '
0/
1
...
:
talcuiate.d N~mber of Eggs p~r Fema 1 ~
~ ', .)..
: . 11391
- 14597 . -
- ~ . 21586
25336 ' . .... .
. ~9240_. - ~
33287
37468
·-
41777 - . .
4.6207 .
50753 . -
. . - . '
:~ ,;
.}
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F = 1276.37 A 1 ~ 36 • f •,
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Fig. · 20 ~
.. .,.:...;...,,...._ ___ '"'7'"'-,-----
u : •..
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• ·: .
. ·':."·
• ••• •
. Age · (years) · t
The relatio~ship be~een age (years} and egg nuinber in · nort~erri pike from Lobs ti,ck,-· Labrador (scatt·er plots .and ranges.· represe-nt empirical results; fitted curve . represents ·calculated regression) •. ·
.. \\· . . •.
) f. . ·'
/ 0 .
/ ·
.. . ·/ . '
i, .
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· ,
1
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·. . . . 7
·Table ·2a .·Percentage occurrence ··of -food items in stomachs with food prese~t · from pike of various. sizes f~oin · L<?bstick, ~abrador:. (sample · size _in p_aren'thesis). _ , - _ . ·· .,. · · . · . . -
Fork length inte~val (em) . . " \
· Food tYpe 0.0- 9.9 10.0-19.9 . 20.0-49 .-9 ~30.0-39 . 9 · 40.0-.49: 9 50.0-59.9 60. 0-69.9 -70.0-79.9 '80,.0.;89.9 ·- '
. \-- Whitefish : ": (0) -: (0) ' . . - (0)' . - (0) " 40.0 .(8) 71.8 (28) . 72.4 (42) : 72.2. (13) ' 100.0 (3 )
:. I - ' · Insects
l ·I
_ · Lake Chub
-Burbot ...
100.0 (1)
· (0) ·.
(0) .
. :.. (0) 100.0- (1) ' 40.0 {2)
, j
-·
20.0 (4') . 23 .. 0 {9)
~ . ( o}. · .. _- , ( o) . 4o. o 1·_( 2 )_ . 30. o ( 6) · · · ·- - · ( o)
- (0) .- (Q), 20.0'' (1) . ' · 10.0~ (?} . 2.6 (1) ~ ' .
... (0) .· {0) (0) :-- . - '(0) 2.6 (1) -:-
24. 2 ' ( i 4) _ 27.8 {5) -. .
· - ( <o> - (0)
3. _4 (2) .
(80) . · . .
(0)
(0) .· . ..
(O)_ . _·
(58) . ..
{0 ).
(o) -
(0)
(0 )
. (1 o') l l . .
. _· . S~omach empty . . .. : ·. · (1) . ·- . ,__(-1) . ·_ (-~) · .(4) · · {24) . ·(55) .. . ·
....... ~- \ " ' ~ -~----------~------~--~--~--~-~·~----------~~~--~~~~-----------:-------~-------------
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• ~ - : · ~ 1• ' .,._. ~ ·r- ·· ~"1 ·-- .,.. .. ,.~-m ··~~ ~ --.. : .. ,.,..:.:::'• -· -.· .. -_· -~~-···· :,,..,.,...,... '"'~-:~-~-.~-~~ .. .,·11· r•'':-t;~ · ttt'T:'~,.,.:-r';-l'_..,~-~~7'1',. :"-~~· .. ,"~~:· " ., .. ,_,:·,':,..~....._- :~''?:'~ 'Xi';~"{"'.:·,t~ ... ,_ • .,.. ;''"!': ~-... ·--\~!';"'~':' .... ; .. ·1~-:-r.-'7:'-~'-":~,:·· ... ,. ;. ·. . 1
. '
' I
- 64 .:. ·, I '
' •,
.\ DISCUSSION . . I .
I. Age ·detenninati.on ,.
The four methods .of. ·age determinatiorr chosen for this study . .
.have be~n pre~iously used to assess:-age an·d grOI'Ith of no'rth.ern
. pi~e;· ·scales OHlliams 19.55),. opercula· .(Frost and. Kipling 1959), . . ~ ' . .
· cleithra (Casselman 1974) and otoliths (Hatfield et al. 1.912) . . .
The r~s ult~ of this study show differenc-es . j n b6th. ages and age~ : .. /: . ' . . . . . . . ' . ' .
1 ength re 1:ationshi ps ·derived from each aging· .structure. ' .
" Ideally, . analyses ·Of suc'h differences should be studied over
s~veral years. Tag a'nd recapture or ~adioa~tive marking ·exper:im~nt~ I . i . . .
were not feasibl 'e due •'primarily '. to the time ·constraint of the s.tu~y .
However~· the farge population size. and .openne~.s . of the .system would . . . ' . " ' .... - ~ . ' . ' . .
~-lSq have ·made it difficul t to' 6btain ~uf_ficient recaptures. · An
. a.iterna ti ve method of· compa'ri son_ had to be de vi seq 0 ' . . . .
/ ''
The. IJ)ethod chosen· involved comparison of age-length . · • ' . 7 ; ' ' , ' . . ' '
rel~_tio,riships d~rive.~ from ~ath ' agi~g structure.. ~he basi s . for -~ [ch · , I .
' '
·comparison i.s :that empirical ,af'!d back-c.alculated ag~-length . . . - . . . .. ·; . ' //~,.
· relationship~ should not differ, assuming. that (1) the aging ' structure / / ·
. ·: ~c~~r~tely r·eflet.ts -~~~ ._ growth' of the fish, a.nd (2) n~ ~g~FJg erro.~y/// · . .
·.: .·.have 'been made. lee' .s .phenomenon' co~ld ~au~e a 'difference~~ .. ,.,
empirical. an~ back-calculated ag.e-length ~el.ationshi~-Ho~~ve~,
~h·e~e djfferenc~s, if present~ rna~ be _uniformy l . of t~e aging
~thods.· . Harrison and Hadley (.1979) ! fo~~~/th.at for muskellunge Lee 's ' ·. . . . ,...-/ ' . ~ , .
• J ....... \
phenomenol) existed to a nearly_.... ~qual extent in the. back-calculated ' • ·, • , ·p ". , ' • .<"' ,#· ·- \ : , · ,~ ,
-lengths obtained from cl e'ithra and scales : If it can be sho\'m that . . ' . .. >/. . /
' ... .
. //~ ,/
/ , ./
./ /
'' .
~ · ... !'
\ . :
,. '
' ~ - \
' '· ':7.
·'
.. -~
, ' '
' -------;-:?· /
/. •
.·~---,_,--:.:.:.. ____ , ,\_ __ . -· ~----· ·· ... ---- .--- · - ··· ........ ...... ~ ....~. ... . ... , .... . · ,
/ ·' /
/ { .
. i
\
:. •
f·· (. ) .
' t i · ~.· . / i·'
'
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• !
1 i .,. I t
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/
· '
. . . . . . . .. . • .. , · ... ·· ,. ···; ... , ... ~ · • , ..... -.. ....... ~~· ..... -... ~ ~ .. ~ . -..,·~,;~ •w··-·; ......... ~ ................ ..... ...:.~ ..... ~--....... ~.,. ... "'''\'.,.. ~'~"/SII'r"'( t.l• :'1 ·r,"'~"7"'""'l r'"'"· ........ 1.~ "4~ . .. • ' :"" " ' ' ' '"- ..... ...... . .... ·· ~ · ·• ""S"•· .-,,.., , .... .. --~ ... - · ..... - •.
/
. ..
....
~··· ,
\
I.
. \
. . : ' /
- 65 -
L I -.
:each ~f· t~e four agin~: ~tructures \a:ccurat~ly reflec~· the growth .·
i . ~;.·the fjsh, then the aging ~truct~re from which the ' most ·similar
. · ~: e.mpfrical and· ba.ck-cal_c~~~te~ grow~h· curves ar.e ~~r~ve~." wotild .
. · ·.,be. ·the structure .from whi~h· the f~w~st agi~g ·~rrors ~re l.ikei.Y . . . ' . . I ' . . .
. I . .
tq be made and consequently most mea,ni.ngful ta use in age. and
·growth studies •. Aging ~rrors i.n~cilv·~ · the ·addition or deleti~n of . . . ; . . . . . . \ .
annuli . to the age given by a s.tructu~e. They _also include pr?blems '~ . . . . . . . ' . ~ . . . ',
in ·measuring annuli,~determining · the ~.xa~t focus :or. position of I • •
'. annu.li , .. and distinguish'ing true armuli
1from false ch.ecks. Although
' ' • > • • I' ,·' ' ' • ' '
. it WaS not possible. to determine if eve~;j check \'laS a true ·or false . • . . . : I . .. .
annulus, ge·neral .measures we're employed to 'distinguis-h ·between ,, the . r'
two.. Wi.~<li, ams (1955) suggests that on scales ••a ··good criterion . for.
: reccfgriizing _a fa.lse annulus .is it~absence at the a~"terio~ or high ' 0 o ' o I . ,
anterolateral · fie1 ds since ·annuli usually are dis.tinct .h.ere ~whereas /' . . . .
