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Outline
• Need for traffic solutions• Possible solutions• Intelligent Transportation Systems
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Road Use Growth
From the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 2003
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Changes in Congested Peak-Period Travel
Change in Congested Peak-Period Travel (1982-2000)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1982 1990 1994 2000
Year
Per
cent
of
Pea
k-P
erio
d T
rave
l in
Con
gest
ion
Los Angeles, CA
Seattle-Everett, WA
Boston, MA
Denver, CO
New York, NY-Northeastern, NJ
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Problems Caused by Congestion
• Increased…– Travel time– Travel cost– Air pollution– Accident risk
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Options
• Construct new roads– Covered in geometric design– Not likely to happen on a large scale
• Reduce Traffic– Travel demand management– Alternative transportation
• Increase existing infrastructure capacity– Uses intelligent transportation systems (ITS)
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Option 1: Construction
Highway Construction Cost Sampling
Project Total Cost Lane-Miles
Cost per
Lane-Mile
Route 3, North Boston $395.0 million 42 $9.4 million
I-4 Tampa to Orlando $403.0 million 73 $5.5 million
I-5 Oregon $30.0 million 5.16 $5.8 million
US 26 Sunset Hwy. Oregon $10.6 million 2.24 $4.8 million
US 12 near Walla Walla River $36.4 million 25 $1.5 million
US 101 on Olympic Peninsula $1.8 million 0.8 $2.2 million
General ConclusionHighways cost $1 to $10 million per lane-mile to build
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Option 2: Alternative Transport
But significant new rail capacity will face the same hurdles as new highway capacity.
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Option 3: Increase Existing Infrastructure Capacity
• An alternative to expensive new highway construction is the implementation of strategies that promote more efficient utilization of transportation infrastructures.
• These strategies are known as the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), which aims to reduce travel time, ease delay and congestion, improve safety, and reduce pollutant emissions
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Incidents: more delay is caused by incidents thanby recurring peak period congestion.H
igh
way
Cap
acit
y
Remaining Effective Capacity
How Much Capacity Is There?
Incidents can comprise 50% of peak period congestion.1 min delay in clearance = 4 to 5 min of traffic backup.
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Work zones: major cost is delay imparted to the traveler
Incidents: more delay is caused by incidents thanby recurring peak period congestion.H
igh
way
Cap
acit
y
Remaining Effective Capacity
How Much Capacity Is There?
Caltrans reports 20% of freeway centerline miles are under construction.
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Work zones: major cost is delay imparted to the traveler
Incidents: more delay is caused by incidents thanby recurring peak period congestion.H
igh
way
Cap
acit
y
Remaining Effective Capacity
How Much Capacity Is There?
Weather: Snow, fog, rain can all restrict capacity
75% of NHS is subject to snow & 100% is subject to rain.
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Work zones: major cost is delay imparted to the traveler
Incidents: more delay is caused by incidents thanby recurring peak period congestion.H
igh
way
Cap
acit
y
Remaining Effective Capacity
How Much Capacity Is There?
Weather: Snow, fog, rain can all restrict capacity
Special events and disasters further restrict capacity
Periodic events can cause further restrict capacity.
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Work zones: major cost is delay imparted to the traveler
Incidents: more delay is caused by incidents thanby recurring peak period congestion.H
igh
way
Cap
acit
y
Remaining Effective Capacity
How Much Capacity Is There?
Weather: Snow, fog, rain can all restrict capacity
Special events and disasters further restrict capacity
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Hig
hw
ay C
apac
ity
Remaining Effective Capacity
How Much Capacity Is There?
ITS
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Five Primary Functional Areas of ITS
• Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)• Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)• Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)• Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS)• Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)
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Advanced Traffic Management Systems
Photo from the Human-Computer Interaction Lab: University of Maryland
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Commercial Vehicle Operations
• Apply, pay for and receive permits, registrations, and licenses electronically
• Share of common trucking data across agencies • Exchange information electronically with
roadside enforcement personnel• Electronic “screening” of trucks for safety or
other regulatory violations• Share information across state lines and with
Federal information systems
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An Example of APTS
http://busview.its.washington.edu/busview_launch.jsp?maps=gif