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72
Observations and Results
Life Cycle:
The life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica shows complete
metamorphosis i.e. their life cycle stages are egg, larva, pupa and adult.
Eggs:
Eggs are whitish, oval in shape, 0.5mm long and having an
incubation period of 4-5 days. The eggs have a pearly luster, and have at
one end usually a decided nipple, somewhat like that of certain fruits. The
eggs are sufficiently large to be readily seen without the aid of a lens.
Larvae:
Young Corcyra larvae hatched out from the egg within 4-5 days and
the larvae feed on the grains by webbing. Tiny larva after hatching is
creamy-white, with a prominent head or brownish head. It moves about
actively and feeds on broken grains for some time and then starts spinning
web to join grains. The larval development was inside the grain cluster.
The larval period ranged from first instar larval 4 to5 days. Second instar
larval period ranged 5 to 6 days. Third instar larval period ranged 3 to 4
days. Fourth instar larval period ranged 3 to 4 days. Fifth instar larval
period ranged 5 to 7 days. Sixth instar larval period ranged 8 to 10 days.
Full grown larva is pale whitish in colour with short scattered hairs. Total
Larval period is 25-35 days in summer and may be extended in winter.
Pupa:
Pupation takes place inside an extremely hard, solid whitish cocoon
that is surrounded by webbed grains. Pupal period is about 10-14 days but
may extend to 40-50 days to tide over winter months.
Adult:
73
Adults are light greyish-brown in colour, 12mm long and with a
wing span of about 15mm, without any markings on the wings but veins
are slightly darkened. Head bears a projected tuft of scales. Moths start
emerging after 35-40 days. Moths commence mating and egg laying
immediately after emergence. Female lays about 190-200 eggs within few
days after emergence.
Caterpillar alone is responsible for damage. It prefers partially
damaged grains to feed. It pollutes food grains with frass, moults and
dense webbing. In case of whole grains, kernels are bound into lumps up to
2 kg with the following
1. Grain converted to webbed mass
2. Damaged grain / flour with bad odour unfit for consumption.
1) Parthenogenetic development of eggs laid by female C. cephalonica-
During the present study it was observed that the female emerged
from pupa is able to lay eggs without mating with male.
Life Cycle:
The parthenogenetical life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica shows
complete metamorphosis i.e. their life cycle stages are egg, larva, pupa and
adult.
Eggs:
Eggs are whitish, oval in shape, 0.5mm long and having an
incubation period of 5-8 days. The eggs have a pearly luster, and have at
one end usually a decided nipple, somewhat like that of certain fruits. The
eggs are sufficiently large to be readily seen without the aid of a lens
Larvae:
Young Parthenogenetic Corcyra cephalonica larvae hatched out
from the egg within 5-8 days and the larvae fed on the grains by webbing.
74
Tiny larva after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent head. It moves
about actively and feeds on broken grains for some time and then starts
spinning web to join grains. Full grown larva is pale whitish in colour,
15mm long with short scattered hairs and no markings on body. Larval
period is 32-40 days in summer and may be extended in winter.
Pupa:
Pupation takes place inside an extremely hard, solid whitish cocoon
that is surrounded by webbed grains. Pupal period is about 10-17 days but
may extend to winter months.
Adult:
Adults are light greyish-brown in colour, 12mm long and with a
wing span of about 15mm, without any markings on the wings but veins
are slightly darkened. Head bears a projected tuft of scales. Moths start
emerging after 45-60 days. Moths commence mating and egg laying
immediately after emergence.160-170 eggs per female within few days
after emergence.
2) Life cycle of Parthenogenetic male and Parthenogenetic female-
Egg:
Eggs are whitish, oval in shape, 0.5mm long and having an
incubation period of 5-8 days. The eggs have a pearly luster, and have at
one end usually a decided nipple, somewhat like that of certain fruits. The
eggs are sufficiently large to be readily seen without the aid of a lens.
Larvae:
Young Parthenogenetic Corcyra larvae hatched out from the egg
within 5-8 days and the larvae fed on the grains by webbing. Tiny larva
after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent head. It moves about
75
actively and feeds on broken grains for some time and then starts spinning
web to join grains. Full grown larva is pale whitish in colour, 15mm long
with short scattered hairs and no markings on body. Larval period is 32-40
days in summer and may be extended in winter.
Pupa:
Pupation takes place inside an extremely hard, solid whitish cocoon
that is surrounded by webbed grains. Pupal period is about 10-17 days but
may extend to winter months.
Adult:
Adults are light greyish-brown in colour, 12mm long and with a
wing span of about 15mm, without any markings on the wings but veins
are slightly darkened. Head bears a projected tuft of scales. Moths start
emerging after 45-60 days. Moths commence mating and egg laying
immediately after emergence.180-195 eggs per female within few days
after emergence.
3) Life cycle of parthenogenetic female and normal male-
Egg:
Eggs are whitish, oval in shape, 0.5mm long and having an
incubation period of 7-9 days. The eggs have a pearly luster, and have at
one end usually a decided nipple, somewhat like that of certain fruits. The
eggs are sufficiently large to be readily seen without the aid of a lens.
Larvae:
Young Parthenogenetic female and normal male Corcyra larvae
hatched out from the egg within 7-9 days and the larvae fed on the grains
by webbing. Tiny larva after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent
head. It moves about actively and feeds on broken grains for some time
76
and then starts spinning web to join grains. Full grown larva is pale whitish
in colour, 15mm long with short scattered hairs and no markings on body.
Larval period is 30-38 days in summer and may be extended in winter.
Pupa:
Pupation takes place inside an extremely hard, solid whitish cocoon
that is surrounded by webbed grains. Pupal period is about 12-19 days but
may extend to winter months.
Adult:
Adults are light greyish-brown in colour, 12mm long and with a
wing span of about 15mm, without any markings on the wings but veins
are slightly darkened. Head bears a projected tuft of scales. Moths start
emerging after 41-56 days. Moths commence mating and egg laying
immediately after emergence. 149-155 eggs per female within few days
after emergence.
4) Life cycle of parthenogenetic male and normal female-
Egg:
Eggs are whitish, oval in shape, 0.5mm long and having an
incubation period of 7-10 days. The eggs have a pearly luster, and have at
one end usually a decided nipple, somewhat like that of certain fruits. The
eggs are sufficiently large to be readily seen without the aid of a lens.
Larvae:
Young Parthenogenetic male and normal female Corcyra larvae
hatched out from the egg within 7-10 days and the larvae fed on the grains
by webbing. Tiny larva after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent
head. It moves about actively and feeds on broken grains for some time
and then starts spinning web to join grains. Full grown larva is pale whitish
77
in colour, 15mm long with short scattered hairs and no markings on body.
Larval period is 29-37 days in summer and may be extended in winter.
Pupa:
Pupation takes place inside an extremely hard, solid whitish cocoon
that is surrounded by webbed grains. Pupal period is about 11-18 days but
may extend to winter months.
Adult:
Adults are light greyish-brown in colour, 12mm long and with a
wing span of about 15mm, without any markings on the wings but veins
are slightly darkened. Head bears a projected tuft of scales. Moths start
emerging after 39-54 days. Moths commence mating and egg laying
immediately after emergence. 175-190 eggs per female within few days
after emergence.
Male and female emergence data:
Male and female moth emergence data from Parthenogenetic
individuals was summarized in the table number 15 and figure number
15.1, 15.2, and 15.3.
1) Mating of normal female and normal male:
When normal male and normal female were mated, the female laid
on an average, 200.33±5.29 eggs. In the present study 188.66±6.56 moths
were emerged from 200.33±5.29 eggs. Total percentage of emergence of
moths was 94.17%, in which males were 60.95% and females were
38.69%.
2) Parthenogenetic female:
Among Parthenogenetic female laid on an average 165.66±4.58
eggs, In present study 89.33±3 moths were emerged from 165.66±4.58
78
eggs. Total percentage of emergence of moth was 53.92%, in which
females were 43.65% and males were 55.97%.
3) Mating of parthenogenetic female and parthenogenetic male:
When Parthenogenetic female and parthenogenetic male were
mated, female laid on an average195±7.21 eggs. In the present study
130.66±4.16 moths were emerged from 195±7.21 eggs. Total percentage
of emergence of moth was 67.00%, in which males were 50.51% and
females were 48.98%.