. . . . .. . . , . I ·. . .
the false a.nnuli are not" . . on . the bony structures, false annuli. are
recognizable be~ause they_show 'an abrupt instead of 'a ,gradual change
or: fadi~g . out from ·th·e ~pague to -the thin t~ansparent zon·e·' (Frost
' I
1 .•
"'· . . . . . . . , arid Kipling :1959). · 'As growth. slows ·;n later years; this' ch.aracteristic
> ,' ' ' 'I I
i's: harde~ tq distingui.sh. · At · Lobstick, the ·problem of false annulus · I . . ,
fOrmation did not· appear too s~vere~ This may be1accounted for by ,, I ,' • ' ~- ' ' ' :: • " • '
... the. abrupt season~l changes in the area .and:the . r~latively littie ·
growth t~at occu·rs . .from the ti rre of a·nnu.l us fo~mati on until ·s p~wning ,
.~ .·
...
I . I .. , .
. ·:
· ' '
.' , • • • . J . . I
' • • . . • • . ,. - • . I' . . . . :. t , • ' •
·. occ1,1rs; ·· Any check mark la~d dpwn . durin"g ._spaw~ing · would probably be ·. ..
·indisti~guishable ·fro~ the tru~ annui·u; . . ' ·
· There is a high correlation b~tWeen ·the. length of each of· the .
ag~ng -struct.ur.es a_nd the length ~f :·th~· fis~ ·(Table 5), sugge~tin·g
. \ ·.
. . . . .
·. . ~
. ·'
· . . .. ·:·:
. ~ ---.-..t-..:__:.._._....___L..--,----·-- ;,_ --·-- •oi •• ~. ' ... - .-----. ··---~- _ .... .. . _.,---· -·-- --·--·- . .. ,.. .. __, . ... ...... .. -.. ~ . . - ., / .
-:
:'I
'.
p
'
·• ~··
. i /
'
; ~
'
~ .
' ! I . I I ! 1 !
.. i l
'
. ,.
. ·.. ·. . . . . .· . ' . \ . . - . ·. . ·.. . ... ' _';
• .. . ,. , _..' .. •· ••--· ·-.;:.,. ~:'"'"·: ' "' •· ~· ~:·-- ·•--:~ .', · -~· ~~-~-~··• , • .,.,;..~·· ·, :~'>"rJ-'1'~"''·'' ",'1'";':;..,~ ,·,_~ .• ,m • .• ~.~~_,...,,, "'" 'T' -· ,' ~ ----· .... \. ,' . ..
;' ..
.·.
'/•
·' ·
. .
. I /
. \. ' . \
! \
__ .66 - "1 .
' · . . : . I . . . . I '
' that all . four aging· structures accurately reflect the growth of ·. ' , I , '
<j I ~ \
the fish . . Curvilinear relationships e'~ist, ·.although the,re is
little difference between correlation coefficients for linear . . . '. ' . - \' . . '
and curvilinear· regressions. ·overall res~lts ·would :have been -q,,
.similar if 1i,near body: aging· structure relationships had been · ' · , . . . • • . I . , .
··used. Where curvilinear body: agir)g $truct'ure ·relationships ,' I I • 1 Jo) I exist, the length of-th~ ~gi~g s·tructlire usually follm·JS the ' ·
/'..growth pattem. ot:_ .the fish, . ~ncreasjng ·more ~-lowly as .the fish
-~ grows 'older. This is true for the body: scale_ length (Fig. 6-).'. ·
'· ·and body-: opercular le~gth (F.ig~ 7)' ·relationship{ but ·not so for
_.1 the body: cl.ei.t,hral (Fig. 8) . or body: otolith (Pig~ 9) relation
ships. Neither cleithral nor otolith gro~th is reduf:ed with .. _.
increased · f ish ' length;. the increase in otolith length ·is more .. .. -
rap~d relative to fish }ength th-;ougho,ut the early life history
· (0-50 em) .and is .rel 'atively p~p~rtional'_t~ ·, fi~h . length in the ~ • ' \. • ' • I
·latter stages (50-90 cmh This is difficult to ·explain in . ·....---..._ '
relati'on to -t~,e ''reduc,tion -of .growth exhibfted ' by scal~ii- and : ' r ' ' ' •*' ' - .
opercula. ·
Analyses ·. o(covariance were used to test for st~tistical ' . < /'" • . . r
di~ferences betwt~~ the age-length r~gressjons derived from each . , ..
aging st~~cture··.
Empirical age-length . rel.~tionships for males" 'did not differ '
significa·ntly -fro.rri those for females, using any of .'the four . aging ' I " ' • i • ' ' •
. s~r\Jc~ures (Table _lO). All'male and .female back--calculated
·: age~ 1 ength rel ~·ti ohs~i ps \d~ ffere~ si gn~fic~ntly; th~ s 1 op_es
.· ..... .. · .• ;.-·
·-. · . ; . -
...
. ·-- ... ___ :._ ___ __:__·_. __ .. ___ ~ .. --- ; . - . . ' ' \
I ·.
\ ..
. ; ...
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. .._
-}
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.. · . I ; , .· f ,
/ ··· ., differed _u·si.ng scales, the adjusted ineans using' qper.cula, cleith'ra . . ' .. ~ . .
. . and otoliths .. · T~e di-fferences in adjus.ted .means may b~ partly .. ·
· · du~ 'to· an -i!)~uffic_ient sample 'of small .fi?h -which 1~~ to·.
·.-.. difference~, .betwe-en males %nd female~, -in ~~e ~verage length~ of . :.·
o'percul'~, clt~ithra and -otoliths -at annuli .I and II.. · The d_ifference
;'~ - ~hese ··~~hen fitted.in- the app.ropriate.,body.:' _aging s·~ru~ture . . . . . . . ' .
· · · regress i-011, was· s uffi dent to · significantly, affect the predicted . . . . ' .. . .
adjusted ·means. : .
Differe-nces oc~ur· beb1een el!Jpirical and back..:calcul'ated age-. . . . . . . ' ., ' \ . . ·• ·_ .
length . regressions ·.!Jsing scales, opercula . andcl~it})r.a (Table ·ll); ·
. there was no· differ:enc~ ·using ·otoliths. '. Comparison _Of1 empirica·l . \ . . . .. . ,
·, '
~ge-len~th regre-ssions . shows no difference i~ slopes or' _q.djusted
mea~s 'between. any· of th~- ··four agin.g methods (Table .. 12). · Given -this
similarity betwee'n empiricar age~le~gth regressions_ d~ _rive~-from ' • • ' • • 1 ' ~ • -
' I ' •
all aging' methods and the high. correlation. betWeen th~ length of
each aging .structur~ and.· fish fork length. (Table 5), .thi~ suggests ·-
that the otolith method,: for which there are no empirical and back- · . ' ' . . ,' ' ' .
~alc~l~ted differe~ces, is ,nq~~ , reliable in · assess.ing ·ag.e ·and growth ... • I : •' ' ' • • • ' • ' ' '
I , . . .
of northern 'pike from Lobstick. The difference in slopes between . , . . . . . , . r
· empirica.l and back-calculated age-lengtn regressions, using scales, . ~ . . ' . . . . -
opercula_, and ·cleithra· ;·~·ag.ges.ts t~at ·ag-Ing e~rors have b~en made ~
T~ese err~~s cpuld hav~ be~n made in reading .the ages .or mea~uri~g annuli from the particula~ structure. ·Most problems involved either
} ' . . ' . . .
the first _ fe~ or last fe~l an!'JUli on t~e struct~re .. . Identification • • • • • • It • . .'
of the first ~ncf second annuli_ on _opercula wa~ often d1.fficult. Th-is
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. problem· has be.en documented by F~ost and Kiplin·g (1959)'"who ·suggest · . . ' · ··
.·. that the first _ and second ·a~n!;J_l ·i are. oftEln ·obscured by the g~wth . .
-.: of spongy tissue at ·the base of the operculum. For scales~· the i
' . problem: involved .measuring ·. the fi~st few annul;, the .delineation . . ~ .. . .
. '
_· of ·which were often ·unclear. \ , .
/
These. prob 1 ems become evl_f_:,nt . in the .
back-calculation of l'eng~hs ·at .agel {11) • . Scale, o'percular and
cleithral back-calcu~atfoni give larger resul~s fo,r_ i.l; , the. results . ~ . . ' . . .
for .. ·otol i ths are more c~mparable. with elJ)pirical';:·results' than are: ~ny ' .· . . \ : . \ .. . . . ~
of the other three methods. · Problem's also exist in identifying the .. -. .· ~ . . .
l_ast· few annuli m1 scales of older' fish. · The slow growth of· older • • I '
fish makes it ~ifficuH . . to di,s ti ngui sh annuli .and. measure _i n·c:rements
, of-growth -o~ the scale. - This becomes ·evident ~Jheh ~~~paring gr~th
curves generated from back-calculations of.scale . measurernents to .
. · ~ the other methods; back-calculated fork lengths at. the older ages
tend to be smaller ' than those derived ' frorri othe~ aging str~ctures •. • ' l"• ~ • • •
l~hen comparing 'the n~mber ~f zone~ .in scal~s and op~rcularb~nes - of ·' • ' , • , • • • • L '. ' \ • •' ' , •
.roa.ch, Hansen (1978) .found there' were fewer zones in scales from
fish older than 7 years. Similarly, for muskellunge, ·Harrison and '. . . . .
· Hadley (1979) . foun·d that · fis·h olde.r than 9 years could .riot be ·.aged . '
. fror:n scales, bu~ cleithra. were useful 'for fish· a's old as .16 years. . ' .
·,.· . · . Comparison. of emp·i rica 1 age:..l.en·gth regressions showed · no
di ffer.ence· between . any of the aging methods . (Table ·12) ~- · · Back-: - . . ,. . ': . ·. ' . . ' . .
