CellsCellsOrganelles

CELLCELL• The basic unit of structure &

function in living organisms

Anton Van Anton Van LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek

1632-1723 Was a merchant that ground up glass to

make lenses

•Invented microscope

•Made over 500 in his lifetime

•1st person to examine bacteria

Van Leeuwenhoek’s Van Leeuwenhoek’s sketches of a nervesketches of a nerve

Robert HookeRobert Hooke• 1635-1702• Used Van Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes• Named cells after looking at cork

Robert Hooke’s CorkRobert Hooke’s Cork

Robert BrownRobert Brown• 1773-1858

• Discovered the nucleus in plant cells (1833)

Matthias SchleidenMatthias Schleiden

• 1804-1881

• Discovered all plants are made up of cells

(1838)

Theodor SchwannTheodor Schwann

• 1810-1882

• Discovered that all animals are made up of cells (1839)

Rudolph VirchowRudolph Virchow

• 1821-1902

• Proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells (1855)

The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory

The cell theory states:

A. All living things are composed of cells

B. Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things

C. All cells come from preexisting cells

Janet PloweJanet Plowe

• Demonstrated that the cell membrane is a physical structure (1931)

Lynn MargoulisLynn Margoulis

• Proposed that certain organelles were once free-living organisms themselves (1970)

Parts of MicroscopeParts of Microscope

Course Focus

Arm

Nosepiece

Fine Focus

Ocular

High Power Objective

Low Power Objective

Scanning Power ObjectiveStage

Stage Clips

Diaphragm

Light (illumination)Base

Compound light Microscope Compound light Microscope Parts & Fxn’sParts & Fxn’s

• Occular – viewing eyepiece

• Coarse adjustment – Rough focus

• Fine adjustment – Fine focus

• High power objective (400X)

• Low objective (100X)

• Scanning objective (40X)

Compound Light Microscope Compound Light Microscope Parts & Fxn’sParts & Fxn’s

• Stage – holds slide up against stage clips

• Stage clips – holds slide down on stage

• Diaphragm – controls amount of light entering slide

• Lamp – light source This is an air bubble under the microscope!!!

Power of magnification • The relative enlargement of the specimen

when seen through the microscope.

• The power of magnification can be calculated by multiplying the power of the eye piece lens by the power of the objective lens.

Inversion

• The reversal of the specimen image by the microscope lenses.

• A specimen that appears upside down when being viewed is actually right-side up on the slide.

• Moving the specimen to the right causes its image to move to the left likewise, moving it down causes it to move upward.

Working distance

• The distance between the front of the objective and the top of the cover glass on the slide.

• The higher the magnification the smaller the working distance.

• DO NOT USE THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT UNDER HIGH POWER!!!

Resolution (Resolving Power)

• The shortest distance between two points or lines at which they are seen as two, rather than a single blur.

                               

Depth of focus

• The thickness of a specimen which may be seen in focus at one time.

Objectives

• Our microscopes have three objectives mounted on a revolving device known as a nosepiece.

• Engraved on the objective is its power of magnification.

• The longer the objective the more power of magnification.

Diaphragm

• A device under the stage of a microscope that can regulate the amount of light reaching a specimen.

Power of Magnification

• Definition - The relative enlargement of the specimen when seen through the microscope.

• Power of magnification = (Power of the eyepiece lens) X (Power of the objective lens)

Rules for Handling the Rules for Handling the Microscope Microscope

• Always carry the microscope with one hand under the base and the other grasping the arm.

• Keep both eyes open when looking through the eyepiece.

• Keep the stage clean and dry.

• Do not remove parts of the microscope.

• Use only lens paper when cleaning lenses.

Rules for Handling the Microscope

• Always begin focusing with the lowest power objective.

• Always look from the side when changes lenses

• After completing your work, place the microscope on the lowest power objective.

• Always return the microscope where you found it & as you found it

Modern Microscopes

Electron microscopes – capable of revealing details as much as 1000 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes. (Two types -TEM & SEM)

TEM – can explore cell structure and large protein molecules.

Downside – the specimens have to be sliced thinly

T.E.M.T.E.M.

Transmission Electron Microscopy T.E.M.

Modern MicroscopesModern Microscopes

S.E.M. – Scanning electron microscopes –

specimens do not have to be cut thinly – a beam of electrons scans over the specimen.

S.E.M.S.E.M.

S.E.M. S.E.M. MagnificationMagnification

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic CellsCells