AP Biology 2013-2014
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCpNk92uswY
The point is to make
ATP!
Cellular Respiration Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain
ATP
What’s the point?
AP Biology
Cellular respiration
AP Biology
ATP accounting so far… Glycolysis 2 ATP
Kreb’s cycle 2 ATP
Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to
extract more energy than 4 ATP!
A working muscle recycles over
10 million ATPs per second
There’s got to be a better way!
I need a lot more ATP!
Even we need a lot more ATP!
AP Biology
There is a better way!
Electron Transport Chain
series of proteins built into
inner mitochondrial membrane
along cristae
transport proteins & enzymes
transport of electrons down ETC linked to
pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose!
only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration)
O2 That
sounds more like it!
AP Biology
Mitochondria
Double membrane
outer membrane
inner membrane
highly folded cristae
enzymes & transport
proteins
intermembrane space
fluid-filled space
between membranes
Oooooh! Form fits function!
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
Intermembrane space
Mitochondrial matrix
Q
C
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome c oxidase complex
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Q = ubiquinone c = cytochrome c
AP Biology
G3P Glycolysis Krebs cycle
8 NADH 2 FADH2
Remember the Electron Carriers?
2 NADH
Time to break open
the piggybank!
glucose
x2 = 6
2x
= 2
AP Biology
Electron Transport Chain
intermembrane space
mitochondrial matrix
inner mitochondrial membrane
NAD+
Q
C
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+ H+
e– FADH2
1
2
NADH dehydrogenase
cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome c oxidase complex
FAD
e–
H
H e- + H+
NADH NAD+ + H
H
p
e
Building proton gradient!
What powers the proton (H+) pumps?…
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+
H+
e– e–
AP Biology H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+ H+ H+
ATP
NAD+
Q
C
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+ H+
e– FADH2
1
2 NADH
dehydrogenase cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome c oxidase complex
FAD
e–
Stripping H from Electron Carriers Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC
H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
electrons stripped from H atoms H+ (protons) electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in
mitochondrial membrane (ETC)
flowing electrons = energy to do work
transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons) across inner membrane to intermembrane space
ADP
+ Pi
TA-DA!! Moving electrons
do the work!
H+ H+ H+
p
e
H e- + H+
NADH NAD+ + H
AP Biology
But what “pulls” the
electrons down the ETC?
electrons flow downhill
to O2 oxidative phosphorylation
O2
H2O
http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitochondrion.html
AP Biology
Electron transport chain Consists of several protein complexes
Aren’t you glad you do not have to memorize this??
AP Biology
Electrons flow downhill
Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to oxygen
each carrier more electronegative
controlled oxidation
controlled release of energy
make ATP instead of
fire!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXhBJycQ7y0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lhVIbifKGU
Figure 9.13
NADH
FADH2
2 H + 1/2 O2
2 e
2 e
2 e
H2O
NAD
Multiprotein
complexes
(originally from
NADH or FADH2)
I II
III
IV
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fre
e e
ne
rgy (G
) re
lati
ve
to
O2 (k
ca
l/m
ol)
FMN
FeS FeS
FAD
Q
Cyt b
Cyt c1
Cyt c
Cyt a
Cyt a3
FeS
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_bio/de
mo/bioflix/bf_cellularrespiration_demo.html
AP Biology
H+
ADP + Pi
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ We did it!
ATP
Set up a H+
gradient
Allow the protons
to flow through
ATP synthase
Synthesizes ATP
ADP + Pi ATP
Are we there yet?
“proton-motive” force http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zsEepV0N-I
AP Biology
The diffusion of ions across a membrane
build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow
through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP
Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
Chemiosmosis
links the
Electron
Transport
Chain to ATP
synthesis
So that’s the point!
Electron transfer in the etc causes
proteins to pump H+ from the
mitochondrial matrix to the
intermembrane space
H+ then moves back across the
membrane, passing through the
ATP synthase
ATP synthase uses the exergonic
flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation
of ADP to ATP
This is an example of
chemiosmosis, the use of energy in
a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
AP Biology
Peter Mitchell
Proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis
revolutionary idea at the time
1961 | 1978
1920-1992
proton motive force
AP Biology
H+
H+
O2 +
Q C
ATP
Pyruvate from
cytoplasm
Electron
transport
system
ATP synthase
H2O
CO2
Krebs
cycle
Intermembrane
space Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
1. Electrons are harvested and carried to the transport system.
2. Electrons provide energy to pump protons across the membrane.
3. Oxygen joins with protons to form water.
2H+
NADH
NADH
Acetyl-CoA
FADH2
ATP
4. Protons diffuse back in down their concentration gradient, driving the synthesis of ATP.
Mitochondrial
matrix
2 1
H+
H+
O2
H+
e-
e-
e-
e-
ATP
AP Biology
Cellular respiration
2 ATP 2 ATP ~36 ATP + +
AP Biology
Summary of cellular respiration
Where did the glucose come from?