..../. .
_ calc.ulah~d regre~sions of any 'aging method d_i.ffered signtficantly'
. ·· _. .; \ from tHbse of any· other m~th.od \·lith one: e~ceptio~-; . the regressions . •. . .. ,·,
for femal~s from otoliths ~nd scale's {.Table :13). ~Ji 'th the exception .. ..
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of the · regressions fr9m otol iths• and scales, sexes separated and
. combined; all ' other· c~mparisons of 'back-calcu-lated 'age-l~ngth . \ ,,
regressi~ns di~fe~ed vary si.gni_fica9t!Y· ·both in ~slopes an~ ·~ .
adjusted means. If otolith back-calcu'Jated age-length relationships
are accepted as _·standard~· ~n~· ~omp~ri;ons ~re made. to the~, then
operculr.r arid _clei.thral . relationships. bo~-Jl"predict too ·large . . ': . ,.. . .- .
lengths: at younger ages. ·This· could be ~xplained if the first ·and/ . . . ( ( . . . . . . . . . . . . '
or ~ec~n'd ann~li we_re 'obscured and not read from 'sC>Jne of 'the ' op~rcula . "'. ;
. . and ·tleithra. ·. ·.Th.is' w'ould i·ncrease the values of the average .lengths - . . . . ' . ' - . ' , . . , . .
·. at annuli I and II ~nd .cmiseque~tly .increase the .predicted _fork
...
lengths .at ?ges·~ 1. and ~ in the appropriate body: . aging structure /
·regression. · Although .this pr~·blem has been .docomented for .opefcula ·
, .. . {Frost and. Kfpling ·,.9~9; .. Ha~sen 1978), i:t has t:JO~b~~n documented , ;· .·. ·. . ~ ·· · , \. . . . - .. . ·...._ .. .
for the . cle,ithra of pike:(Casselman 1974). or. muskellunge .(~arrison-
and .Hadley· l979): . . . '
/ .The relative .sill!ilarity between age-length regres·sions 'derived
I .'.
. . . from . seale~ . and otol fths must b~ c:onsi.dered in choos1n9· a meth~ .
for age and growth ,. asses_srren'is ~ There are no statistical . . . ,
differ~nces ~. in the' a~just~d-. means .pr~dicte.d b~ scales ~ and otcili.ths, . . .. - ' ~~ . .
for 'sexes separated' orcombined. ih'e difference in .the .slopes~ . for . ' . . g} . . . . . •·. ·,
males and sexes . combined~ is: in the. earlier years, scales pr:-edictjng ·. ·' I " •• • ' '
. ; . . . . . ' ~- . . . . ·. · 1 / '
. larger' lengths than otoliths· from ages 1-to 6~ This · can be related . . . . . . '
· to the difficult,{ in delineatin.g ·and ~easu.ring the first few annuli ··
·c;>n some scales~
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· Ot9li.ths were ChQsen as the preferable method far the age
, ~ and growth stud~ of northern pike f;:oin Lobstick . . A ~ case could ' . . . . . . . . .. ·.. . .
. be presen.ted ·for the use ofscales based .i.Jpon .the · relative · .. . .
~imilarity of age-length '·relationships · derived from the two me_thods . . . ;, \ . ! '
and the ease of collection, _handling·and readi~g of · scales.-..
,(/
. . · · II. ·Biological studies ,I
' ' . . . ( ' . . : ., . . . The several methods used to sample norther.n pike from Lobstick ·
. \ ~ -: . '. . '( ' .
helped limit the. problem of.size selectivity of g~ars. Gillne.t
- s~l'ec~ion for -northern ·pi.k~is _ by size with~ lower.li~it'-~nly; ' I ' ' I
·an fi.sh' over a certain.si.ze are liable to capture (Kipling 1975). ' . . ' '. . ' . ' .
. ' I ' ' '
. Of/ the 415 northern pike· sampl~d. at Lobstick, 9% 07 fish)' we~e ·
gi)inetted. Th~ .fyke net,' a passive ·_ftshing -method, cQptur~-. . . . / ..
acti've. me"!bers \'titHin .a population; angling captures active and .· ~· ' , '"" . ' • ·. · .
/
· feeding fish. :''Fyke nets. accounted -for 29% (12.0 f ish) and angling · . . ' ' ' . . . . . . ·' ' ..... ··
. . · . ·,· . I •
56% (232. f1'sh') ·or. the sample~ The seine was · used to capture · ,
. conc;ent'rations of pike i:n shallow w'ater during the spawning season
_·and a~~oun~e-d. for·. 4.%· (n fish) . o; .. ~~ ~a~ple :: The pl~xigl'as.s trap
1 ..
. was ' used i.n.:shallaw ~at.er ' (< 0.'5 in) to obtain a ' sampl~ of the smaller ... r ' , .
size rang'es of pike_. ·. It ·captured pike ra_nging in s ize fro~ · 9.3 tci \ . ._ .
( 1'' . ' -~
-· 51.0 ~in and· accounted for 2% (9 fish) of the sample. · .. . . l .• , ~
In all fish · bio-logy studies, a· representati_ve ·sample ·of·. size :.· . . . . ' . . . . .. . .
.[ ·.
· ranges of the · pop·uJ _ati~n is required to. study age anp growth, : .. ~ . .
· fecundity.' a~d '-_food habits. Based upon sample ·size· and number-arid . /. ' '
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types of gears us.ed, 'the. s'ample of. larg~r length. classes (50- .' ' . ' ·. ·. . ' . . . . .. . ' · . .
. ! • '
90. em) appears· to be representative ·for th~ northern p.ike ·populatio11 . ·=· ·. · . ·,.,., ..
/ • - ~ # _ .
· . at Lobstick. The small sa.mple size of' fish. 0 ·to 50 i:m .probably . ·:· · . . · . . ·. ' ' . . . . .. ~ .
doe~ not trul~ rep-~sent th~ ·population but is" due~~· sampling ·
techrdques. Of th~ 'five gears~ thti plexi.gla~s trap. was ' the ~nly -· . l . '
' one capabl~of . being used in .. th~ h.abitat of th~se . fish . . S~ining · ~ . . . '
was i neffet;ti ~e due to submerged. b~shes and vegetati C?O" in the .
flooded · ba&kwaters; · :Other sampli.ng ·methods \'lere cons.1dered; however, . . . . . . . . . . .
suHable el,ectrofishing gear was not :availa.ble and~-rot.enone
pois~nin'g co~ld not be. u~ed · d~e :to fe~'eral gove·rmnen:t: ·polfcy
. restricting 'its us·~ . . Acknowledging 'the limitations imposed by . the .. . ' •, . . . •'
· sampring ~ethod~logy, the followi~'g , dis.cuss:i~n .. considers . . in~ biology, · . . ' . ., . , : . . . . .\' ·. . ., : . ': . . . . . ' . '. ' . ~ ...
·. of northern pike ~rom Lobs~·ick in·.relatio.n to the ~iology ·Of northern
pike from other parts .. of ·its c~nadian range. -· · ' • \ t • - •
·,The Smalh10od Reservoir. and ~ele~se gat~ · ~~ Lobstick create . ~ /. unique . en vi romrent ·for. all · fish. species.-. below the · Structure~ , The· . · · ·
,• 1:. · lo • • •• , • • , · . ' · • • • ' • •
·, ~tructure . act.s as a' barrier .. to-:upstream ,migration of al J_; speci~~ .. but'
al · l~ast tWo species·, : lake trout and pl"ook trout, can su~vive . . ~ . . . ' ' . ... . . ' ! . • • • : t' . • '
passage through the ·structure (Bruce Linp.ubl ished data). This one.- ~ ' ... . . . . /: . . .· . . . ' ' . .. · . ' __ ._ . ' -:- '
way'.movement of fish may help e;plai~ the large concentrations of • : ' ' . • • • . • ·. • ' . . : v' ' ~ . . .
fish immedicd:ely below·· the structure.·. The rate of water :·flow ',' . ' . ' ' . .. . ' . -~ . , , .. I
. through Lobs~ick varies throughout ·th1:1 .year. ~ .. This causes flu~tuating (I' . . ·. ' . . . ·. ' . ' . . . . . . ' .• · ..
water levels which affect both the spawni-ng· and .rearin~ areas • • ' ' ' • ' ' • • ' • • ' I • ' '~
·:·available to ~·mast ·fish species .' The.:·effects, ~f the · l.arge. / . ... \ ', . ' . . . . . '
: . con'centratio'ns ot' fis~--and· .. nuctuating water':levelso on ,the b1ology ' :· • (I • , I ' ' ', 6 0 - ' •
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: of n~rthern _pike .f_r.om lobstick ~till be· considered- more clo~ely . f
. .
· through_out .btne · discl!ssion .... '.~· . , · · •
Sfmilar··to othe.r unexploited .. fish, p.op~lations .in~·orthem . '' ' I •
":?, .·
' ! ' · !
. ,,-
:_ iakes"' (Johnson 1976; .Po~er . l978), the northern p.ike from · ~obs-tick ' f • • • ' • '•' • • II '
,' .. . ·.:_. ~ e~hibit ·large·· meari l~ngths ·arid:·.weights< whic.h cluster iiro.und·.·a modal I .· . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
! · · .. . valu~ (Tables 14·and TS) ·. ~ . Ttlis-is nat~r~l for.· a pisc1vorous species,
•· ; .... I :.n - ~hi c~. ·a:s ·i ;t i.ncrea~¢s .. in.~i.ze ·, _ha~· fe~e~ ~~urai p_re.ciators ' . .. There . . I ,
• .. • • • \) • • • .' : • V"
. ,
is little fishing mortality; ·therefone, most removals from . the 1• • : ; j . . ; · I
I ' 'j • • • ~ ,
. population are due to natura 1 morta 1 ity. ·• I .