4) Mating of parthenogenetic male and normal female:
When parthenogenetic male and normal female were mated, the
female laid on an average, 188.66±9 eggs. In the present study, 172±8.54
moths were emerged from 188.66±9 eggs. Total percentage of emergence
of moths was 91.16%, in which females were 38.95% and males were
61.04%.
5) Mating of parthenogenetic female and normal male:
When parthenogenetic female and normal male were mated, the
female laid on an average, 154.66±4.58 eggs. In the present study
125.33±7.21 moths were emerged from 154.66±4.58 eggs. Total
percentage of emergence of moths was 81.03%, in which females were
2.28% and males were 58.24%.
Morphological effect of Phytochemicals against the 4th
Instar Larvae
of Corcyra cephalonica:
The present investigation showed that different concentrations of
kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium, leaf extract of Argemone
mexicana and Nerium oleander, seed extract of Annona squamosa and
phylloclade extract of Euphorbia tirucalli causes mortality of Corcyra
cephalonica life cycle stages. The toxicity of the plant extracts to larva,
79
pupa and adult increase with the increase in the concentration as compared
with the control.
When larvae were treated with different concentrations of kernel
extract of Semecarpus anacardium, leaf extract of Argemone mexicana and
Nerium oleander, seed extract of Annona squamosa and phylloclade
extract of Euphorbia tirucalli the following morphological changes in the
developing larvae, pupae and adults were observed. General sluggishness
and cessation of feeding was observed after two days of treatment that
increased significantly as the time enhanced. Gradually, the body became
black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and yellowish colour
was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening occurred
resulting in the death of the larvae. Death also occurred at the time of final
molting stage of pupa formation with attached larval skin and ruptured
abdomen. Adults emerged from the exposed larvae were mostly abnormal
and hence further generation may be controlled.
Table and figure 1 shows efficacy of kernel‟s extract of Semicarpus
anacardium in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvent against
larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Larval mortality was
observed with the increase in concentration of Semicarpus anacardium.
In Semicarpus anacardium kernel extract in Chloroform at 0.5 ml
concentration per kg of rice, 20% larval mortality was recorded whereas at
2 ml concentration 100% mortality was recorded. As the concentration
increases, a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence
reduction take place. Pupation was 80% at 0.5ml concentration which
decreased to 10% at 1.5 ml concentration of the S. anacardium.
Correspondingly no adult emergences were recorded at 2ml concentration
of S. anacardium. Pupal mortality increased insignificantly with the
increase of the concentration. At 0.5 ml concentration no pupal mortality
80
which enhanced to 100% at 1.5 ml concentration of S. anacardium in
chloroform extract.
In acetone extract of S. anacardium, at 0.5 ml concentration per kg
of rice, larval mortality was 10% while 100% mortality was recorded at 2
ml concentration. As the concentration was increased, a significant
reduction in pupation and adult emergence was observed. Pupation was
90% at 0.5ml concentration which decreased to 70% at 1.5ml
concentration of the S. anacardium no pupal mortality found. 70% adult
emergences were recorded at 1.5 ml concentration of Semicarpus
anacardium. At 2ml concentration of extract 100% larval mortality was
observed.
Chloroform and acetone extract showed highest mortality of larva
and pupa as compared with methanol and ethanol extract.
Table and figure 2 shows efficacy of leaf extract of Argemone
mexicana in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvents against
larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Increased larval mortality
was observed with the increase in concentration of Argemone mexicana. In
Argemone Mexicana leaf extract in Chloroform at 0.5 ml concentration,
20% larval mortality was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 90%
mortality was recorded. As the concentration increased, a significant
reduction in pupation and adult emergence was observed. Pupation was
80% at 0.5 ml concentration which decreased to 10% at 2 ml concentration
of the A. mexicana. Correspondingly no adult emergences were recorded at
2 ml concentration of A. mexicana pupal mortality increased
insignificantly with the increase of the concentration. At 0.5 ml
concentration, 10% pupal mortality which increased to 100% at 2 ml
concentration of A. mexicana in chloroform extract and no adult
emergence.
81
In methanol extract at 0.5 ml concentration larval mortality was
10% while 100% mortality was recorded at 2 ml concentration of A.
mexicana. As the concentration increased a significant reduction in
pupation and adult emergence occured. Pupation was 90% at 0.5 ml
concentration which decreased to 80% at 1.5 ml concentration of the A.
mexicana, 10% pupal mortality was observed. At 2 ml concentration of
extract 100% larval mortality was observed.
Chloroform and methanol extracts showed highest mortality of
larva and pupa as compared with acetone and ethanol extracts.
Table and figure 3 shows efficacy of seed‟s extract of Annona
squamosa in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvent against
larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Larval mortality was
observed with the increase in concentration of Annona squamosa. In
Annona squamosa seed extract in Acetone at 0.5 ml concentration 20%
larval mortality was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 100%
mortality was recorded. As the concentration increases, a significant
reduction in pupation and adult emergence take place. Pupation was 80%
at 0.5.ml concentration which decreased to 50% at 1.5 ml concentration of
the A. squamosa correspondingly no adult emergences were recorded at 2
ml concentration of A. squamosa. Pupal mortality increased insignificantly
with the increase of the concentration. At 0.5 ml concentration no pupal
mortality was observed.
In ethanol extract, at 0.5 ml concentration larval mortality was 10%
while 100% mortality was recorded at 2 ml concentration of A. squamosa.
As the concentration increases, a significant reduction in pupation and
adult emergence reduction occur. Pupation was 90% at 0.5 ml
concentration which decreased to 70% at 1.5 ml concentration of the A.
squamosa. At 2 ml extract 100% larval mortality was observed.
82
Acetone and ethanol extract shows highest mortality of larva and
pupa as compared with chloroform and methanol extracts.
Table and figure 4 shows efficacy of phylloclade extract of
Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvents
against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Larval mortality
was observed with the increase in concentration of Euphorbia tirucalli. In
Euphorbia tirucalli extract in chloroform at 0.5 ml concentration 20%
larval mortality was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 70% mortality
was recorded. As the concentration increases, a significant reduction in
pupation and adult emergence occured. Pupation was 80% at 0.5.ml
concentration which decreased to 30% at 2 ml concentration of the E.
tirucalli. Correspondingly 10% adult emergences were recorded at 2 ml
concentration of E. tirucalli. Pupal mortality increased insignificantly with
the increase of the concentration.
Chloroform extract shows high mortality of larva and pupa as
compared with acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts.
Table and figure 5 shows efficacy of leaf extract of Nerium
oleander in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvents against
larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Larval mortality was
observed with the increase in concentration of Nerium oleander. In Nerium
oleander extract in acetone at 0.5 ml concentration, 10% larval mortality
was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 80% mortality was recorded.
As the concentration increases, a significant reduction in pupation and
adult emergence occur. Pupation was 90% at 0.5 ml concentration which
decreased to 20% at 2 ml concentration of the N. oleander.
Correspondingly no adult emergence was recorded at 2 ml concentration of
N. oleander. Pupal mortality increased insignificantly with the increase of
83
the concentration. At 0.5 ml concentration 10% pupal mortality and 20% at
2 ml concentration of N. oleander in acetone was observed.
Acetone extract shows high mortality of larva and pupa as compared
with chloroform, methanol and ethanol extract.
From the above data it is evident that all extracts of all plants tested
does not have required toxicity to control the infestation of C. cephalonica.
The lethal and sublethal doses were therefore calculated for only the
suitable extracts. The mortality responses of the Corcyra cephalonica on
exposure of different concentrations of plant extracts i.e. kernel extract of
Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform and acetone solvent, leaf extracts
of Argemone mexicana in chloroform and methanol solvents, extract of
Annona squamosa in acetone and ethanol, extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in
chloroform, leaf extract of Nerium oleander in acetone solvents were
studied. The range of statistical calculations and determination of LD10,
and LD50 values as per Finney‟s (1971) are given in table number 6 and 7
for kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium, table number 8 and 9 for
leaf extract of Argemone mexicana, table number 10 and 11 for seeds
extract of Annona squamosa, table number 12 for extract of Euphorbia
tirucalli in chloroform, table number 13 extracts of Nerium oleander in
acetone solvents.
The graphs regarding the empirical and improved expected probit
against the log of concentration are given in figure 6 and 7 for Regression
and Provisional lines for LD10, and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica
after the exposure to chloroform and acetone extract of kernel of
Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hours. The LD10 value for 96 hours of
kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform solvent is 0.5.380
ml/Kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of kernel
extract of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform solvent is 1.521 ml/Kg
84
respectively (Table No. 6). The LD10 value for 96 hours of kernel extract
of Semecarpus anacardium in acetone solvent is 1.230 ml/Kg respectively.