Where did the O2 come from?
Where did the CO2 come from?
Where did the CO2 go?
Where did the H2O come from?
Where did the ATP come from?
What else is produced that is not listed in this equation?
Why do we breathe?
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP + + +
AP Biology
ETC backs up
nothing to pull electrons down chain
NADH & FADH2 can’t unload H
ATP production ceases
cells run out of energy
and you die!
Taking it beyond…
What is the final electron acceptor in
Electron Transport Chain?
O2
So what happens if O2 unavailable?
NAD+
Q
C
NADH H2O
H+
e–
2H+ + O2
H+ H+
e– FADH2
1
2 NADH
dehydrogenase cytochrome bc complex
cytochrome c oxidase complex
FAD
e–
AP Biology
Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates
Glycolysis accepts a wide range of
carbohydrates fuels
polysaccharides glucose
ex. starch, glycogen
other 6C sugars glucose
ex. galactose, fructose
hydrolysis
modified
AP Biology
Proteins amino acids
Beyond glucose: Proteins
hydrolysis
amino group =
waste product
excreted as
ammonia, urea,
or uric acid
carbon skeleton =
enters glycolysis
or Krebs cycle at
different stages
N
H
H
C—OH || O H
| —C—
| R
waste glycolysis
Krebs cycle
AP Biology
enter
Krebs cycle
as acetyl CoA
Beyond glucose: Fats
Fats glycerol & fatty acids
glycerol (3C) PGAL glycolysis
fatty acids
hydrolysis
2C acetyl
groups acetyl
coA Krebs
cycle
glycerol
enters
glycolysis
as PGAL
fatty acids
AP Biology
Carbohydrates vs. Fats
fat
carbohydrate
Fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbohydrate
more C in gram of fat
more O in gram of carbohydrate
so it’s already partly oxidized
AP Biology
Coordination of digestion & synthesis
by regulating enzyme
Digestion
digestion of carbohydrates, fats & proteins all catabolized through
same pathways
enter at different points
cell extracts energy from every source
Metabolism
CO2
AP Biology
Metabolism
Krebs cycle
intermediaries
amino
acids
pyruvate glucose
acetyl CoA fatty acids
Coordination of digestion & synthesis
by regulating enzyme
Synthesis
enough energy? build stuff!
cell uses points in glycolysis & Krebs cycle as links to pathways for synthesis
run the pathways “backwards”
eat too much fuel, build fat Cells are
versatile & thrifty
AP Biology
METABOLISM
Chapter 8
An Introduction to Metabolism
Metabolism = total of
an organism’s
chemical reactions
AP Biology
Lipid
Metabolism
Carbohydrate
Metabolism Amino Acid
Metabolism
Nucleotide
Metabolism
Glycan Metabolism
Cofactors
& Vitamins
AP Biology 2005-
2006
Control of Respiration
Feedback
Control
AP Biology
Feedback Inhibition Regulation & coordination of production
production is self-limiting
final product is inhibitor of earlier step
allosteric inhibitor of earlier enzyme
no unnecessary accumulation of product
A B C D E F G
allosteric inhibitor of enzyme 1
enzyme
1
enzyme
2
enzyme
3
enzyme
4
enzyme
5
enzyme
6
X
AP Biology
Respond to cell’s needs
Why is this regulation important?
Balancing act:
availability of raw materials vs.
energy demands vs. synthesis
Key points of control
phosphofructokinase
allosteric regulation of enzyme “can’t turn back” step
before splitting glucose
AMP & ADP stimulate
ATP inhibits
citrate inhibits
AP Biology
Regulation Feedback mechanisms
help regulate cellular respiration
Ex. Feedback inhibition
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the major enzyme in glycolysis that is controlled
ATP, Citrate inhibits
ADP, AMP stimulates
AP Biology
Versatility
Glucose is not the only
fuel that can be used in
cellular respiration
Other biomolecules
can be converted into
intermediates and used
in cellular respiration
AP Biology 2013-2014
What’s the point?
The point is to make
ATP!
ATP