CEBU
GeographyGeographyHistory History
and and CultureCulture
Physical Geography:
9°25'N and 11°15'N latitude and between
123°13'E and 124°5'E
600 kilometers south of Manila
Boundaries:
East---Camotes SeaWest---Tanon StraitNorth--Visayan Sea Southeast--Bohol
Strait
L - 250 kilometers
from North to South
W - 45
kilometers across at its widest point
5,088 sq. kms.
(508,839 has.)
1.7% of the total land
area of the country
Table 1. Total Population of Top 10 by Sex: Cebu, 2000
MunicipalityTotal Population Percent Male Female
Cebu 2,377,588 100.00 1,194,700 1,182,888
Lapu lapu City (Opon) 217,019 9.13 106,099 110,920
Talisay City 148,110 6.23 71,309 76,801
Toledo City 141,174 5.94 71,719 69,455
Danao City 98,781 4.15 49,423 49,358
Carcar 89,199 3.75 45,276 43,923
Naga 80,189 3.37 40,332 39,857
Minglanilla 77,268 3.25 39,898 37,370
Daanbantayan 69,336 2.92 34,738 34,598
Bantayan 68,125 2.87 34,542 33,583
Liloan 64,970 2.73 32,619 32,351
Other Municipalities 1,303,417 55.66 668,745 654,672
Cities and municipalitie
s :Alcantara
Alcoy Alegría
Aloguinsan Argao
Asturias Badian
Balamban Bantayan
Barili Boljoon Borbon Carcar Carmen Catmon
Compostela Consolación
Cordova
Daanbantayan Dalaguete Dumanjug Ginatilan
Liloan Madridejos Malabuyoc Medellin
Minglanilla Moalboal
Oslob Pilar
Pinamungahan Poro
Ronda Samboan
San Fernando San Francisco
San Remigio Santa Fe
Santander Sibonga Sogod
Tabogon Tabuelan Tuburan Tudela
Cebu City Danao City
Lapu-Lapu City Mandaue City Talisay City Toledo City
The Cebuano speaking world
Number of native speakers:Approximately a little more
than 20 million…
History of
Cebu
What was the state of Cebu before 1521?
When and where did Spanish Rule Begin in the Philippines?
Why did Legazpi move the Capital of the Spanish Colonization from Cebu to Manila and what happened to Cebu after the Spaniards
transferred their capital to Manila?
When did Cebu finally re-emerge as a major city in the Philippines?
What was Cebu’s involvement during the Philippine Revolution?
What was the state of Cebu during the American Period?
How did Cebu survive the ravages of WWII?
How did Cebu emerge as the Queen City of the South?
Where to Cebu?
What was the state of Cebu before
1521?
We do not exactly know when Cebu was populated but some evidence point to the early metal age
as the earliest.
We are definite that it was through migration.
Settlers from nearby islands.
Fishing villages that eventually also became cultivators.
Promontory (Ilihan) dwellers
As to when the Cebuanos became seaport traders, that is not clear but definitely in the 9th and 10th
centuries Cebu was already actively engaged in trade.
ISLA DE PINTADOS
OTHER CRAFTS
•Red clay Pottery with blackened bottoms
•Weaving
Back strap horizontal loom (lompot), most likely used with the evidence of cloth and nets
(also based on Pigafetta’s accounts and others)
LUTAWS?
Semi-nomadic boat people drawn to the island because of its rich marine
resources
Peterson claims though that
Cebuanos at the start of the
contact period had already become promontory dwellers.
1521
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Magellan-Map-En.png
1521 was when the first contact
between the Spanish
forces and the
inhabitants of Cebu
happened
First Philippine Massni Carlos V. Francisco, undated
http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Default_files/Philippine_Culture/
spread_of_roman_catholicism_and_.htm
Nag unsa man na
sila diay?
Unsa ni?