The LD50 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of kernel extract of
Semecarpus anacardium in acetone solvent is 2.256 ml/Kg respectively
(Table No. 7).
The LD10 value for 96 hours of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana
in chloroform solvent is 0.5429 ml/Kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96
hours on leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in chloroform solvent is 1.878
ml/Kg respectively (Table No. 8). The LD10 value for 96 hours on leaf
extract of Argemone mexicana in methanol solvent is 1.746 ml/Kg
respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of Argemone
mexicana in methanol solvent is 2.479 ml/Kg respectively (Table No. 9).
The LD10 value for 96 hours on seeds extract of Annona squamosa in
acetone solvent is 0.3685 ml/Kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours
on seeds extract of Annona squamosa in acetone solvent is 1.878 ml/Kg
respectively (Table No. 10). The LD10 value for 96 hours on seeds extract
of Annona squamosa in ethanol solvent is 1.482 ml/Kg respectively. The
LD50 value for 96 hours on seeds extract of Annona squamosa in ethanol
solvent is 2.030 ml/Kg respectively (Table No. 11). The LD10 value for 96
hours on extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform solvent is 1.267
ml/Kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on extract of Euphorbia
tirucalli in chloroform solvent is 2.183 ml/Kg respectively (Table No. 12).
The LD10 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of Nerium oleander in
acetone solvent is 0.9059 ml/Kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours
on leaf extract of Nerium oleander in acetone solvent is 1.946 ml/Kg
respectively (Table No. 13).
Plate I (a) shows, Corcyra cephalonica adult mating dorsal view and
(b) shows Corcyra cephalonica adult mating ventral view. Plate II (a)
85
shows culture of Corcyra cephalonica on rice in the laboratory, and (b)
shows egg laying apparatus of Corcyra cephalonica. Plate III (a) egg
laying by female Corcyra cephalonica and (b) shows egg laying by female
Corcyra cephalonica with extended ovipositor.
Plate IV (a) first instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica and (b) shows
second instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica. Plate V (a) third instar larva of
Corcyra cephalonica, and (b) shows fourth instar larva of Corcyra
cephalonica. Plates VI (a) shows fifth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica
and (b) shows sixth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica.
Plate VII (a) shows male and female larva of Corcyra cephalonica
identification experimental setup for the study of sexual dimorphic
characters at larval stage. Both (Male and Female) larvae are pale white in
colour, female larva is larger than male larva. Last abdominal segment of
the female abdomen shows dark spot while in case of male it is absent.
Plate VII (b) shows experimental setup for male and female larva (separate
culture). Male and female larvae are cultured in separate vials.
Plate VIII (a) shows pupa of Corcyra cephalonica inside webbed
grains (b) shows male and female pupae of Corcyra cephalonica. A pale
yellowish pupa with round abdomen was observed from the vials in which
female larvae were cultured and slightly dark black colored pupa with
pointed abdomen was observed from the vials in which female larvae‟s are
cultured.
Plate IX (a) shows male and female pupa identification experimental
setup emerged male and female moth (b) Experimental setup.
Plate X shows adult moth of Corcyra cephalonica. Female moth is
larger than male moth with a pair of long and pointed labial palps and male
moth is smaller than female moth and labial palps are very short and blunt.
86
Plate XI shows consolidated life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica.
Plate XII shows damage caused to rice by the infestation of Corcyra
cephalonica. Larvae begin to feed, trailing a silken thread. The silk
webbing binds and starts spinning web to join grains.
Plate XIII shows (a) Semecarpus anacardium twig and its kernels
and (b) shows powder of kernels of Semecarpus anacardium.
Plate XIV (a) shows the plant of Argemone mexicana in field and (b)
powder of the plant Argemone mexicana leaves in laboratory. Plate-XV (a)
shows the plant of Annona squamosa in field and (b) shows seeds of
Annona squamosa. Plate XVI (a) shows plant of Euphorbia tirucalli and
phylloclade of Euphorbia tirucalli and (b) shows powder of phylloclade
Euphorbia tirucalli.
Plate XVII (a) shows the collection of Nerium oleander plant from
field while (b) shows powder of leaves of Nerium oleander in laboratory.
Plate XVIII shows the method of extraction of phytochemicals (plant
extract) as was done by Soxhlet apparatus.
Plate XIX (a) shows experimental setup for the exposure of larva of
Corcyra cephalonica to plant extracts while (b) shows culture of the larvae
of Corcyra cephalonica in rice with plant extracts.
Plate XX shows the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to
Kernel‟s extracts of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform (a, b) and
acetone (c, d) solvents. Fig. a, b, c, d shows that the body of larva
gradually became black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and
black colour was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening
and death of the larvae was recorded. During the later phase, dry
appearance of body, crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments
and reduction due to shortening of body segments can be seen.
87
Plate XXI shows the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure
to leaf extracts of Argemone mexicana in chloroform (a, b) and methanol
(c, d) solvents. Fig. a, b, c and d shows that the body of larva gradually
became black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and black colour
was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening and death of
the larvae were observed. During the later phase, dry appearance of body,
crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction due to
shortening of body segments can be seen.
Plate XXII shows, the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure
to seeds extracts of Annona squmosa in acetone (a and b) and ethanol (c
and d) solvents. Fig. a, b, c and d shows that the body of larva gradually
became black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and black colour
was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening and death of
the larvae were recorded. During the later phase, dry appearance of body,
crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction due to
shortening of body segments can be seen.
Plate XXIII shows the Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after
exposure to leaf extracts of phylloclades Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform
(a, b) solvents. Fig. (a) and (b) show that, the body of the larvae becomes
yellowish black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and black
colour was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening and
death of the larvae was observed. During the later phase, dry appearance of
body, crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction
due to shortening of body segments can be seen.
Plate XXIV shows the Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after
exposure to leaf extracts of Nerium oleander in acetone solvent. Fig. (a)
and (b) show that, the body of the larvae became yellowish black. The
body became paralyzed and black skin and black colour was observed in
88
the leg region. The whole body blackening and death of the larvae were
recorded. During the later phase, dry appearance of body, crumpled skin,
overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction due to shortening of
body segments can be seen.
Plate XXV (A) shows that, the morphological effect of Corcyra
cephalonica pupae after exposure of 4th
instar larvae to extract of kernel of
Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform (a) and acetone (b) solvent. Fig. (a)
and (b) show the abnormal pupa of Corcyra cephalonica in chloroform and
acetone solvent during molting from one stage to another. Larval pupal
intermediates were also observed, indicating the effect of the plant on
chitin synthesis of the insect. Death also occurred at the time of final
molting stage of pupation attached to the larval skin. (B) Shows that, the
morphological effect of Corcyra cephalonica pupae after exposure of 4th
instar larvae to extract of leaves of Argemone mexicana in chloroform (c)
and methanol (d) solvent. Fig. (c) and (d) shows the abnormal pupa of
Corcyra cephalonica in chloroform and methanol solvent was observed
during molting from one stage to another. Larval pupal intermediates were
also observed indicating the effect of the plant on chitin synthesis of the
insect. Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of pupation
attached to the larval skin.
Plate XXVI (C) shows that, the morphological effect of Corcyra
cephalonica pupae after exposure of 4th
instar larvae to extract of seeds of
Annona squamosa in acetone (e) and ethanol (f) solvent. Fig. (e) shows the
Abnormal pupa of Corcyra cephalonica in acetone solvent was observed
during molting from one stage to another. Death also occurred at the time
of final molting stage of pupation. Death also occurred at the time of final
molting stage of pupation fig. (f) larval pupal intermediates of Corcyra
cephalonica in ethanol solvent was observed during molting from one
89
stage to another. Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of
pupation (D) shows that, the morphological effect of Corcyra cephalonica
pupae after exposure of 4th instar larvae to extract of phylloclade‟s of
Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform (g) and extract of Nerium oleander in
acetone (h) solvent. Fig. (g and h) larval pupal intermediates of C.
cephalonica was observed during molting from one stage to another.
Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of pupation.