4• • • • • , . ' · • • J' b
· ,;·· . · . f:stimatfS·\-ie're made of the inst1antJln'e'ous tot.al mo,rtality -rate
~ I
.. . . _· . . ··(t:) · for ·~.a;+ ~n~ fe~a~e~· (F'i g. ,··7) .· -Th~ .1imitatJ ons .of su~h .. · · I . /.- -. . j . . · . esti rna tes• -in'{s t be co~ s l 11; red be fo '1' any conCl uS i _ons can bO ~de: ·
I, e[ · . ::::;;: :~t~l;,·f:~~f:~:i:r::: :::::h:h~n:~ -:~r:::a::~::~oin ~ ..
· j
f ~ .. quest 1 on; :2 f there has been n~ eh an9e fn _mo:ta 1 1 tY , .. ~· ~ith't; me . ·, I I . ' '' . ' • ' ' . ' ' " - ' . ' •, 1 · • f: • 3) the · sampl. e is ta~en' randqmly .from· the :age groups involVed," and
~ ' ' t ..... - .. ·. ~· ·,·\· 4) the ·~ge "g;~ti.ps i~ :ciuesti~n \.,ere'· equa( in 'nu~bers at th·e. time : eiU:~. I . . . [ .. '. ·. . ' . ' . . . . • .: . :· o • - ·. . . . . . .. . - - • .
• · I • .I . • . \'laS rec~uited , to 1 tfl~ popu)_ation being :~·ample,d (B~rano.v 1918). ... ···: ..
·s~~v-ival .... atd/o~ ino~tal ity · ra~ 'rna; 'differ-· w1- ~h age, the. p ;{ke 'havir:rg· · ; •• • ' . . ' • l • • ' • -~ . • • • · : • • - • • :: • ' . :.. .. 'i).. •
' ~ewer predators a~ ·it i~cr~ _in· size . . · Also, ·· the sqmpl~ ·of pi.ke. : .: _ · I .. • . · . . : . . . . . . : . . · .. ! . , _,-·. t .. . . . . , ·. . . . . , . .
~ . : . : :c .. ~ ; .
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' ' . ' =~ . 1 • ·fis.Qm lobstick. is .not repres~tative Of. the population .as . the younger . :Y.,' \
·.- .. ·... . :a~e :group~ . . a~~ . p6orfy r~p~~·~~~; · · .How~v~·~: . o~·ly . the . des~:nd·i-~g! . - , . \ . ; :' ) _·, . ' . . \ ' ' ~ . . . . ·.. . ~
' .,
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·._· · .. , poi~t·~ ·.of :the. ca:tch . ~urv~·. we~e - used to estima.te 1.l 1 and -qv.er this :. : • • • : ~ l • • • .. • ' : .. ·: • • • • • • • • • • i .. ~ . . . ' .. ' .; Q •
·I, , ~ \ 14 ; 1:: · •.
' .
... ·
. ' ·: ·.' range of -~€)e gtoflps, sur_vfv,al cand: mort·a'lity rates are' likely tp be . ' ' • ' ' ' • " '' ' ' ' ' ' . ' ' ' ' ' ' r'
. ' • , ,, ., I
. . . ; .-· . ::: ·~: . ... , .
' :· · ~ ·: ,: '' ," . ·;_.·· ~· · .. uniform and ·the sample is . re'i>·resentative.·'. Littl~· i's·'known 'concerning ' ' '.'J • • ;,, \ , ' .. .... , • t ' .. ~ • : .• .' ' ' ' : : ' ~ , : • . • '. •I : • : ' • , ' 1 ' ; ' ' .. , ' O . .. • • .. : • ... :
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'',I '
~ ,'
, . ,··
'~or·t~l,ity_ rate over till)e · ·,&9d·r~crUitment_ str'ength of age gr~ups _ of
nor~her.n pik"e f~~ lobstick . . Therefor~~ - con~lu~i.~ns cohcerning .
- •,
'. ' ',_ :', • • ' ' ' ' I • ' 'j
rnagn,itude 9f the estimates_ of ··z·. would be unr.eliabie; hOV{ever,. ·. 0
'
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.comparison's' can be ma~e betvleen the values derived for males and · .. , , , ' C , f I , 1 , ' ' '
' - ... . , ' ' I U ' , , ' , : • • • · • '
fema'les .: Since the instantaneous fishing mortalitY'. (F) ·is low;··· . ' . . .~ · · . ...,;' ...
'the instantaneo~s total mortal i, ty (t) .can ~~ us~d as. an estimate ' . ...- '
•'of th~- i.nstantaneous' nc(itura.l mort~lity ' (,M) i}S _· z'-= F. + M. ~-T~~ ' .. ' . ·. ' . . . . .' ' . /. ' ' - ' ' .· ; .. . . .
· est·imate --of· Z for rnales is 0;32, for females 0.37, suggesting a • • • ,f • ; •
higher natural 1)iortal ity ·rate. for .. femal e·s :" ·These differences~ ' ' 0 • I • ' • o ' '
if biologically --real, ,nia; be .rel a·ted. to th~ ene~g~tic~ -~t ' . . ·.: · .. ; I , ' , ' '
.. 14: • .
reproduction, .. the female·.gonad~ being large!" than . the male1-s and · . ' ' . . . . . ' .
r~q.uiring 'more: energy. for deve_l,opm.ent: Medfor~· and 'Mack:~Y (i 978)
found · that' ·matu;e ·ovar1es o/pi ke c~ntai ned - 1~4. stimes more protein . ; ~ '\. ' .
and 1.0.5 times mor.e _Jipi d than mature· teste.s-: Diana a~d l~ackay : . ' . . ' l' :\'. ' ~· ' '' -., ' " ' . ' ' . '.
(1979) -found that testicular~rowth-· occ:urred entirely in August· '.- ' . .-] ' ' ' ' . ' ' ' . : ' ' ' ' - ' ':' ' '
. of each year-. Q.vary calorfc growth'began iri, A'ugust ·and· nearly all : : ' ' -~ : ' . ' . ' ' ._.. ' . # .. · ' ' ' _. ' ovar1an growt~ '(81%) octl!_r:re.d= from. Oc.tobe,r: to M~r~h : .. -No gonad . . ' . . ,. .
_growth occurred from March. -t~ May, : ~et . as· mu.ch . as o68% of. the total .. ' ' .
liver e~ergy was .. used. d-~ring ~pawning, ·s~ggest1ng :that· thes~ . : . . : . . . . ' .
de.p}e~ions. were ' mainly due to spawning r~lated ~Ctivi ties, r 'ather ·. . ·. . ·~ . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .
·than · gonad growtfL The ·s-tre,ss .Phced o'h femal.es ·_~ue · to ovarian · · • .. • • · , ' J:l ,.. • • :
• • \ 1 ' • ~ • : : ,i . . . . '.
development during : th~: winter and sprin·~·~a.v. contrib~~ to their:' •• 0 • • • • • • •
. :higher natural mortal_ity rate. ,, .. · I ' • <
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/
- 74 ·-
·: ·
: ' ' . . ·.
' . . .
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Field''observations at Lobstick corroborated the· find1ngs of .. '•• ' ·. . ' . . . . .. , I , , ' , , .·· , , . . . to·· • ;. . • •
Sva·rdson. (1947) \'fhO suggested, base~ .. on· evidence from marking .~ ' ' , , ' ' I • , ' I
,• .-f( ': • . .: •
experiment_s, that pike ·do, not necessarily spaw~ each year~ : ... . ' ..
Seve~al · ovari~~ co·n.tained.large ~ggs ·(>.1 mm) retained :froni .a . . · ~ :. . . . . . . . . . ~ : . .
previous .ye.~r;.s :spawning· 'andjmmatur~. eggs .'{< ' l\uil') which ' .w~uld " . . . • . . . : (~
• , r I :
not · b~ ready ._for r~lease un.til <th~ . following ye~~- This may · .. · . . . . . . . . . .
~ /' · ' . r .
i alsp. be related to the. rate of gonad development . .. Growth data,
• • • .. • • ' ~ J • • • • • • • • • ' • • • • • /' • • -
to be . ~i·scuss-ed later~ suggest that food av~i'lable · ·to pi'ke at I ·.1
i ·r /- ·
i·.' . i
' . / ( . . . ' .
' - · . ' f, . Lob~tiek is- abundant.:- ·However; most growtr o·ccurs .d~ring, . th.e
. surrmer when the~e a~~ · large concelltrations ' of whitefish beldw ) ..
' 1 •• •
, I . ., ·.' .. -1 . •' .. ~ .~:: .. · : ·. • ' . . ' .' ' .. )·
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· · lobs•tick and water temperatures are"'-relatively high ·~ Nothing is · • • . •• ' ' ... .... • "l •
. . . : ·; . kno~n of food . availability at Lot?stick ·du.ring winter . . In Lat 'Ste .• . "l.J ..