1565
From Villa San Miguel to Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus
Spanish Fort City in Cebu was established on
May 8, 1565 and named Villa San Miguel in honor of Sr. San Miguel
June 4, 1565 Treaty between Spaniards and Cebuanos
Periodic acts of hostility on both sides
Occasional Portuguese attacks and food shortage
Cebuanos were subsistence farmers
1569 Legazpi moved to the island of Panay
1570 Returned with 50 Spanish couples to settle
in Cebu and renamed the settlement
after the Holy Child
1571 Legazpi moved to Manila
Cebu in the Economic Backwaters for 200 years (+ -)
Cebu’s role as regional trade center was undermined by the Galleon Trade based in Manila.
The Galleon trade also did not carry much of Philippine products (only 10%) and the only product that were from Cebu were the lampotes (cotton gauze)
Its traditional trade linkages with other Asian and SEAn traders was disrupted as traders began to by-pass the port of Cebu.
1594 Decree allowed Spanish citizens in Cebu to build
and send one Galleon to New Mexico but the trade items that could be loaded were limited to products that did not necessarily have a high demand in New Mexico
1604 the Cebu based Galleon Trade closed…
Cebu in the Economic Backwaters for 200 years (+ -)
1611 the Spaniards tried to revive the Galleon Trade but were turned down.
Spanish population declined as well as that of the Cebuanos in the port area.
Cebu was reduced to being an outpost of Spanish Colonial Administration
Inter-island trade also was disrupted by Moro raids and whatever little domestic trade activities existed, the Alcalde-Mayor monopolized this…
Cebu in the Economic Backwaters for 200 years (+ -)
Introduction of the concept of land ownership In theory, the crown owned all of the lands…
Changes in the landholding patterns.
Banilad Estate in Banilad and the Talisay-Minglanilla Estate of the Augustinians
Mandaue Estate of the Jesuits
Chinese and Chinese mestizos also began acquiring land holdings
Introduction of New Crops
- corn - tobacco - cacao
Took a while before the Cebuanos were able to adjust to these new crops…
Conversions and Colonization in Cebu
Beginnings of Missionary Work in Cebu
1565 Augustians and 2 Secular Priests
1592 Jesuits
1622 Recollects
Became a diocese in 1592 that included all of the Visayas, Christian Mindanao, Palawan, the Carolines, Marianas and Palau islands until 1865
But Cebu was basically Augustinian territory as they owned the Banilad Estate,
Talisay-Minglanilla Estate and the guardians of the Holy Cross and the Image of the Sto.
Nino
Jesuits also had a small estate in the North (Mandaue Estate) …
Conversions and Colonization in Cebu
CONVERSION ISSUES
Not sweeping as we sometimes would like to believe
scarcity of missionaries
the few who where in Cebu concentrated their work in Cebu port area
visitas were rarely visited
accounts point to the widespread practice of pre-hispanic customs and beliefs
and practices even after WWII
reducciones were not immediately successful as very few chose to live in the
cabecera
accounts of some missionaries who wrote about their second thoughts as to whether they will ever succeed in their missionary endeavors…
1860 CEBU
WAS OPENED TO
WORLD TRADE
When did Cebu finally re-emerge as a major city in the Philippines?
Along with the opening of Philippine ports to world and global demand for agricultural products, large plantations surfaced in the region, especially in the
Visayas –Filipinos would come to call them "haciendas”
“…“…a time between times” a time between times” 1898-1906 - A highly disturbed period :
Health crisis, agricultural collapse Period of relative stability, 1906-12 Improvements in infrastructure, public
education, health, sanitation and public order
Introduction of modern commercial farming, 1920s
Backdrop of agricultural products, 1930s American colonialism strengthened
economic forces already at work in the Spanish period…
CEBU OVERTAKES ILO-ILO CITY AS PREMIERE COMMERCIAL AND TRADING
CENTER
SOUTH OF MANILA
Cebu becomes the main base for
the Philippines’ shipping industry .