Plate XXVII shows, the Morphological abnormalities of Corcyra
cephalonica adult emerged after treatment of 4th instar larvae to kernel‟s
extract of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform (a and b) and acetone (c
and d) solvent. Fig. (a) Abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica with
shrinked wings and enlarged abdomen were observed and figure (b)
abnormal adult with vestigial wings and enlarged abdomen were observed
and hence further generation may be controlled. Fig (c) and (d) abnormal
adults with enlarged abdomen were observed and hence further generation
may be controlled.
Plate XXVIII showed the Morphological abnormalities of Corcyra
cephalonica adult resulted from 4th
instar larvae treated with leaf extracts
of Argemone mexicana in chloroform (a, b) and methanol(c, d) solvent.
Fig. (a) shows abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after
treatment of larvae to leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in chloroform,
with vestigial wings and enlarged abdominal were observed. Fig. (b)
shows abnormal adult with shrinkage wings and enlarged abdomen were
observed and hence further generation may be controlled. Figure (c) and
(d) shows, abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after
treatment of larvae to leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in acetone with
shrinkage wings and enlarged abdomen were observed and hence further
generation may be controlled.
90
Plate XXIX shows, the morphological abnormalities of Corcyra
cephalonica adult resulted from 4th
instar larvae treated with seeds extract
of Annona squamosa in acetone (a, b) and ethanol (c, d) solvent. Fig. (a, b,
c and d) shows, abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after
treatment of larvae to seed extract of Annona squamosa in acetone and
ethanol with shrinkage wings and enlarged abdomen were observed and
hence further generation may be controlled.
Plate XXX shows, the morphological abnormalities of Corcyra
cephalonica adult resulted from 4th
instar larvae treated with extract of
phylloclade‟s Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform(a, b, c and d) solvent. Fig.
(a, b, c and d) shows abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged
after treatment of larvae to seed extract of phylloclade‟s Euphorbia
tirucalli in chloroform with shrinkage wings and enlarged abdomen and
abnormal adult were observed and hence further generation may be
controlled.
Plate XXXI shows the morphological abnormalities of Corcyra
cephalonica Adult resulted from 4th
instar larvae treated with extract of
Nerium oleander in acetone(a, b, c and d) solvent. Fig. ( a, b, c and d)
shows abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of
larvae to leaf extract of Nerium oleander in acetone with shrinked wings
and enlarged abdomen and hence further generation may be controlled.
Plate XXXII shows T.S. of foregut of control (A) and treated (B- S.
anacardium in chloroform and acetone, C- A. mexicana in chloroform and
methanol, D- A. squamosa in acetone and ethanol, E- E. tirucalli in
chloroform and acetone solvent) of Corcyra cephalonica. A) Shows the
foregut of Corcyra cephalonica larvae is the anterior most part of the
alimentary canal which starts from the mouth and continues as the midgut.
It is subdivided into pharynx, oesophagus and crop. The wall of the fore
91
gut externally was bounded by peritoneum, middle muscle layer composed
of inner circular and outer longitudinal cells based on a basement
membrane which is lined internally by cuticular intima from inner side.
Figures (B, C, D, and E) show the pathological changes observed in
oesophagus and crop when exposed to different type of plant extract.
While feeding the extract mixed food, the phytochemicals in the extract
acts on the linings of the gut.The general destruction caused by the plant
extract were shrinkage of epithelial cells and reduced in size in the larvae
treated with plant extract, epithelial cells were disintegrated and spread
into the gut lumen, circular muscles also ruptured resulting in to the
disappearance of plasma membrane, shedding of cytoplasm and
vacuolization.
Plate XXXIII shows the T. S. of midgut control (A) and treated (B-
S. anacardium in chloroform and acetone, C- A. mexicana in chloroform
and methanol, D- A. squamosa in acetone and ethanol, E- E. tirucalli in
chloroform and acetone solvent) of Corcyra cephalonica. A) The midgut
of the larvae is the main organ involved in digestion and absorption of
food. It is a straight and long tube occupying the major part of the
alimentary tract. Histologically, a stratum of enteric epithelium, the outer
ends of whose cells rest upon a basement membrane, lines the mid gut. The
latter is followed by an inner layer of circular muscles and an outer layer of
longitudinal muscles. The outer most coat of the mid gut is a thin
peritoneal membrane. The columnar (cylindrical) cells of the mid gut are
active functional cells, whose inner brush border projecting into the lumen
promotes secretion and absorption. Goblet cells (calcyform) are small
secretory cells interspersed among columnar cells. Figures (B, C, D and E)
show the effect of the plant extract on the midgut wall which includes the
destruction, disintegration and shrinkage of the columnar epithelial cells.
The circular muscles become thinner than the normal and the longitudinal
92
muscles get detached from them. Vacuolization and degeneration of
epithelial cells was observed. The cells get separated from each other,
become loose and some of them get discharged into the lumen of the
midgut.
Plate XXXIV shows the T. S. of the hindgut control (A) and treated
(B- S. anacardium in chloroform and acetone, C- A. mexicana in
chloroform and methanol, D- A. squamosa in acetone and ethanol, E- E.
tirucalli in chloroform and acetone solvent) of Corcyra cephalonica. A)
The hindgut is the terminal part of the alimentary canal of the larvae,
opening by anus to the exterior. Histologically hindgut is similar to the
foregut. It contains an outer layer of peritoneum, middle muscle layer
made of inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle and on inner most
epithelial layer. The epithelial layer similar to foregut is lined by a
chitinous intima. Figures (B, C, D and E) show the histological
degenerations in hind gut, which are of the same nature as are observed in
the foregut except that they are varied in the intensity of damage. The
nature of damage includes vacuolization, degeneration and disintegration
of epithelial cells. The cell boundaries disappear.
Plate XXXV (a) shows the culture of individual pupa and emergence
of female by Parthenogenetic and (b) shows laying of Parthenogenetic
eggs from the independently developed female. Plate XXXVI shows (a)
Parthenogenetic experimental setup culture for four different mating
groups (1) Parthenogenetic female, (2) Parthenogenetic male and
Parthenogenetic female, (3) Parthenogenetic female and normal male, (4)
Parthenogenetic male and normal female. Plate (B) shows rearing of
Parthenogenetic Corcyra cephalonica culture on rice in laboratory and the
eggs laid by the different mating groups were used for culture. Different
93
culture groups of Corcyra cephalonica are useful to study the potential of
the parthenogenetic eggs for he survival.
94
Table-1
Efficacy of kernel‟s extract of Semecarpus anacardium in Chloroform,
Acetone, Methanol and Ethanol solvents against larval to adult mortality of
Corcyra cephalonica.
Solvent
Extract
in ml/kg
of rice
Larval
Mortality
(%)
Pupation
(%)
Pupal
Mortality
(%)
Adult
Emergence
(%)
Chloroform
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 20 80 0 80
1.0 30 70 10 60
1.5 90 10 10 0
2.0 100 0 0 0
Acetone
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 10 90 0 90
1.0 20 80 0 90
1.5 50 50 0 50
2.0 100 0 0 0
Methanol
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 10 90 0 90
1.0 20 80 0 80
1.5 20 80 0 80
2.0 40 60 30 30
Ethanol
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 10 90 0 90
1.0 20 80 0 80
1.5 20 80 0 80
2.0 40 60 30 30
95
Table-2
Efficacy of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in Chloroform, Acetone,
Methanol and Ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra
cephalonica.
Solvent
Extract
in ml/kg
of rice
Larval
Mortality
(%)
Pupation
(%)
Pupal
Mortality
(%)
Adult
Emergence
(%)
Chloroform
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 20 80 10 70
1.0 30 70 20 50
1.5 50 50 20 30
2.0 90 10 10 0
Acetone
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 10 90 10 80
1.0 20 80 10 70
1.5 50 50 30 20
2.0 70 30 20 10
Methanol
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 10 90 0 90
1.0 10 90 0 90
1.5 20 80 10 70
2.0 100 0 0 0
Ethanol
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 10 90 0 90
1.0 20 80 10 70
1.5 20 80 10 70
2.0 20 80 40 40
96
Table-3
Efficacy of Seeds extract of Annona squamosa in Chloroform, Acetone,
Methanol and Ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra
cephalonica.