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. : :·. Jfnne, Alberta,_._ energy jiCCURJUlation o~curs in both sexes during·
. · ~inter and s'umrner,· about '35% of pike growth .·occurr:-ing in ' the • ' ' \ ' • I ' ' ' ' ' .,. ' ' • ..., '
· w.inter "'at a temper~ture of -. 1. c.· . Ovarian .growth~ 11hich occurs ,.. . . ~ - . '
·'during the ·winter, must result from ·· food ·intake·, as there is no ·
. • · ~epletion ~f soma~ic _en~rgy ~U.ing thiS t1.(Dianaand Mackay •
·1979). ' Z.f developme_nt of -t!Je ovaries :is si._owed during wint~r- and ·
. early ··sP,ring,- sp~wning.' maY bt{ delayed t~. the tdllowi~g y~a~· unti'.l . ' ' '. . ' . .. l
gonad development 'is . complete. and .·sufffcient so~ tic energy ..
··1 rese~vtts a r~·· a~cumul -~ t~d'. · . _ · " · . .' : . . . .. "" · .. J ' ' • I "• '
Common with· · ~t~~~ .\rik~ . p~pul~tions {MH1~r · an_d.Kennedy 'H48;! .·. : : : Frost and Kipling )96J; ~~lfert and Miller 1978}~ lobs~ick)ike ·. ·.
exhib) t great ranges · ·in~:{el1gth and weight at ·ea'ch. age (Tabl~s· 9 . . . . . ' ( . ' . . .. . .
, . , ·and 20)~ , This. suggests that 'there ·are large .. differences in · . ' . . . ' . .. ' . '• ·. . . . ·, .. . . . . -: '!
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·growth rate within and '_possibly betwe~nyear-classe~: Differences
within ·ye~r-classes may be partly . e'xplain~d by natu,ra'l ~ar1ations . .. . / . 1 .
between indi:.viduals ·which : wo.uld .affect' ~uc.ti paramet'ers .. as gonad . . . . .. . . . . :_ : ; .· r . .. " : . . -·. . . I
·. weight, whole weigh~ .and fork :length . . Differing -environmental
· · co~ditio·n~ such as. wate~ temperatures and fluctuating, wetter levels 1: , • ,<" f ' ' • , • 1 '
1
>, "' / ', ,
· ._ ·could. cause differences ·in gr~wth · . ~ates between yea·r~cl asses:.
·Prey _are ·e:oncen'trate~ into s·maller areas ~t· times -of low .water : ' . . . - . . ,r ' •
J ·:
makfng them more easily available to .. the; pike . . The· ra.ndcimn·ess .of : . . . ·. . .. • I · ,
the'se nuctua:tions from"year to year 'coul.d - ~ause differ-ential . ' • • ,I • • ' II> • • ' ' ' ' ' ( v ... . I • •
gr~wt~ : rates · be.tween yea~~crasse~~ . . Frosf-and Ki_pl ing ( i 967) ~uggest -. ·•
/ · . ·.·
\
'/ '. ,".
.. - ~
· that· variation ·in .growth of different year.:.cla~ses is .correL1.ted · .· · . . . . , . .'. . . . . . . - :: . . . . . ." . . , - - .. . . I / . . .
(_ . . , .with .yearl.Y temperature· variation.s·, pike in . .the year-classes · . . ' . . . .. . ! .. ' · . . . . . . . . .·. : ' • ·. . · . .
~wh,ictl ·experienced highest :cumulatjve tempe.ratures ."bfling about s ··cm. · • j • • • •
,.. ··: · . ·:·longer at age 4 years" than .· those whi.ch experienced the lowe~t . .. ' ' • ' ' i ' o /' •• ' • ' I . \ . . . l ' . . -tempet:'ature resime . ., . /' '
· . · .·.·· Thej•lc.~la~Q fork lengths _of th .. · d~ffererit a9e ~;~ups o~ pike
~ . , -from lobli~.=k can be compared with those of other labrador populations
. . . . :of pi~~ (T~~l ·e 19.) ~ · . Calc~lat~d 'length~ of ~~der · fi~~ ··a~ larg~r .fo~ : .. ' : . • I ' ' : .. fJ • . . ' ' ·• , . ' ' ~ . ~ ' •
i. ,.
Lobstick pike tha·n . for other labrador pike~ ·· As stated el.rl i er, this . ·. . . . . . . . . . ·:..-. . . .. . . ~~~ - . . . . ~ . ... . . . . . . . . .. ... '
""may .. part1Y. be explained' by' proble·ms i'n .measuring\ .annular. growth on .. , . . . . ~· . . ~ . . . " . . ·. · .' · .. . · . . . : _ ·· ··:_scales o~ older. fish. ·However, 1 t also s~ggests tl)at_ food~upply
~ · 'a~aila~le ~o pike at Lobstick · is ' cior:eabundaritthanf.or .the>: ~th·~j ·-·, /
. - -~~_ra~or ·popul_atfons, ~i:nce growtti of· the. p_l d'er fi.sh does. nbt detrea~e
-~ . as . rapidly. ' '. Jhis. s ugges ti on' is _s ~pp~:rted :by. the. abundance. ~f . . ·, . ·' ·
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_ ~hitefis·h below· Lobstick, str.ucture during the siJmm~r. Ana lysis ·. • . " . : ~ . ·1. . ~- : . : . . . .... . ' . . ~ ~ ~ ' ' . . •. . - • . . ' . . . . - .
of food habits . (TaQl~ ·28}-shows that a~ ·pik~crease in size, ·
·._ their'. _ di~t -cons- is~s mostly of_ whit i~ish._ . · ·~h~~~sh\~as the only
· food found in· fi.sh over 70 em. · · · ""
. I
' . > ~he growth r~te of lobstick .. ike is' similar ·.to that ~-(pike ' • ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' I • ' ' • \. / • ' \ '
.in other northern·· canadi_an . Lakes (Mjl ler and~:Kennedy 1948) . · · . .. . . . . . ) I. . . . .
These relatively unexploited pop lati'oris are char~cterized by sl~w . ' . - .· , ' . . . . · ' . ' . - ' -.
·growth _ rates, - ~ nigh .age at first : maturit~, andl:(mg_ life 'span,. I~ . . , • ... ,'. I
·contrast, mor.e southern populat-ions. such as -those in Lake Ontario ... '
(Wolfert' aod Mi ller,·; l ~78) exhibit ,fa'ster gr'awth, lower age at · • j , o • I
•' , . '
· first ·matur:i.tY- ~~d shorte~ life span. Jhese differences· a.re · . : • • . . . , . ·. . ·. . . . . .· ; • . O't • ' . . .
prob~bl:Y due both to differences in climate ·and exploita~_iori rate ·. • The length attained by: fish.inmost north~~ri Canadian · l~-kes. in · ten {. - ~ \ , - . . '
YE!a;s 1·~ ~rea.ched hy . Lake o11fa:~io · pfke .in iess than . thre~ year~. the _.
fas~~ - growth. b~ing related t~ w~rmer ·water t~mperatures. · Als·o~ the . ,' I ~ ', • : ' I \ ' ' • _.
high·e·r _r~W.o.f ex'ploi tation ·;n· ·~ake· ~n;tario ,reduc.es · 'the . . numbe~s ~f 1.. . pfke present; • . decr~ases the cornpeti tion: for resources and thus : 1 eads
• ; ' t ' • • ' •,' ' ' I .. ~ ,' /:10 ' ' ,. . ' ' ' ~
to an increased growth rate. The · faster gro\'Jth rate aHow_s the . . . · ~ . . . .· ' ~ . .
.. 'J. , ,
/ ; ' .
' f ' ' ' ' ' ' • ' ' /' ~ ~ • • ' ' I •
. · pike to ·r-each the ·si ze at· which it will first spawn at an earlier . . . ·. . . . . . ·, . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . ' ~ . . . .
age (Fros1t ~nd · Kipling 1B67Y. ~ Lolist~~k~ pike · are apr~doniina.ntly · (50%f \ -. . . . .· ' . . .
~ mature-, at age six, Lake Onta'rio pike ·at.· age th~ee. -'The · maximum age . 9 . . . ·. . . . . ,.
· of pike sa~pled .at Lo.bsW:·~ - .was ff- t"teen'-yea~ • . 1~ ·lak~ Onta;f.:fo t e{n· ·· · ..
· years,- · .. the red~ced lite sp£n ·:1n Lake . Ontari-o . p~oba~ly b~ing · due ~o . -,,_ ' • . l .. -~
the riite ·of exploitation. . . ' . ,. :
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Fecundity, . the nuilber ·of mature eggs per fema 1 e , i ncrea~es • ' ' > I ' '
· with size of pike (-Carb.ine· 1944; Frost and Kipling 1967). The \ . . . . ~
• I , I ·
. . s~ope ··~.f. ~he length-fetundi ty 'regressi_orr is ~ useful comparison ' ' ~ . . • I· . ' I .
·: of the rate .of 'increase of fecundity . between populations. - The . 6 • ' ' • .. ' • ' ' ' • • , • • • • • •
slope : ~f :this . regre.ssi_on for Lo~sti~k:' p)~e is: l~rge (3.1l) . · . • ' , ' , . I .
·compared to other populations, ~.16 for Gilbert lake., lii'scons.in . . . ' ' ) , , . I . . ' , ' . • ·, . . .
(Priegei arid Krohn 1~75) and 3.56 for the River Stour,'. England· . . • . . . I . . .
(Mann. 1976)·. Th'is .- ·large value may - ~e ·explained by the large ·' . . . 'I ' o ...
