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Fundamentals of CO2-EnhancedOil Recovery
Vanessa Nuez-Lopez
Gulf Coast Carbon Center, Bureau of Economic Geology
Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Birmingham, AlabamaJune 15, 2016
Research Experience in Carbon Sequestration (RECS)
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Reservoir Development Stages
Source: Adapted from the Oil & Gas Journal, Apr. 23, 1990
Conventional
Recovery
EnhancedRecovery
Tertiary
Recovery
Other
Chemical
Solvent
Thermal
PressureMaintenance
Water - Gas Reinjection
SecondaryRecovery
Artificial LiftPump - Gas Lift - Etc.
Waterflood
Natural Flow
PrimaryRecovery
EOR using CO2
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Typical Production: Weyburn Unit (Midale Sand)
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CO2-EOR (The basics)
CO2-EOR is a technology that targets the residual oil in depleted oilreservoirs by the injection of carbon dioxide (CO2).
What is it?
How does it work?
CO2is a solvent: it mixes withthe oil
Where is it applied?
In depleted light-oil reservoirs that have gone throughprimary recovery (natural flow) and, in most cases,secondary recovery (mainly waterflooding).
Oil expands (swells)
Oil viscosity is reduced Interfacial tension (IT) disappears*
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What holds the fluids in a capillary?
air and water
air, water and oil
Different interfaces curvedifferently!
To move, have to overcomeinterfacial tension.
interface
molecules
nearinterface
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Some everyday effects of capillarity
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The process!
U.S Department of Energy - NETL
Recycling
Water Pump
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Surface Infrastructure
U.S Department of Energy - NETL
Production manifoldProduction well
Injection well
Separator
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CO2-EOR Case Studies
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Active World, U.S., and Permian Basin CO2EOR Projects
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U.S. CO2-EOR Operations, CO2Sources: 2014
Current CO2Infrastructure in the US is EORDominant
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Major US CO2pipelines
ARI 2012
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CO2Supply Shortage
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Recent Expansion of Natural CO2Supplies for EOR
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Denver Unit of the Wasson Field, West Texas
More than120 millionincremental
barrelsthrough2008
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Specific CO2Floods
Means San Andres Unit
20004000
60008000
1000012000140001600018000
1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992
BOPD
Year
Began(Nov.
'83)
CO
2Injection
Continued Waterflood
18% HCPVCO
2Injection
37.2
38.7
3.2
11 (7)*
To Date
Ultimate
P+S EOR
Recovery, % OOIP
*Original EOR Estimate
Seminole San Andres Unit
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
BOPD
Year
Recovery, % OOIP
*Original EOR Estimate
45.2
47.2
6.7
17 (17)*
To Date
Ultimate
P+S EOR
Continued Waterflood
25% HCPVCO
2Injection
CO
2Injection
Bega
n(Mar.'83)
Ford Geraldine Unit
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992
BOPD
Year
Began(Feb.
'81)
CO
2In
jection
21.8
21.8
7
15 (8)*
To Date
Ultimate
P+S EOR
Recovery, % OOIP
*Original EOR Estimate 46% HCPVCO2Injection
20 MCF/D CO2Source Secured
End ofWater Injection Continued Waterflood
100
10,000
1,000
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
(From Folger and Guillot, 1996)
Actual Oil
ContinuedWaterflood
Barrels/Day
Year
Sundown Slaughter
Began(Jull.