Solvent Extract
in ml/kg
of rice
Larval
Mortality
(%)
Pupation
(%)
Pupal
Mortality
(%)
Adult
Emergence
(%)
Chloroform
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 10 90 0 90
1.0 20 80 10 70
1.5 30 70 20 50
2.0 50 50 20 30
Acetone
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 20 80 0 80
1.0 30 70 20 50
1.5 50 50 20 30
2.0 100 0 0 0
Methanol
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 10 90 0 90
1.0 20 80 10 70
1.5 40 60 20 40
2.0 60 40 10 30
Ethanol
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 10 90 0 90
1.0 10 90 10 80
1.5 30 70 20 50
2.0 100 0 0 0
97
Table-4
Efficacy of phylloclade extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in Chloroform,
Acetone, Methanol and Ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of
Corcyra cephalonica.
Solvent Extract
in ml/kg
of rice
Larval
Mortality
(%)
Pupation
(%)
Pupal
Mortality
(%)
Adult
Emergence
(%)
Chloroform
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 20 80 0 80
1.0 30 70 20 50
1.5 50 50 20 30
2.0 70 30 20 10
Acetone
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 10 90 0 90
1.0 20 80 10 70
1.5 30 70 20 50
2.0 50 50 20 30
Methanol
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 10 90 0 90
1.0 20 80 10 70
1.5 40 60 20 40
2.0 60 40 10 30
Ethanol
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 0 100 0 100
1.0 10 90 10 80
1.5 20 80 20 60
2.0 30 70 20 50
98
Table-5
Efficacy of leaf extract of Nerium oleander in Chloroform, Acetone,
Methanol and Ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra
cephalonica.
Solvent Extract in
ml/kg of
rice
Larval
Mortality
(%)
Pupation
(%)
Pupal
Mortality
(%)
Adult
Emergence
(%)
Chloroform
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 0 100 0 100
1.0 20 80 10 70
1.5 40 60 20 40
2.0 50 50 30 20
Acetone
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 10 90 10 80
1.0 30 70 20 50
1.5 50 50 20 30
2.0 80 20 20 0
Methanol
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 0 100 0 100
1.0 10 90 0 90
1.5 20 80 10 70
2.0 40 60 20 40
Ethanol
Control 0 100 0 100
0.5 0 100 0 100
1.0 0 100 0 100
1.5 10 90 0 90
2.0 10 90 20 70
99
Table-6
Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Chloroform extract of Kernel extract
of Semecarpus
anacardium for 96 hrs
Sr.
No.
Conc.
of
Extract
Log of
Conc.
No. of
Animal
Exposed
„n‟
Mortality
For 24
hrs. „r‟
%Mortality
P=(100r)/n
Empirical
Probit
Expected
Probit
Weighing
Co-
efficient
Weight
W=nw
Working
probit
„y‟
Wx Wy Wx2 Wy
2 Wxy Improved
Expected
probit „y‟
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII
1) 1 1.0000 10 1 10% 3.7184 4.3 0.53159 5.3159 4.845 5.3159 25.7555 5.3159 124.7855 25.7555 4.4827
2) 1.5 1.1760 10 6 60% 5.2533 4.9 0.63431 6.3431 4.252 7.4601 26.9708 8.7738 114.6801 31.7204 4.9826
3) 2 1..3010 10 8 80% 5.8416 5.6 0.55788 5.5788 5.823 7.2580 32.4853 9.4426 189.1622 42.2634 5.3372
4) 2.5 1.3979 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -
One
Added
to the
log
∑W=
17.2378
∑Wx=
20.034
∑Wy=
85.2116
∑Wx2=
23.5323
∑Wy2=
452.1601
∑Wxy=
99.7393
1) 𝑥 =𝛴𝑊𝑥
𝛴𝑊=
20.034
17.2378= 1.1622 4)Regression equation:- 1) LD 10=
3.7184−1.6435
2.8392=
0.7308 Antilog=1 .7308 = 0.5380
2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊=
85.2116
17.2378= 4.9432 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2) LD 50=
5−1.6435
2.8392= 1.1821
3) b =𝛴𝑊𝑥𝑦−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊𝑥2−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑥=
99.7393−1.1622 ×85.2116
23.5323−1.1622 ×20.034 = 4.9432 + 2.8392𝑥 – 2.8392 x1.1622 Antilog=0.1821 = 1.521
= 2.8392𝑥– 3.2997 + 4.9432
=0.7064
0.2488= 2.8392 = 2.8392𝑥+ 1.6435 (One substracted from each log value)
100
Table -7
Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Acetone of Kernel extract of
Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hrs
Sr.
No.
Conc.
of
Extract
Log of
Conc.
„x‟
No. of
Animal
Exposed
„n‟
Mortality
For 96
hrs. „r‟
%Mortality
P=(100r)/n
Empirical
Probit
Expected
Probit
Weighing
Co-
efficient
Weight
W=nw
Working
probit
„y‟
Wx Wy Wx2 Wy2 Wxy Improved
Expected
probit „y‟
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII
1) 1.5 0.1760 10 2 20% 4.1584 3.8 0.37031 3.7031 4.237 0.6521 15.6900 0.1148 66.4786 2.7630 4.1377
2) 2.0 0.3010 10 4 40% 4.7467 4.8 0.62742 6.2742 4.747 1.8885 29.7836 0.5684 141..3828 8.9648 4.7452
3) 2.5 0.3979 10 5 50% 5.0000 4.9 0.63431 6.3431 5.000 2.5239 31.7155 1.0042 158.5775 12.6195 5.2168
4) 3.0 0.4771 10 8 80% 5.8416 6.0 0.43863 4.3863 5.829 2.0927 25.5677 0.9984 149.0343 12.1983 5.6021
5) 3.5 0.5441 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -
∑W=
20.7067
∑Wx=
7.1572
∑Wy=
102.7568
∑Wx2=
2.6858
∑Wy2=
515.4732
∑Wxy=
36.5456
1) 𝑥 =𝛴𝑊𝑥
𝛴𝑊=
7.1572
20.7067= 0.3465 4)Regression equation:- 1) LD 10=
3.7184−3.281
4.8652=
0.0899 Antilog=1.230
2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊=
102.7568
20.7067= 4.9624 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2) LD 50=
5−3.281
4.8652= 0.3533
Antilog = 2.256
= 4.9624 +4.8652𝑥 – 4.8652 x 0.3456
3) b =𝛴𝑊𝑥𝑦−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊𝑥2−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑥=
36.5456−0.3456 ×102.7568
2.6858−0.3456 ×7.1572 = 4.8652𝑥– 1.6814 + 4.9624
= 4.8652𝑥+ 3.281
=1.0329
0.2123= 4.8652
101
Table-8
Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonic aafter the treatment in Chloroform extract of leaf extract of
Argemone mexicana for 96 hrs
Sr.
No.
Conc.
of
Extract
Log of
Conc.
„x‟
No. of
Animal
Expose
d „n‟
Mortali
ty For
96 hrs.
„r‟
%
Mortality
P=(100r)/n
Empirica
l Probit
Expecte
d Probit
Weighin
g Co-
efficient
Weight
W=nw
Workin
g probit
„y‟
Wx Wy Wx2 Wy
2 Wxy Improved
Expected
probit „y‟
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII
1) 1.0 1.0000 10 2 20% 4.1584 4.1 0.47144 4.7144 4.160 4.7144 19.6119 4.7144 81.5855 19.6119 4.3490
2) 1.5 1.1760 10 4 40% 4.7467 4.7 0.61609 6.1609 4.747 7.2452 29.2457 8.5203 138.8297 34.3929 4.7674
3) 2.0 1.3010 10 5 50% 5.0000 5.1 0.63431 6.3431 5.000 8.2523 31.7155 10.7363 158.5775 41.2618 5.0646
4) 2.5 1.3979 10 6 60% 5.2533 5.4 0.60052 6.0052 5.250 8.3946 31.5273 11.7349 165.5183 44.0720 5.2950
5) 3.0 1.4771 10 8 80% 5.8416 5.8 0.50260 5.0260 5.841 7.4239 29.3568 10.9658 171.4734 43.3629 5.4833
6) 3.5 1.5441 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -
One
added to
the log
∑W=
28.2496
∑Wx=
36.0304
∑Wy=
141.3572
∑Wx2=
46.6717
∑Wy2=
715.9844
∑Wxy=
182.7015
1) 𝑥 =𝛴𝑊𝑥
𝛴𝑊=
36.0304
28.2496= 1.2754 4) Regression equation:- 1) LD10=
3.7184−1.9715
2.3775= 0.7347 Antilog of 1 .7347
= 0.5429
2) 𝑦 =∑𝑊𝑦
∑𝑊=
141.3572
28.2496= 5.0038 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 )
3) b = ∑𝑊𝑥𝑦−𝑥 .∑𝑊𝑦
∑𝑊𝑥2−𝑥 .∑𝑊𝑥=
182.7015−1.2754 x 141.3572
46.6717−1.2754 x 36.0304 = 5.0038 + 2.3775𝑥 – 2.3775 x 1.2754 2) LD50=
5−1.9715
2.3775= 1.2738 Antilog of 0.2738 =
1.878
=2.4146
1.0156= 2.3775 = 2.3775𝑥– 3.03226 + 5.0038
= 2.3775𝑥+ 1.9715 (One substracted from each log value)
102
Table-9
Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Methanol extract of leaf extract of
Argemone mexicana for 96 hrs
Sr.