~iz~ at first ·.ma~·urity of .. f~male pike . _ at . Lobst~ck. .. Cl • '
The ra·nge of coef.fici~nt of conditiQ.Ti value.s for mature -pike . . . . . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . .
.from lobstick' {Table ·21) shows a trend ~award higher .values 'for ·
···females than for ·males. This ·can be explitine~ by th_e_.'larger '
· · size · cif · fem~le g~nads · ~s th~ ··condition val~e ·includes a whole . • • • ' ' ' 0 • •
weight measureme-nt for . each ftsh. · The observed drop in .the ·. · 1111 .. • ,
. coefficie~ts ' of condi.tion for ma.les and fe~ales. froin the . middle :
· to the eoo of June tFi g. · 1.6) corr.esponds wi,th t'he t _ime whe.n ·, ~.
spawning w~s I observed to 'occur. Spawning waul d. cause ··a decrease. ' • ' • 1\ ~ • '
· in wei-ght· in · bo~h · males and.'· .female~ which would be reflected in . ' . ..,:. . .
thei.r coeffi-ci.ent~ o.f con~i.tion .• , Water .. ten-Peratures .during ~i~ · ·
time (Fi.g. 4) rariged from ·2.·0 · tog_() C, \'lithi·n the range recorded
for. p.1ke spawning · H~ Wisc~nsi~ · ·(3.4-10.~ C) ~ (.Prie~el and .Krohn · · 1975). ·and Engl~n.d ·(s ~ o..:a.o c) (Fr,ost and Ki.plirig 1.967}. , .,
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Fabri"cus ··and Gus.tafson (1958)·. have 'shown -that stable or··ri~ing . · . • . • ' • ' • ~t • ._ ' "" ' , • • ' : ' o I o I : . ' : • : ~ .o • ," .. ,
' '
·' · wa.tfr l .~.ve.J: ~ s necessarY for t_ll~ :~ uccessfu~ .spawn.i~g of ·p~ ke~· ·. , . ... .. . .. , ·· ·
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- . ' \ Hassler. (1970) suggests .that ·rapid wate.r temperature fluctuations . . ' ' ' ' ' ' . .
. /..
. . . ' ~ . . . . . ' . . \ . ~ . .: ' and si.lt ·deposition·:may contribute-to.year.:.class failure of pike.·· · _ .. .. . . . . . . / · .. .. ' . .
: . • . • . l ·~ ' • . J • ' •
· At .Lobstick, ·rates of water flow and··consequently water levels
· f1 uctuated ~~ ~ ly durin~ the spawning Sf~S.On ( F~ g. 5) ~ •. Sh~ l ~ ~ ~ bays where Pl ke were found .concentrate~ · one d~y were dry the n~xt
I . ' . .
day· . . This was common throughput the spawning season· both ·i.n 1977 · . . . . ' ~ . ' . ' . ' '
•' . . .; ·. . . .. : . · , . ~
and_ 1978 and pre~umably; has _occurred ever sin~e- t~e. formati~n of
~he "smallwood Res~'.rv·o-1r.- in - ~~71 -.. Ove-~ · 7S% of the. fi:sh·._.sam~·l :ed . ·_
w_ere 'age seven-~rofder~ Although: gear .. sele.cti vity .ts : cer,tai nly ' '
.: ..
. ' a· factor? 'the small . sample . of yo:unger .'age groups may _not 'be' entirely~ ~ . ' . . • ·. '
' I ' ' \_ ' •
due · to the sampling. techni ql!ei fl .4ctuati ng wat~r. level~ ·during th'e ·. • . . . . .
spa~ming season since 1971 ma.y· ,have. r~duced the spawni,ng ~uc ess ·of ,· ~ -
·. pike-; 1 ~adi ng tq reduced. pop~i a ti ons ·of •the. younger age_ ·g;oup . . . . . . . ' · , ' . \ . ' '#·: . ' ' . ' ;,.
_ Pe·a~ spring · runoff occurs during June..in · the - Lob~tick area. ~ · ~-
~ p~
. . • • ' • \ • • #' I
~ Normally~ wa:ter .. l~~ls .would. be' .high;· f:i~tiding · b~ckwatE!~s ~nd ~rshes . ' . ,' ., . - . . ' . . - .. . . ' '
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•, < • I areas su'itable for pike spawning. '··control of tt.e' .rate of flow ' ', I . . ~ . •. . • · • • . . . • · • .. ' . .. .• ~'"' ~ . ·, . . . :- . ." • .' . , , • ·: . , ' . . • • n, ~
. thrqugh Lobstick ~tructure .a.fter:~ thi~ _pattern~ · del~yi ng _peak water · . ;.~:
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: - In doci,lmetptq ng the pr~blems of age deternii~ation of northern · ' .
·, . · · pike, th{s' s 'tudy ·has. ans\lle-red some questions b'ut- has left; several'
· .. . :Get to be reso_Wed. · The;: ~n~f.wered ~ueStiDn~ arid th~ ,;,tio~ology ' , ' ' ; . to-_s.tudy them rna/form the basi~ of future research.·.;. . .. . _ ... , ...... __ ;. -·1
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'· The study involved the comparison of four me'~ho~s of age "' ' 1, I / • , ',' '! '
dete'rminatiori: · To obtain a: m9re .complete comparison of meth.ods~ .. ·· ! ' '.
' ottier str~'cture~ such as ~ertebrpe, fin· rays~ tret~pterygoid~; · . . I . . ,
· . ..
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... a.'nd teeth' could a'lso' be' included in· futu're work. -~ . ; . . . ~ ~ -
. : "The · ti~ co~strai~ts of the study ·prevent.ed ·analyses which : · · . . . .. ' . ..
•' '
recapture' experi·ment on -.a smal)er. pbp!J~ation of pike would . . · .. ; •.
elucidate some' :_0! the'res~l~s presen1fed 'in t!i'is paper~ 'tagged ... \ . . '
. fish, capturetl in fyke·. netS· once each year for four: or f:f.ve . . . I ' • .
. . . . '. .. ." . '• .• . ''
.! . · years, ·co~ld be measured, _weighed, and injected with tetracycli-ne . . ·. · · . e .. .. . . . . . . . . . . ' . ·. . . : . . , , : . . . .
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' sufficient sample of .tagged fish could be- tal<e'n from which ' the . , · . ~ ' (I • • .~ : • ~ t. . . . '
annual in_crement~ of gro.wth on eac.h of th~ bo')Y ~truct~res._ co~1~ ' • I ' • '
be de.ter!"i'~ed~ ·. Similar results .could be ·obtained for · scales •. :
Direct · com~ad~ons ~f .' a·gi~·g result~· ~ould ~hen be . ·ma~e. ·Such ··~·-·. . . . . l. , . . ~. . . . ~ .:~. . .. ·. : . . " . . . . -o o_, . . . . .
study would· help solve· · the' pr(lblem· of i.denti fying f~,l.se · annuli • ' • ' ' • I
• • • . ' • : "J.o;11r . . . ~ • .. . •• • • • • ' . ' ~ : i.1' . ·•· ... .
· .The tetracycline, ·i'f i~jected · at the same time each year, would · · .. ·,
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•.i . need to be cons i ~ered- The phenomenon ~f a 1 ternate ·year sp ·~ning r.'·
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. has ,beeJt · docti~ilted but i~ · not fully ._ understoo~. '- Questions · . : ... , .,. , . • . ' , . , . , , I . . . . - • ,
c~nc~rai ng' ~he p~y~iolOgica) mO~hanism and t"r.~uen~~ of occurren~e • •.. , j ·. , Wlttnn . ~ popul at1on need ~o .J;Je· -~ns.~ered. · In s~udytng the cnanl_s.~," .: . . . :I .
. the. av~Fa,bi'l i ~/of 'food fo~ ~ike d~·ri~g the wihte~ at 'lobs. ick. ma~ · · · t- ,: ' be cons i-O~red. : de~-Oed s_t u~ •: the .' paw,n1 "I su~.c~ss ofpite ; ~ ~ · :)
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:aff.eet1ng .Ye&r7cl ~~s strength . . ·Consideration s~ould . be ·given . . " t() these· .·and other· probi _~IJ)~ b~fore···s:tp.ck :assessments · and sound;
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· In- the· 'suf!1Tlers of 1977 ·and 1978; a sample of 41.5 pike was· ·
take·n, by angling, gill.net, . fyke net, ·seine and ple:Xiglass .:·trap, . . ' / ·~ . . ' .. ' '· : . : . .
t'r·om. below ·Lobst.ick structure, · ·smallwood· Reservoir, Labrador.
..
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. Four ' me,thods of age det~~mrnati'OI''!, scal~s. ope'rcula, ' ·. . . . . . ·. . .. . . . ' -·· . . ,.,,.: .. . . cleit_hra and otoliths, w~re evaluated by comparing empirical and
, I ' back-cal.c;:ulated growth r"a.tes generated by .eac~~ .
I Analysis. of cova~ian~e.showed nci-sign.ific~nt difference ·~. ' ' . . ' '• , • I . . '
. ( . ' . . .
betw~em empirical and 'back-_calculated age-length regressions using. . . - ·I .
'otoli.ths; . there were differences using stales, .ope.rcula .ahd ' ' . I ' ' ' ' • . ' .
cle]thra. Otoli.ths were chosen for _the study of age an~ growth . , .
of n.orthern pike from Lobstfck •. .