92)
CO
2Injection
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feet F % md feet API cp %HCPV %OOIP MCF/STB MCF/STB -
field scale projects
Dollarhide TX Trip. Chert 7,800 120 17.0 9 48 40 0.4 30 14.0 2.4 1985
East Vacuum NM Oolitic dolomite 4,400 101 11.7 11 71 38 1.0 30 8.0 11.1 6.3 1985
Ford Geraldine TX Sandstone 2,680 83 23.0 64 23 40 1.4 30 17.0 9.0 5.0 1981
Means TX Dolomite 4,400 100 9.0 20 54 29 6.0 55 7.1 15.2 11.0 1983
North Cross TX Trip. Chert 5,400 106 22.0 5 60 44 0.4 40 22.0 18.0 7.8 1972
Northeast Purdy OK Sandstone 8,200 148 13.0 44 40 35 1.5 30 7.5 6.5 4.6 1982
Rangely CO Sandstone 6,500 160 15.0 5 to 50 110 32 1.6 30 7.5 9.2 5.0 1986
SACROC (17 pattern) TX Carbonate 6,400 130 9.4 3 139 41 0.4 30 7.5 9.7 6.5 1972
SACROC (14 pattern) TX Carbonate 6,400 130 9.4 3 139 41 0.4 30 9.8 9.5 3.2 1981
South Welch TX Dolomite 4,850 92 12.8 13.9 132 34 2.3 25 7.6
Twofreds TX Sandstone 4,820 104 20.3 33.4 18 36 1.4 40 15.6 15.6 8.0 1974
Wertz WY Sandstone 6,200 165 10.7 16 185 35 1.3 60 10.0 13.0 10.0 1986
producing pilots
Garber OK Sandstone 1,950 95 17.0 57 21 47 2.1 35 14.0 6.0 1981
Little Creek MS Sandstone 10,400 248 23.4 75 30 39 0.4 160 21.0 27.0 12.6 1975
Majamar NM Anhydritic dolomite 4,050 90 10.0 11.2 49 36 0.8 30 8.2 11.6 10.7 1983
Majamar NM Dolomitic sandstone 3,700 90 11.0 13.9 23 36 0.8 30 17.7 8.1 6.1 1983
North Coles Levee CA Sandstone 9,200 235 15.0 9 136 36 0.5 63 15.0 7.4 1981
Quarantine Bay LA Sandstone 8,180 183 26.4 230 15 32 0.9 19 20.0 2.4 1981
Slaughter Estate TX Dolomitic sandstone 4985 105 12.0 8 75 32 2.0 26 20.0 16.7 3.7 1976
Weeks Island LA Sandstone 13,000 225 26.0 1200 186 33 0.3 24 8.7 7.9 3.3 1978
West Sussex WY Sandstone 3,000 104 19.5 28.5 22 39 1.4 30 12.9 8.9 1982
Field Projects ==> 11.7 6.3 AVERAGE
10.4 6.3 MEDIAN
Pilot Projects ==> 12.5 6.4 AVERAGE
8.9 6.0 MEDIAN
Gross Net
CO2Utilization Ratio Gross Net
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US Domestic Oil Resource Base
Ferguson et al., 2009
ROIP Stranded- 400 Billion Barrels(of 596 billion barrels OOIP)
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CO2-EOR Potential in the U.S.
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BIG SKY
WESTCARB
SWP
PCOR
MGSC
SECARB
MRCSP
DOE Regional Sequestration Partnerships
Carbon Sequestration Potential in Oil Reservoirs
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CCPI
ICCS Area 1
FutureGen 2.0
Major CCUS Demonstration Projects
Project Locations & Cost Share
Southern CompanyKemper County IGCC Project
IGCC-Transport Gasifierw/Carbon Capture
~$2.67B Total; $270M DOE
EOR 3 M TPY 2014 start
NRGW.A. Parish Generating StationPost Combustion CO2Capture
$339M Total; $167M DOEEOR 1.4M TPY 2014 start
Summit TX Clean EnergyCommercial Demo of Advanced
IGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture~$1.7B Total; $450M DOEEOR 3M TPY 2014 start
HECACommercial Demo of Advanced
IGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture~$4B Totall; $408M DOEEOR 3M TPY 2018 start
Leucadia EnergyCO2Capture from Methanol Plant
EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields$436M - Total, $261M DOEEOR 4.5 M TPY 2015 start
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.CO2Capture from Steam Methane Reformers
EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields$431M Total, $284M DOE
EOR 1M TPY 2013 start
FutureGen 2.0Large-Scale Testing of Oxy-Combustion w/ CO2
Capture & Sequestration in Saline Formation~$1.3B Total; ~$1.0B DOE
SALINE 1.3M TPY 2016 start
Archer Daniels MidlandCO2Capture from Ethanol PlantCO2Stored in Saline Reservoir
$208M Total; $141M DOESALINE ~1 M TPY 2013 start
Courtesy NETL 2014
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Petra Nova Carbon Capture Project
! Commercial-scale post-combustion carbon capture project atNRG's WA Parish.