No.
Conc.
of
Extract
Log of
Conc.
„x‟
No. of
Animal
Exposed
„n‟
Mortality
For 24
hrs. „r‟
%Mortality
P=(100r)/n
Empirical
Probit
Expected
Probit
Weighing
Co-
efficient
Weight
W=nw
Working
probit
„y‟
Wx Wy Wx2 Wy
2 Wxy Improved
Expected
probit „y‟
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII
1) 1.5 0.1761 10 1 10% 3.7184 3.7 0.33589 3.3589 3.719 0.5915 12.4917 0.1041 46.4568 2.1997 4.5602
2) 2.0 0.3010 10 4 40% 4.7467 4.8 0.62742 6.2742 4.747 1.8885 29.7836 0.5684 141.3828 8.9648 4.8117
3) 2.5 0.3979 10 6 60% 5.2533 5.1 0.63431 6.3431 5.252 2.5239 33.3139 1.0042 174.9649 13.2556 5.0069
4) 3.0 0.4771 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -
∑W=
15.9762
∑Wx=
5.0039
∑Wy=
77.2659
∑Wx2=
1.6767
∑Wy2=
362.8045
∑Wxy=
24.4201
1) 𝑥 =𝛴𝑊𝑥
𝛴𝑊=
5.0039
15.9762= 0.3132 4)Regression equation:- 1) LD 10=
3.7184−4.2057
2.0136=
0.2420 Antilog=1.746
2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊=
77.2659
15.9762= 4.8363 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2) LD 50=
5−4.2057
2.0136=
0.3944 Antilog=2.479
3) b =𝛴𝑊𝑥𝑦−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊𝑥2−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑥=
24.4201−0.3132 ×77.2659
1.6767−0.3132 ×5.0039 = 4.8363 +2.0136𝑥 – 2.0136 x 0.3132
= 2.0136𝑥– 0.6306 + 4.8363
=0.2205
0.1095= 2.0136 = 2.0136𝑥+ 4.2057
103
Table-10
Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Acetone extract of seeds of Annona
squamosa
for 96 hrs
Sr.
No.
Conc.
of
Extract
Log of
Conc.
„x‟
No. of
Animal
Exposed
„n‟
Mortality
For 96
hrs. „r‟
%
Mortality
P=(100r)/n
Empirical
Probit
Expected
Probit
Weighing
Co-
efficient
Weight
W=nw
Working
probit
„y‟
Wx Wy Wx2 Wy2 Wxy Improved
Expected
probit „y‟
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII
1) 1.0 1.0000 10 2 20% 4.1584 4.1 0.47144 4.7144 4.160 4.7144 19.6119 4.7144 81.5855 19.6119 4.3490
2) 1.5 1.1760 10 4 40% 4.7467 4.7 0.61609 6.1609 4.747 7.2452 29.2457 8.5203 138.8297 34.3929 4.7674
3) 2.0 1.3010 10 5 50% 5.0000 5.1 0.63431 6.3431 5.000 8.2523 31.7155 10.7363 158.5775 41.2618 5.0646
4) 2.5 1.3979 10 6 60% 5.2533 5.4 0.60052 6.0052 5.250 8.3946 31.5273 11.7349 165.5183 44.0720 5.2950
5) 3.0 1.4771 10 8 80% 5.8416 5.8 0.50260 5.0260 5.841 7.4239 29.3568 10.9658 171.4734 43.3629 5.4833
6) 3.5 1.5441 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -
One
added
to the
log
∑W=
28.2496
∑Wx=
36.0304
∑Wy=
141.3572
∑Wx2=
46.6717
∑Wy2=
715.9844
∑Wxy=
182.7015
1) 𝑥 =𝛴𝑊𝑥
𝛴𝑊=
36.0304
28.2496= 1.2754 4) Regression equation:- 1) LD 10=
3.7184−1.9715
2.3775= 0.5665 Antilog of
1 .5665 = 0.3685
2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊=
141.3572
28.2496= 5.0038 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 )
2) LD 50=5−1.9715
2.3775= 1.2738
= 5.0038 + 2.3775𝑥 – 2.3775 x 1.2754 Antilog of 0.2738 = 1.878
3) b =𝛴𝑊𝑥𝑦−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊𝑥2−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑥=
182.7015−1.2754 ×141.3572
46.6717−1.2754 ×36.0304 = 2.3775𝑥– 3.03226 + 5.0038 (One substracted from each log value)
=2.4146
1.0156= 2.3775= = 2.3775𝑥+ 1.9715
104
Table-11
Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Ethanol extract of seeds of Annona
squamosa
for 96 hrs
Sr.
No.
Conc.
of
Extract
Log of
Conc.
„x‟
No. of
Animal
Exposed
„n‟
Mortality
For 24
hrs. „r‟
%Mortality
P=(100r)/n
Empirical
Probit
Expected
Probit
Weighing
Co-
efficient
Weight
W=nw
Working
probit
„y‟
Wx Wy Wx2 Wy2 Wxy Improved
Expected
probit „y‟
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII
1) 1.5 0.1761 10 1 10% 3.7184 3.7 0.33589 3.3589 3.719 0.5915 12.4917 0.1041 46.4568 2.1997 3.7677
2) 2 0.3010 10 5 50% 5.0000 5.0 0.63662 6.3662 5.000 1.9162 31.831 0.5767 159.155 9.5811 4.9389
3) 2.5 0.3979 10 8 80% 5.8416 5.5 0.58099 5.8099 5.808 2.3117 33.7438 0.9198 195.9845 13.4266 5.8476
4) 3 0.4771 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -
∑W=
15.535
∑Wx=
4.8194
∑Wy=
78.0665
∑Wx2=
1.6006
∑Wy2=
401.5963
∑Wxy=
25.2074
1) 𝑥 =𝛴𝑊𝑥
𝛴𝑊=
4.8194
15.535= 0.3102 4)Regression equation:- 1) LD 10=
3.7184−2.1164
9.3774= 0.1708 Antilog=1.482
2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊=
78.0665
15.535= 5.0252 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2) LD 50=
5−2.1164
9.3774= 0.3075 Antilog=2.030
= 5.0252 +9.3774𝑥 – 9.3774 x 0.3102
3) b =𝛴𝑊𝑥𝑦−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊𝑥2−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑥=
25.2074−0.3102 ×78.0665
1.6006−0.3102 ×4.8194 = 9.3774𝑥– 2.9088 + 5.0252
= 9.3774𝑥+ 2.1164
=0.9912
0.1057= 9.3774
105
Table-12
Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Chloroform extract of phylloclade
Euphorbia tirucalli for 96 hrs
Sr.
No.
Conc.
of
Extract
Log of
Conc.
„x‟
No. of
Animal
Exposed
„n‟
Mortality
For 96
hrs. „r‟
%Mortality
P=(100r)/n
Empirical
Probit
Expected
Probit
Weighing
Co-
efficient
Weight
W=nw
Working
probit
„y‟
Wx Wy Wx2 Wy
2 Wxy Improved
Expected
probit „y‟
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII
1) 1.5 0.1760 10 2 20% 4.1584 4.0 0.43863 4.3863 4.171 0.7724 18.2952 0.1360 76.3095 3.2217 4.1162
2) 2.0 0.3010 10 4 40% 4. 7467 4.5 0.58099 5.8099 4.760 1.7487 27.6551 0.5263 131.6383 8.3241 4.7933
3) 2.5 0.3979 10 6 60% 5.2533 5.2 0.62742 6.2742 5.253 2.4965 32.9583 0.9933 173.1303 13.1141 5.3186
4) 3 0.4771 10 8 80% 5.8416 6.0 0.43863 6.3681 5.829 2.0842 25.4645 0.9943 148.4329 12.1491 5.7480
5) 3.5 0.5441 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -
∑W=
20.839
∑Wx=
7.1018
∑Wy=
104.3731
∑Wx2=
2.6499
∑Wy2=
529.511
∑Wxy=
36.809
1) 𝑥 =𝛴𝑊𝑥
𝛴𝑊=
7.1018
20.839= 0.3407 4) Regression equation:- 1) LD 10=
3.7184−3.1615
5.4214= 0.1027 Antilog=1.267
2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊=
104.37314
20.839= 5.0085 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2) LD 50=
5−3.1615
5.4214= 0.3391 Antilog=2.183
3) b =𝛴𝑊𝑥𝑦−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊𝑥2−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑥=
36.809−0.3407 ×104.3731
2.6499−0.3407 ×7.1018 = 5.0085 +5.4214𝑥 – 5.4214 x 0.3407
= 5.4214𝑥– 1.8470 +5.0085
=1.2491
0,2304= 5.4214 = 5.4214𝑥+ 3.1615
106
Table-13
Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Acetone leaf extract of Nerium
oleander for 96
hrs
Sr.