No~~he_rn pike: from Lobstic i~· • . si'milar· .to · ~th.er' unexpJ~1 t.ed fish_' . • • . 0 1
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.populations in northern lakes, eJ<hibit lar.ge mean lengths (_62.0 c;m) • • # ' • ' • ( • • : • • • • • • • ~ • • •
and weights (1.~9 · ~g') which cluster ar.ound a _,~odal . .. val ~~ : ;·
.· T~~ growth rate o·f . Lobstic~ pike. is similar ·io th~t of pike • ' • I ., •
/ '
·in other northern · c~nadia·n 1akes -bu~1much slow~r th~n)n- ·m~!"e - · , • . . -·. . . . ·" . . .
southern waters. · J ·
I ( .• .. :, . . i· . ' · . · .Coril!On ~i th · other· pike ·popul ahons, lobstick P] ke exhibit · . ' k'· ..
,_.. · f! .. , ., .-.~ . igrea t :ranges in 1 ength and weight at each: ag~. · . . r· , .. ·. · ~~:-.: .... '· . Calculation~ -~·r mortality ' a11d survival, based upon a. catch.
. ~ ... :. · :· .'. ·-.. , · , dir.~~; s~~gest that: the ~i ~stantaneous tot~l. ~or~~li ty (~) ··fo~ . ' · ; / · • ' ' : fema 1~ (0,?7) 1" hi gh~r ;h~n ~~r lnal ~ (il. 32). · •. .
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Observation of ovaries· of mature pike ·fro!ll lobstfck show .!) - . '
· · that. all .. pike . do not spawn e·ac~ year : : , • · .. I . . . . . . f
_. The rate :·ofincrease of. fecundity \'lith re~1pec~' 'to. l_ength_ of
pike frpm Lobstick. is faster:: than ... that of otber more· souther~ · . . .
· popula~i o~s. . . . \
.~ ·· ~· Males ar:e predominantly. (50%) mature by age ·s~ or at 40.cm,' . . . ~ ' . ,"" . . ' . . -
females . by ~ge 8, , or at 6p em: For sexes . co~in~d,- the pike' are
oot entireiy mature until '75 criJ. / . ·. . . . .
Stomach ·analysis showed' that as p;ke grow, :their dfet becomes '• ' ' ' ' I • . • ' . '
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. entirely piscivorous.··and. consists mostlY of whitefish • f ' • •
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. . . LITERATURE CITED \ .
Astanin, L.P~ '19'47. · on· tne determination of .the .age a'f·· .. fi.shes ) . · .[in Russ~an, · Englr~h _su.rpll)ar~]. · .. to.91 ..• _th~· . ~6: 287...;~~8-~ : · .
·_ Baranov~ F. I. . 1918.' 0~ the .question o( the biological ba i~ of · · fisheri_es [in Russian] ... Nauchn. Iss led. Ikhtiologi cheski i
' · lnst~ Izv. 11: 81•128. . .. '.
Boya,r. H:C~ _ -and R'.A. Cli .ffo-rd . .. 1967 .. An autcim.atic device for . · counting dry fi~h eggs. T£ans. Am. · Fish. Soc. 96 :_ 361-363; . . . . ~ - .
Bruce~ H.J. -~ 1974;_ T~e limnology ·and ~ish popu1 ations ofdacopie .. Lake, West Forebay, Smallwood Reservoir, Labrado.r. F1sh. Mar.
Serv .• ~ech. Rep. Ser • . No. NEW/T-74-2 ·: . 74 p. ·· --... . .. 197~.' .. Experi-mental. gill~et fishing at:Lobstick. ahd -.·
Sandgirt La~~s, Smallwood Reser.vo.ir~ Western Labrador, 1974: Fish. ·Mar. Serv • .,InL Rep . Ser., .. No. NEW/1:-73-3: . 3~ p. ·:
. ) , . . \ . . · Bruce~~~4~J. · . and R.F/ Parsons . . 1979_. ·. Biology of the fishes of . , ·
Ossq~.ma.nuan Refervoir:~ . ~abrador, ~97o. F-ish .. ~~r_~- S~_rv. ~ech~ . _ · Rep. No. 836. . .. · . - ·- , .· --~-:;· -
·. • ,.r • J ." .. ~ .. · .-·:. · ." r1 ·
Carbine, 14.F. 1'944 . .. '[gg production ~f the· northern pike Esox . .. · •. :-1 ucius' L-: ,· anci 'the. percentage . s'urvi val ·of eggs' _and young on -
the ·~pa\·ming ground.s • . Pap •. Mi ·c~. Acao. ·Sci'. 29: 123-137.
· Casse1~ari',iM ... . ;l96.7.· Ag~ andgrowth "of no.rther~pike · Esox · · · · luci-us Linnaeus, 'of the upper st. ·Lawrence ·River. M;S. ·thesis,
Un,iv_. Guelph, Guelph, Ont~_ricr: · 2!9· p, . ·. · ·
----· ~ .. ~ · i974.- Ana lysis ·of· hard . tissue of pike· Esox ·1 uc.ius L • . with' spec'i~1 reference to age ·and .~rowth • . P. ·13-·27. In T.·B.· ~agenal (ed.) • . · ~geing o.f fish - Proceedings of an · in~~rnat.ional· symposium,. Reading, England, 19~20 July 1973. Unw1n Brothers Ltd., England. 2~4 p. . . :. . . . .
' /
. · ( I_n prep~ ration) ·. _. Clei thral m~thod of detenni ning .. age·_a!ld .growth C!fnorthern .Plke,.and _other esoci'ds.,. ·. ·
. .. , ' . . .
.Cass·e1ma!'\ •. ~.M. and H.H~ Ha.~vey • . 19i3.· Fis_h trapg~ ·of ~le~r ·~~~stic. · · Prog'. Fish Cult. 35:. 218-220 . .... ,.. · · • · .: ·
... ' • ' ' ' • ' ' I~ ' • '
I·._ Christensen~· J .. M. 1964 . .. __ Burning of ot~1 ith_s·, a techniqtje for. age " · . . · · det~tmi nation of so.l es a~d ottaer '.fi so. J. Coris'. Perm .. In~~ . . · . ~ · Ex-plo'r.· ·Mer . . 29: -7~-81·. _ . • . ... · ·.
,' : . ' ; • ' ' I ' ' 4. j' • • 0 ' • .,. ' I i' ~~ 't '
Ch.ugunova~ nJr: ·. 1959. -"Handb~ok fo~ th~ study. of age anq,grow·th Qf
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· ·. deposition and -loss in th~- b~dy~ ·l:iver, and :gonads of ·norther.n "pike (Esox -lucius·_). ·- ,J. Fish .",,Res • . Board Can. · 36: 481-487. :1-.
• , I • --. , I ' • ' ' ·,' ' ' , • ' · ,;.. , · · ~ ' . "' , · .,' ,':
.. Dubois', A. and R.· lagueux ~' .1968. ,. Etu·de :.comparee de J'ftge ~calaire ' et de F[ge _ otcili.th ique - d~ .' la toul adi . (Sa 1 veli nus nama cu.sh),
Lac · Mistass i ni, Quebec. Natur.· ·can ~ 95: ·907-928. Trans ated by Fish. Res. Board Can. Transl~ . S~r. No. 2883]. · ·._:
Duthie,· H .:c. af!d M.t. Os·~~ sky ·.·_ ,~~74. . P.tankton; chemistry and ' · .physics of -- lakes .. iil t~e Churc~ill \ F ls .-region of labrador: .
J. Fi!ih _. Res_. Bo.~rd Can ~ 31! .·1109:...117. · · . ' ..
o Fabrfcus,. E.. ·and·- K.J.'Gustafs. n:-. ·1958 'l"Some new 'observations, on the · ' spawning bena·viour {)f.. th pike, · sox lucius ·L Rept. In st. ·
.'. · ·Freshwat. Res ;; Drottni~g~ lm 39: : 23-54. _ _ -· · · • • ' • •• • • • . • • • : ' ~ • , . . ~ • ~ 1 \ •
'-.ll.efrost; W.E~ and C. Kipling. 19 g· ·- The detennination of the\ age and · growth. of pike (Esox - 1ucius- L~-) from scales and opercul~rbones-. _._
11 - ~. _Con·s. _Pe_rm • .- Int. - Expl~_r.· -.:~r._ 24: 314-341. . · :. \ -
, -· .. " l967 .• A s'tt.£dy . . OJ repr.Oclucti _on,' eStl"'ly li.fe l \'JeightL . length relationship and ·growth of pike), Esox: lucius l., in · -l~inderme.re. · J. -Anim. Ecol. 36: 651:-693. _, _ ., · .-
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- . . :· . - (Ser. -z) 11(3): 50 p. _ ~ . - ·• · -.· . -_ -- !.\> . ... . . ,·, -. "' . ·_-· . . t: . . . , I . ·-. .: . .· .: . ; ·. ; _. . . . Hansen, _L.P. l.l 978. Age determinaUon -ofroach Rutilus_rutilus (L)' . :.~.:_:
··: - _'. from . scales and dpercular _ bones~ .-. Arch; Fischl~iss. 29: 93~98. '·
·. :·-Ha ~;~ s\)~--~ E. J;' an·d ·.W. F. · ~a:d·l ey .'. ~979·~ - A co.mpa-ri.son -of- -·~he - use.'~f: . · .j ·· . >,·. ·clei ~r_a to, tQ(r use of. ~c·a 1 es for· :age ·and g,rowth · studies~ - Trans •. /_·· _, · · ;';]
-!· ~ . -_-., _Am: Fish . _Soc. _108: 452-.4~6. :_-:- . · __ ... _ __ ... , . . . _ _. . · · · :~~ - - - : .. ; :-,-. : ._ ... Hassler, T .J ~ _1.97o·; Enviro~ment~-1 i.nfl u~~ces ' ori ea~ly development - ·::J -
· ., · · -.· · · - -.:'- ·, ~ ·,and. y~ar-c.l ass strength _of northern pike i~ lakes -.Oahe 'tf~d · - . · ··:] J - - ~ · ·
1._''· .. · _,. Sharpe, South Dakota. : Tran~. - ~~-- ~ish. · ·soc. 99: .36~-37~. : · ~ , _ : . ~ - .L .