! 50/50 joint venture between NRG and JX Nippon Oil & GasExploration
! Received $167 million from DOE as part of the Clean Coal PowerInitiative Program (CCPI)
!
Capture 90 % of the carbon dioxide (CO2) from a 240 MWslipstream of flue gas and use or sequester 1.6 million tons ofCO2 a year.
! Captured CO2will be used to enhance production at mature oilfields in the Gulf Coast region
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Denburys Hastings Carbon CCUS Project(DOE Industrial Carbon Capture and Storage Initiative)
! Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.(Port Arthur, TX)-Air Products iscapturing and injecting one million tons of CO2 per year from
existing steam-methane reformers in Port Arthur, Texas (DOEshare: $253 million)
! Leucadia Energy, LLC (Lake Charles, LA)-Leucadia will captureand sequester 4.5 million tons of CO2 per year from a newmethanol plant in Lake Charles, LA (DOE share: $260 million)
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Denburys Hastings Carbon CCUS Project
! Construction of 24, 325-mile Green Pipeline for transporting CO2from
Donaldsonville, Louisiana, to oil fields in Texas finished in 2010.!
Natural CO2injection for enhancing oil production started in December 2010.!
Air Products CO2 injection started in December 2012.
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Questions?
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Net Carbon Negative Oil
Vanessa Nuez-Lopez
Gulf Coast Carbon Center, Bureau of Economic Geology
Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Birmingham, AlabamaJune 15, 2016
Research Experience in Carbon Sequestration (RECS)
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CO2-EOR is a technology that targets the residual oil in depleted oil reservoirsby the injection of carbon dioxide (CO2).
What is CO2-EOR?
How does it work?
CO2is a solvent: it mixeswith the oil
Where is it applied?
In depleted light-oil reservoirs that have gone throughprimary recovery (natural flow) and, in most cases,secondary recovery (mainly waterflooding).
Oil expands (swells) Oil viscosity is reduced
Interfacial tension (IT) disappears*
Introduction
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CCPI
ICCS Area 1
FutureGen 2.0
Major CCUS Demonstration Projects
Project Locations & Cost Share
Southern CompanyKemper County IGCC Project
IGCC-Transport Gasifierw/Carbon Capture
~$2.67B Total; $270M DOEEOR 3 M TPY 2014 start
NRG Petra NovaW.A. Parish Generating StationPost Combustion CO2Capture
$339M Total; $167M DOEEOR 1.4M TPY 2014 start
Summit TX Clean EnergyCommercial Demo of Advanced
IGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture~$1.7B Total; $450M DOEEOR 3M TPY 2014 start
HECACommercial Demo of Advanced
IGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture~$4B Totall; $408M DOEEOR 3M TPY 2018 start
Leucadia EnergyCO2Capture from Methanol Plant
EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields$436M - Total, $261M DOEEOR 4.5 M TPY 2015 start
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.CO2Capture from Steam Methane Reformers
EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields$431M Total, $284M DOE
EOR 1M TPY 2013 start
FutureGen 2.0Large-Scale Testing of Oxy-Combustion w/ CO2
Capture & Sequestration in Saline Formation~$1.3B Total; ~$1.0B DOE
SALINE 1.3M TPY 2016 start
Archer Daniels MidlandCO2Capture from Ethanol PlantCO2Stored in Saline Reservoir
$208M Total; $141M DOESALINE ~1 M TPY 2013 start
Courtesy NETL 2014
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Problem Statement
Carboncaptured
Carbon utilized(CO2-EOR)
Carbon stored
Oil produced, refined,burned.
Carbon emitted
Is CO2-EOR a valid option for greenhouse gas emission reduction? Are geologically storedcarbon volumes larger that direct/indirect emissions resulting from CO2-EOR operations?
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34
DOE-NETL Sponsored Project
Identify and evaluate the criticalcarbon balance components for theaccurate mass accounting of aCO2-EOR operation.