No.
Conc.
of
Extract
Log of
Conc.
„x‟
No. of
Animal
Exposed
„n‟
Mortality
For 96
hrs. „r‟
%Mortality
P=(100r)/n
Empirical
Probit
Expected
Probit
Weighing
Co-
efficient
Weight
W=nw
Working
probit
„y‟
Wx Wy Wx2 Wy2 Wxy Improved
Expected
probit „y‟
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII
1) 1 1.0000 10 1 10% 3.7184 4.1 0.47144 4.7144 3.784 4.7144 17.8392 4.7144 67.5038 17.8392 3.8841
2) 1.5 1.1761 10 3 30% 4.4756 4.4 0.55788 5.5788 4.477 6.5612 24.9762 7.7166 111.8188 29.3746 4.5632
3) 2 1.3010 10 5 50% 5.0000 5.1 0.63431 6.3431 5.000 8.2523 31.7155 10.7363 158.5775 41.2618 5.0448
4) 2.5 1.3979 10 6 60% 5.2533 5.3 0.61609 6.1609 5.253 8.6123 32.3632 12.0391 170.0039 45.2405 5.4185
5) 3 1.4771 10 8 80% 5.8416 5.6 0.55788 5.5788 5.823 8.2404 32.4853 12.1719 189.1622 47.9841 5.7239
6) 3.5 1.5441 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - -
One
added to
the log
∑W=
33.0904
∑Wx=
36.3806
∑Wy=
139.3794
∑Wx2=
47.3783
∑Wy2=
697.0662
∑Wxy=
181.7002
1) 𝑥 =𝛴𝑊𝑥
𝛴𝑊=
36.3806
33.0904= 1.0994 1) LD 10=
3.7184−0.0277
3.8564= 0.9570 Antilog of 1 .9570 =
0.9059
2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊=
139.3794
33.0904= 4.2120
3) b =𝛴𝑊𝑥𝑦−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑦
𝛴𝑊𝑥2−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑥=
181.7002−1.0994×139.3794
47.3783−1.0994×36.3806 2) LD50=
5−0.0277
3.8564= 1.2893 Antilog of 0.2893 = 1.946
=28.4665
7.3815= 3.8564 (One substracted from each log value)
4) Regression equation: Y= 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 )
= 4.2120 +3.8564𝑥 –3.8564 x1.0994
= 3.8564 𝑥– 4.2397 +4.2120 = 3.8564𝑥+ 0.0277
107
Table 15
Male and Female emergence data from parthenogenetic individuals
±indicates Standard deviation of three sets
Sr.
No. Type
No. of Egg
laid
No. of Moth
emergence
Male
(♂) %
Female
(♀) %
Total %
emergence of
moth
1. Normal male and Normal
Female Moths (Control) 200.33±5.29 188.66±6.56 60.95 38.69 94.17
2. Parthenogenetic Female 165.66±4.58 89.33±3 55.97 43.65 53.92
3. Parthenogenetic Female
and Parthenogenetic Male 195±7.21 130.66±4.16 50.51 48.98 67.00
4. Parthenogenetic Male and
Normal Female 188.66±9 172±8.54 61.04 38.95 91.16
5. Parthenogenetic Female
and Normal Male 154.66±4.58 125.33±7.21 58.24 42.28 81.03
108
Table-14
Comparison of LD10 and LD50 values of kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium, leaf extract of Argemone mexicana,
seeds extract of Annona squamosa, phylloclade Euphorbia tirucalli and leaf extract of Nerium oleander to Corcyra
cephalonica.
Name of plant Solvent
Time of
exposure in
hrs.
Regression equation
Y = 𝒚 + b (𝒙 − 𝒙 )
LD10 value in
ml/Kg
LD50 value in
ml/Kg
Kernel extract of
S. anacardium
Chloroform 96 Y = 2.8392 𝑥+ 1.6435 0.5380 1.521
Acetone 96 Y = 4.8652 𝑥+ 3.281 1.230 2.256
Leaf extract of
A. mexicana
Chloroform 96 Y = 2.3775 𝑥+ 1.9715 0.5429 1.878
Methanol 96 Y = 2.0136 𝑥+ 4.2057 1.746 2.479
Seeds extract of
A. squamosa
Acetone 96 Y = 2.3775 𝑥+ 1.9715 0.3685 1.878
Ethanol 96 Y = 9.3774 𝑥+ 2.1164 1.482 2.030
Phylloclade extract
of E. tirucalli Chloroform 96 Y = 5.4214 𝑥+ 3.1615 1.267 2.183
Leaf extract of
N. oleander Acetone 96 Y = 3.8564 𝑥+ 0.0277 0.9059 1.946
109
Fig
ure
-1 E
ffic
acy
of
ker
nel
s ex
trac
t of
Sem
eca
rpu
s a
na
card
ium
in
ch
loro
form
, ac
eto
ne,
met
han
ol
and
eth
anol
solv
ent
agai
nst
lar
val
to
adult
mo
rtal
ity
of
Co
rcyr
a c
eph
alo
nic
a.
110
Fig
ure
-2 E
ffic
acy
of
leaf
ex
trac
t of
Arg
emo
ne
mex
ican
a i
n c
hlo
rofo
rm, ac
eto
ne,
met
han
ol
and
eth
anol
solv
ent
agai
nst
lar
val
to
adult
mo
rtal
ity
of
Co
rcyr
a c
eph
alo
nic
a.
111
Fig
ure
-3 E
ffic
acy
of
See
ds
extr
act
of
Ann
ona
squam
osa
in
ch
loro
form
, ac
eton
e, m
eth
anol
and
eth
anol
solv
ent
agai
nst
lar
val
to
adult
mo
rtal
ity
of
Co
rcyr
a c
eph
alo
nic
a.
112
Fig
ure
-4 E
ffic
acy
of
leaf
ex
trac
t o
f N
eriu
m o
lean
der
in
chlo
rofo
rm,
acet
on
e, m
ethan
ol
and
eth
anol
solv
ent
agai
nst
lar
val
to
adult
mo
rtal
ity
of
Co
rcyr
a c
eph
alo
nic
a.
113
Fig
ure
-5 E
ffic
acy
of
phyll
ocl
ade
extr
act
of
Euph
orb
ia t
iru
call
i in
Chlo
rofo
rm,
Ace
tone,
Met
han
ol
and
eth
anol
solv
ent
agai
nst
lar
val
to
adult
mo
rtal
ity
of
Co
rcyr
a c
eph
alo
nic
a.