r ~ ' ' . Ha-tfield~ ·c.-r:: J.N. Stein, M.R.' ' Fal·k~ arid c·.s:_., JeSsQp. '' 1972 • . Fish , · . ·i' :- ! . _ resourees· of ·the Mackenzie River valley . -~.Envirohl)ient Canada,' · : ;,· . ·:" ~ ~ · _ f _ _ _' · .- Fi~her_i·es Servi~e;. In~~rim R~p. 1 ; - 1, __ 247 p: _ _ ·· ' · ' : · ., ~ - :-l ,M
·· • t ' ·· Hederstrom~ .~ :· ·1759!. ·Ron om Fisk~rs ~Alder • . - Ha.ndl ~ -· Kungl .' _ . ' · .. ._ · · 1 :··.Vetens.kapsakademfn iStockh_olm) ·_?0: ·22~-2-~_9 ... (Re-publ ished in . Rep ~- l!lst . f-reshwa~. · Rrs,,: orpttryin,gho1m. · 4~: 1_ 6i-164(185~:}_ -.t ,as Obse_rvat1ons on the age, of f1~ hes ) ; _ 1 · · - · : · ·; · . _ . . • -- :~ •
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Hi~e -~ R. · 1936 . .'Age and ·g·ro~t~·. ·· ~f' i .. ·::'Sco,leucichthys af~di : · ''·· · • , · · · .;t . . (LeSueur), m th~ ' lak.es o ·the··northeastern .highlands, ·. _ 1 · ;.· : -;~ '~ . ' WisConSin. Bull. U.s'. Bu • FiSh.' 48: .211-317. · . .,·.. · >;.~·
.'-.H~ffba,uer, C~ -. 19~~- -' ~eit~~,B i~rage· · ;u~.~l~e·rs~~~~·-·_ . ·.. , . · .. ~: ~· . · - ~.:.::~_;_~.':'--~-··· . 'f. · - ~lachstuli1Sbesti-ITIIltl_nJ. -~er- Fis he., spez_~ -._. des ~: ~rprens:...· ._··. - ~"
y . ·· ··s..~ ~- ··_.". - ~~itschr~ Fisch.· 1~: ·111-1 2·~. '. ~,-,; .· ·_ --:- · .. · .. ,. .. ? \, · ·• · ' ~-: •. _; · . Q . _ • , • • ~· - . ", _:; ~~t
Jensen, A.C .. . and K.-B. _ Cunmi.ng. ·1 6i~· tls~ · oi,· Jead .. compoliQds ·and ··': ' ' .. _ .-.:;;~'."· . · ·tetracycline to -mark scales nd oto'liths pf marfne' fishes. _ · · _: . _ · . . :· --- -:~f~~--
. ... Prog,. F~_sh cult: "29: ,166-167. · ' · · · --· • · · ·_ ,,. · __ , ~· - •··. :-···:::cy 'll~hnsqn, - LD. - -: 195~.- · Stor-y .of.,a th usand ·stomacH~. · Wi's. · conse~v~ : · · - ~ - , -~ ·. ), · Bull.. 2~: 7-9·_. · · . , · . ,._ • · ~ ;__,_ · ot! '
<C 1 ' ·~~.1, ' • " ' ' • ~ ~ •' o ,....,--' ,- v: " .f '• I ' .,·I '
·Johnson, L 19.76. _Ecology of arcti , pqpu1ations· of fake trou:t·,: . · 1 • • • ' · .:}_:
r' Salvelihus nalnaycush,., __ lake white .ish,., Coregonus' c-lupeafonnis; . • ;-- _: · :.-"J .· -. ·- ·arctic 'char, .?.~ a1pinus ~nd · asso i~ted spectes/n unexploited · ~ - .. ~ ·::1'·
lake~· of :.the Canadian Northw~st T rri fories <:.- "'· : F:ish>Res. . J .· • . ._ ,~ • .' Board Can. . 33: 2459 ... 2488. · : · · · - · ·. -. ; . ··· .r;i · ·
•, ·'.. - . ~ .:· / , -\ I ' . '~ ~· . • ;i) .
Kandl el't' R. ·and ~1. ·_ Ptnji tz. 1957.; .. Uber d-ie ftii~~!~t*~~l~/~~,r- ·_ .· J . p 1 attfi s_che i.m Nordsee·Os tsee-R~wn •. __ Kie 1 ef.;~~:f~1*¢h~ ~ - . ~~ <~L .13: . 1.:1'-34. · <>. ,. . • . . • • ''\, ••• • •• •. · •• -• • :; '
• . -~4
_ ~ipling, - c.- '1975 • . Ttie , effects·~f variati.o in-4 growth onth~ - .. _- .-· _- · <~ , :\· _ g19n7._15net2"3se(lsect11·~n1 ,ovf· a
1· po1 p)_u1 _~8t0ion89. of _pl e~ _ fJF~C .Tech:Pa_per _ . .. l _ ~_- -:~:{--.~.-.i_t:·.·.~ •. - .
• · ·'_,.:t , ' · upp . : .. o . . . . - .• . . ... .·... . .. . - · . ... _
-~ . U!Cren, E.~.- .1947; . - ~he d~t~~in~~io~ -~; : ~the \age ·and./ g~owth ·~t the ' • . ;:..· ·.. - .-~f!: - -· p~rch (Perea ·fluvia'tilis). from the _opercular bon_e. J; ,A~im . . · · .· . .-_:_·_:,
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· : · E~ol. .16: l88-2ot . / _ ·· · ,?
• I) • , . • • • • : •• : • , . • ·.1 ' : '.. k •• • - ~- • : ~'"_ · '~·
. MacKay• .t_ T • .. 19Q?. ·~ An ec~logic~l ·s_tudy :of.-ma.ckerel, -Scomber _ ' :-) .. ' o . : stomb rus, in . the coas :ta 1 wa te.fs of: 'Cariada ~-- :.: ·Fish: Res. Board · . · . ~'J
· · -.. ·can. Tecp." Re·p. No·~- 31. :· .- . .'.- _ . . . _ . .,=·-· . ··· ' .. _, .. · .(;~ _-. • : • . . • • " • • .. . ... ~ . ',_ ' ' • • ' . • , . ,.- .... • . •• . " • ~l~· :
· t-lann i.).H.i<. ·· 1976. 'Obser:vations ~n . the· a,ge, growth, _reproducti'Qn ! _: · , ·. ·· 1 I
. an~ .foo~ of the. pike _ ~sox- 1u~ius =·(L~ )._.jn/ tWo ·riyer-s ·in ~ · -~~ ·' · .' /1. -' so,uthe"!_.Engla,nd1 J .. -~ ·Bl~l. . . B.;.=--::179-197. · . · >:r---
Na~a1dri, D.C. --and H· .R;}I,actri~~, . 1_979 .. :· Compari.so'n · of.ageing . . .0
t- ·. r · , · ·methods ·and, 9!'0\'lfh rates fdr "'~ argemo uthb~ss, MiC r6pterus · . · · .. - · , i · · " · -. .. salmoides L.acepede·,.fro·m northern latHudes • . Env. Biol.. __ ; •. · , , , -·- :; . _
• . ..; ·Fi~fi. · . . 4: -2~3~27] .. . ' . ~ . . •' . . • . .· •I ·' : •. ->.. .. . -: ·-· .I ._, ,:T ...
· .. )~e~f~~. B •. ~. ahd W.C. 1
Mack'ay. ·_il-978: .' Prbteiri. ~t:Jd lfp'id .co(lte.n:t _ ·: ,~~ ., , .·-_ o .. _.' . '_:~_-.: __ -~.::.f.~ _/_· -'~-: . · .- · ... • of gop_ads r ·,] ve.r, an~t mus.cl e·. of northern pike .(Esm(·;l uci us"). · ~
. :; · - in rel'ation ·. o_' g~nad "' grow~h ~ .J; Fish ~ ; Res; _ Board C@_n, =35: .~ ·. ·._ . . . , -..-:-;·: . . - 2l3-2J9:. .. . ,, : . ·. ·:. . . . . · ·: . . .. . . . ; ' ._, ._, __ -~-.
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· Miller~. R.B. ~ .'-~nd H.A.· .Ke'nned.l • .. J94~:' ~ Pike {Esox· :lucius) from four . · e- · . ·northern· Canadian .lakes : J~ .Fish • . Res~ Board·can. '7: 190-199.
. . ·. . . .. . : . , . . . :. . I - . : . . . . .
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1-Jilliarni; ·J.t. · .·1955~ -: :oetermjn·ation yf_ age ·frollJ the s_ea.Tes . c:lf · ··.·northern_pikt!·. (E:sox 'luc-ius· L.), Ph.-0.' -The-sis. University
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