Develop strategies that are
conducive to achieving a NCNOclassification.
Develop a comprehensive, yetcommercially applicable,monitoring, verification, andaccounting (MVA) methodology.
Goal: To develop a clear, universal, repeatable methodology formaking the determination of whether a CO2-EOR operation can beclassified as Net carbon Negative Oil (NCNO)
Objectives:
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Related Literature
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System boundaries of previous studies
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SACROC Life Carbon Balance
Mt= Million tonnes
MMBO= Million barrels of oil Adapted from Charles Fox, Kinder Morgan
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SACROC Life Carbon Balance
Mt= Million tonnes
MMBO= Million barrels of oil Adapted from Charles Fox, Kinder Morgan
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Selection of system boundaries for NCNO classification:Cradle-to-Grave
Selected system boundary
Study focus
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Identification of critical EOR Component
41
Injection/production wells CO2separationProduction separation CO2compression
GHG Intensity
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e1f,
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Study focus: CO2utilization ratios
43
CO2injection[MMCF]
CO2Utilization
[MMCF/bbl]
Produced oil [bbl]
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44
Field Study
(Cranfield, Mississippi)
It provides the optimal mass accounting data set as itwas required by its comprehensive SECARB MVA
program
It is a desirable direct injection (no WAG), which isfavorable for achieving NCNO
Pattern geometry and operations repeated
systematically around field development
Provides a simpler environment than many CO2-EORfloods
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Field Setting
Cranfield overview:
Clastic Mississippi field
Apex of 4-way closed anticline
Main pay is ~10,000 ft deep
Pi = 4,600 psi, Ti = 150F
Original gas cap
Productive during 1940s and 50s
CO2injection started in 2007 Available mass accounting dataas required by SECARBs
monitoring program.
Hosseini et al., 2013
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46
Methodology: Numerical Simulation
Utilize Cranfield pattern calibrated models to:
Run numerical simulations for different novel and standard CO2injection scenarios (WAG, direct CO2injection)
Evaluate how the variability of CO2utilization ratios for the different
injection scenarios affects the environmental impact of the systemcomponents (New contribution)
Understand the carbon balance evolution from start of injection tocompletion (New contribution)
Current activities:
! Updating existing Cranfield models: added physics
! Relative permeability laboratory experiments
! History matching for historic Cranfield production (1944-1972)
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Trapping Mechanisms
Additional funds allowed us to add valuable work to themodeling tasks by studying the trapping mechanismsthat contribute to the geological permanence of thestored CO2
1.
Residual/capillary trapping2. CO2dissolution into brine
3.
CO2dissolution into oil4.
Mineral trapping
Benson, 2003
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New CO2-brine Relative Permeability12 Cranfield core plugs were sent to a commercial laboratory
2 in
1.5 in
Relative permeability experiments will be run in in 2composite samples consisting of 6 aligned core plugs
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Development of MVA Plan Use predictive flow and pressure elevation results to
develop a generic but comprehensive MVA plan that is
based on:
existing regulatory monitoring requirements
existing best practices
a number of proposed and suggested processes that are currentlybeing considered for possible future regulatory or credit trading
conditions
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50
Summary
Accomplishments:! Selection of system boundaries relevant to NCNO classification:
gate-to-grave! Identification of critical CO2emission components within the EOR
site!
Gathered and classifying Cranfield mass accounting data! Started numerical simulation tasks
Future Plans:
Build a model for energy consumption of the CO2-EOR operation
Start scenario analysis Link results from numerical simulations with energy consumption
model Develop an MVA plan
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51
Conclusions
Carbon balance of CO2EOR is sensitive to the system boundary.
In a gate-to-gate life cycle analysis, the electricity consumption(purchased and generated) is responsible for almost all theemissions associated with the EOR operation, particularly at theCO
2
separation and compression processes.
Combustion of the refined product is the largest CO2emissionscontributor in the entire cradle to grave system.
Carbon balance is sensitive to CO2 flood performance (CO2utilization rates).
A universal methodology for NCNO classification will certainlybenefit CO2-EOR operations as there might be an economic impactif potential future regulations provide value to the emissions and/orstorage of CO2.
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Questions?