114
Figure 6: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of
Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Chloroform extract
of kernels of Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hours
Figure 7: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of
Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Acetone extract of
Kernels of Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hours
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Em
pir
ica
l/Im
pro
ved
Exp
ecte
d p
rob
it
Log of Concentration
Empirical Probit
Improved Expected probit „y‟
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Empirical Probit
Improved Expected Probit
Log of Concentration
115
Figure 8: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of
Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Chloroform extract
of leaves of Argemone mexicana for 96 hours
Figure 9: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of
Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Methanol extract of
leaves of Argemone mexicana for 96 hours
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Em
pir
ica
l/Im
pro
ved
Exp
ecte
d p
rob
it
Log of Concentration
Empirical Probit
Improved Expected probit „y‟
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Em
pir
ica
l/Im
pro
ved
Exp
ecte
d p
rob
it
Log of Concentration
Empirical Probit
Improved Expected probit „y‟
116
Figure 10: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of
Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Acetone extract of
seeds of Annona squamosa for 96 hours
Figure 11: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of
Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Ethanol extract of
seeds of Annona squamosa for 96 hours
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Emp
iric
al/I
mp
rove
d E
xpe
cte
d p
rob
it
Log of Concentration
Empirical Probit
Improved Expected probit „y‟
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Em
pir
ica
l/Im
pro
ved
Exp
ecte
d p
rob
it
Log of Concentration
Empirical Probit
Improved Expected probit „y‟
117
Figure 12: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of
Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Chloroform extract
of Euphorbia for 96 hours
Figure 13: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of
Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Acetone extract of
leaves of Nerium for 96 hours
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Em
pir
ica
l/Im
pro
ved
Exp
ecte
d p
rob
it
Log of Concentration
Empirical Probit
Improved Expected
probit „y‟
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Em
pir
ica
l/Im
pro
ved
Exp
ecte
d p
rob
it
Log of Concentration
Empirical Probit
Improved Expected probit „y‟
118
Figure 15.1
Eggs laid by the female Corcyra cephalonica in various mating groups
Figure 15.2
Male and Female emergence data from Normal and Parthenogenetic
individuals
0
50
100
150
200
250
Normal Moth Parthenogenetical
Female
Parthenogenetical
Female and Male
Parthenogenetical
Male and Normal
Female
Parthenogenetical
Female and
Normal Male
No
. o
f eg
gs
laid
Type
Parthenogenesis (Eggs laid)
No. of Egg laid
0
50
100
150
200
Normal Moth Parthenogenetical
Female
Parthenogenetical
Female and Male
Parthenogenetical
Male and Normal
Female
Parthenogenetical
Female and
Normal Male
No
. o
f m
oth
em
erg
ern
ce
Type
Parthenogenesis (Moth emergence)
No. of Moth emergence
119
Figure 15.3
Percentage (%) data of Normal and Parthenogenetic male and female
individuals
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Normal Moth Parthenogenetical
Female
Parthenogenetical
Female and Male
Parthenogenetical
Male and Normal Female
Parthenogenetical
Female and Normal Male
Per
cen
tag
e
Type
Parthenogenesis ♂ and ♀%
♂% ♀%
120
PLATE-I
a) Mating adult Corcyra cephalonica (Dorsal view)
b) Mating adult Corcyra cephalonica (Ventral view)
121
PLATE-II
a) Culture of Corcyra cephalonica on rice in the laboratory
b) Egg laying apparatus of Corcyra cephalonica
122
PLATE-III
a) Egg laying by female Corcyra cephalonica
b) Egg laying by female Corcyra cephalonica with extended
ovipositor
123
PLATE-IV
a) First instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica
b) Second instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica
124
PLATE-V
a) Third instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica
b) Fourth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica
125
PLATE-VI
a) Fifth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica
b) Sixth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica
126
PLATE-VII
a) Sexual dimorphism at the larval stage of C. cephalonica
b) Culture of individual larva
127
PLATE-VIII
a) Pupa of Corcyra cephalonica inside webbed grains
b) Male and female pupae of Corcyra cephalonica
128
PLATE-IX
a) Male and Female Pupa Identification Experimental setup
b) Experimental setup
129
PLATE-X
Adult (Moth) of Corcyra cephalonica
a) Male Moth b) Female Moth
c) Labial palps of male d) Labial palps of female
130
PLATE-XI
Life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica
131
PLATE-XII
Damage of rice by Corcyra cephalonica
132
PLATE-XIII
a) Kernel‟s of Semecarpus anacardium (Linnaeus)
b) Powder of Kernel‟s of Semecarpus anacardium
133
PLATE-XIV
a) Argemone mexicana (Linnaeus) Plant
b) Powder of leaves of Argemone mexicana
134
PLATE-XV
a) Annona squamosa (Linnaeus) plant
b) Seeds of Annona squamosa
135
PLATE-XVI
a) Phylloclades Euphorbia tirucalli (Linnaeus) plant
b) Powder of Phylloclades Euphorbia tirucalli
\
136
PLATE-XVII
a) Nerium oleander (Linnaeus) Plant
b) Powder of Nerium oleander leaves
137
PLATE-XVIII
Extraction of phytochemicals by Soxhlets‟s Apparatus
138
PLATE-XIX
a) Experimental set up for the exposure of larva of Corcyra
cephalonica to plant extracts
b) Culture of larvae of Corcyra cephalonica in rice with plant
extracts
139
PLATE-XX
Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to Kernel‟s extracts of
Semecarpus anacardium in Chloroform (a, b) and Acetone(c, d) extracts
140
PLATE-XXI
Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to leaf‟s extracts of
Argemone mexicana in Chloroform (a, b) and Methanol (c, d) solvents
141
PLATE-XXII
Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to seed‟s extracts of
Annona squamosa in Acetone (a, b) and Ethanol (c, d) solvents
142
PLATE-XXIII
Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to extracts of Phylloclades
of Euphorbia tirucalli in Chloroform (a, b) solvents
143
PLATE-XXIV
Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to leaf‟s extracts of
Nerium oleander in Acetone (a, b) solvent
144
PLATE-XXV
A. Morphological effects on Corcyra cephalonica Pupa after exposure
of larvae to extract of kernels of Semecarpus anacardium in
Chloroform (a) and Acetone (b)
B. Morphological effects on Corcyra cephalonica Pupa after exposure
of larvae to extract of leaves of Argemone mexicana
in Chloroform (c) and Methanol (d)
145
PLATE-XXVI
C. Morphological effects on Corcyra cephalonica Pupa after exposure
of larvae to extract of seeds of Annona squamosa in Acetone (e)
and Ethanol (f)
D. Morphological effects on Corcyra cephalonica Pupa after exposure
of larvae to extract of phylloclade‟s of Euphorbia tirucalli in
Chloroform (g) and leaves of Nerium oleander in Acetone (h)
146
PLATE-XXVII
Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to
kernel‟s extract of Semecarpus anacardium in Chloroform (a, b) and
Acetone (c, d) solvent
147
PLATE-XXVIII
Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment to leaf‟s extracts
of Argemone mexicana in Chloroform (a, b) and Methanol (c, d) solvent
148
PLATE-XXIX
Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to seed‟s
extracts of Annona squamosa in Acetone (a, b) and Ethanol(c, d) solvent
149
PLATE-XXX
Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to
Phylloclade‟s of Euphorbia tirucalli in Chloroform (a, b, c, d) solvent
150
PLATE-XXXI
Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after exposure of larvae to leaf‟s
extracts of Nerium oleander in Acetone (a, b, c and d) solvent
151
Plate-XXXII
A) T.S. of larval foregut of Corcyra cephalonica(Control)
B) T. S. of foregut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of S.
anacardium in Chloroform (a) and Acetone (b) solvent
C) T. S. of foregut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A.
mexicana in Chloroform (c) and Methanol (d) solvent
152
D) T. S. of foregut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A.
squamosa in Acetone (e) and Ethanol (f) solvent
E) T. S. of foregut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of E.
tirucalli in Chloroform (g) and N. oleander in Acetone (h) solvent
153
Plate-XXXIII
A) T. S. of midgut of Corcyra cephalonica (Control)
B) T. S. of midgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of S.
anacardium in Chloroform (a) and Acetone (b) solvent
C) T. S. of midgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of
A. mexicana in Chloroform (c) and Methanol (d) solvent
154
D) T. S. of midgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A.
squamosa in Acetone (e) and Ethanol (f) solvent
E) T. S. of midgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of E.
tirucalli in Chloroform (g) and N. oleander in Acetone (h) solvent
155
Plate-XXXIV
A) T. S. of hindgut of Corcyra cephalonica (Control)
B) T. S. of hindgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of
S. anacardium in Chloroform (a) and Acetone (b) solvent
C) T. S. of hindgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of
A. mexicana in Chloroform (c) and Methanol (d) solvent
156
D) T. S. of hindgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A.
squamosa in Acetone (e) and Ethanol (f) solvent
E.)T. S. of hindgut of C.cephalonica after exposure to extract of E.
tirucalli in Chloroform (g) and N. oleander in Acetone (h) solvent
157
PLATE-XXXV
a) Culture of individual pupa and emergence of female
b) Laying of Parthenogenetic eggs from the independently
developed female
158
PLATE-XXXVI
a) Experimental setup for the culture of four different mating groups
of Parthenogenetic and normal C. cephalonica
b) Rearing of Parthenogenetic C. cephalonica on Rice in laboratory